Hawker Siddeley SRAAM
Encyclopedia
The Short Range Air-to-Air Missile is an experimental British infrared homing
("heat seeking") air-to-air missile
, developed between 1968 and 1980 by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics. It was designed to be very manoevrable for use at short range in a dogfight
situation. SRAAM was unusual in that it was launched from a launch tube instead of being attached to a launch rail, allowing two to be carried on single mounting point.
Although initially intended for production, it was downgraded to a technology demonstrator program in 1974. Between 1974 and 1977, several SRAAM missiles were launched in tests. In 1980, the knowledge gained from the SRAAM project became the British contribution to the multinational ASRAAM missile project.
made it clear that the air-to-air missiles then in use by the USAF were inadequate. The AIM-9 Sidewinder
had limited "off-boresight" capability, which meant that the launching aircraft had to point itself at the target in order to lock-on
. As the Sidewinder's seeker could only see the hot exhaust of the engine, in practice this meant that the launching aircraft had to line up behind the target for a shot, and follow it for a time prior to launch. In practice, pilots would often take shots at aircraft that were passing by the front of their own aircraft, launching as soon as the seeker's indicator growl was heard. By the time the missile had cleared the launch aircraft, the target was no longer in the seeker's view, and the missile would fly off ballistically. The initial US response was to train their pilots to only fire missiles under certain conditions, and use their cannon under others.
In 1970 the British Ministry of Defence
came to the conclusion that a better short-range missile was needed, and drew up a request for proposals (Air Staff
Target 1218). This outlined the need for better maneuverability and a wider seeker angle, in order to successfully intercept the target in the types of shots the pilots were attempting to make, as opposed to demanding they not take those shots. AST 1218 also included the requirement that the missile could be carried by aircraft that lacked the target acquisition systems of the Phantom and Lightning
.
Taildog was highly maneuverable through the use of thrust vectoring
for all flight control. The vectoring was initially accomplished by rotating small vanes into the rocket exhaust. Six of these vanes were arranged as segments of a circle at the tail end of the missile body, where they were protected from the rocket exhaust. Each segment was pivoted at one end, allowing it to be rotated so the other end would be moved into the exhaust. The control system would activate the segment closest to the required change in direction. External aerodynamic surfaces were reduced to vestigial surfaces near the rear of the missile, and were unmovable.
The initial version of Taildog was 2.0 m long, had a diameter of 16.5 cm and weighed 50 kg. It was capable of engaging targets between 250 m and 2 km. Taildog was displayed at a trade show in Hannover in 1970.
SRAAM was designed to be carried in a launch tube to protect the missile. The fins on the missile were hinged and would pop up after launch. The launcher contained two tubes plus most of the guidance system, enabling the missile to be carried by almost any aircraft with little modification. The missile could be fired automatically when a target came into view of the seeker (unlike e.g. Firestreak, which needed to be fed targeting information by the aircraft's radar).
The contract was cancelled in 1974 due to defence cuts in favour of work on Skyflash
, but retained as a technology demonstration program. In 1977, eight test missiles were fired from the ground and from a Hawker Hunter F.6 (RAF serial XG210). The trials were successful, with one famous incident demonstrating the missile's maneuverability when it turned into the Hunter's flight path immediately after launch and almost collided with it.. In the same year, the British MOD chose the AIM-9L Sidewinder as its next short-range missile, but the SRAAM project was kept alive to provide a base for a future missile design.
In 1980, the SRAAM work became the starting point for the British contribution to ASRAAM.
Surviving artefacts include a mockup of the missile in the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
, and a launcher at the Bristol Aero Collection.
Infrared homing
Infrared homing refers to a passive missile guidance system which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track and follow it. Missiles which use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared is just below the...
("heat seeking") air-to-air missile
Air-to-air missile
An air-to-air missile is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft. AAMs are typically powered by one or more rocket motors, usually solid fuelled but sometimes liquid fuelled...
, developed between 1968 and 1980 by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics. It was designed to be very manoevrable for use at short range in a dogfight
Dogfight
A dogfight, or dog fight, is a form of aerial combat between fighter aircraft; in particular, combat of maneuver at short range, where each side is aware of the other's presence. Dogfighting first appeared during World War I, shortly after the invention of the airplane...
situation. SRAAM was unusual in that it was launched from a launch tube instead of being attached to a launch rail, allowing two to be carried on single mounting point.
Although initially intended for production, it was downgraded to a technology demonstrator program in 1974. Between 1974 and 1977, several SRAAM missiles were launched in tests. In 1980, the knowledge gained from the SRAAM project became the British contribution to the multinational ASRAAM missile project.
Inception
The Vietnam WarVietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of...
made it clear that the air-to-air missiles then in use by the USAF were inadequate. The AIM-9 Sidewinder
AIM-9 Sidewinder
The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a heat-seeking, short-range, air-to-air missile carried mostly by fighter aircraft and recently, certain gunship helicopters. The missile entered service with United States Air Force in the early 1950s, and variants and upgrades remain in active service with many air forces...
had limited "off-boresight" capability, which meant that the launching aircraft had to point itself at the target in order to lock-on
Missile lock-on
Missile lock-on refers to a scenario where the guidance system for a missile can accurately track a target, and a fire-control system can calculate the required flightpath for the missile to hit the target...
. As the Sidewinder's seeker could only see the hot exhaust of the engine, in practice this meant that the launching aircraft had to line up behind the target for a shot, and follow it for a time prior to launch. In practice, pilots would often take shots at aircraft that were passing by the front of their own aircraft, launching as soon as the seeker's indicator growl was heard. By the time the missile had cleared the launch aircraft, the target was no longer in the seeker's view, and the missile would fly off ballistically. The initial US response was to train their pilots to only fire missiles under certain conditions, and use their cannon under others.
In 1970 the British Ministry of Defence
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
The Ministry of Defence is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces....
came to the conclusion that a better short-range missile was needed, and drew up a request for proposals (Air Staff
Air Staff
The Air Staff is one of the Department of the Air Force's two statutorily designated headquarters staffs: the other staff is the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, also known as the Secretariat. The Air Staff is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force . The Air Staff is primarily...
Target 1218). This outlined the need for better maneuverability and a wider seeker angle, in order to successfully intercept the target in the types of shots the pilots were attempting to make, as opposed to demanding they not take those shots. AST 1218 also included the requirement that the missile could be carried by aircraft that lacked the target acquisition systems of the Phantom and Lightning
English Electric Lightning
The English Electric Lightning is a supersonic jet fighter aircraft of the Cold War era, noted for its great speed and unpainted natural metal exterior finish. It is the only all-British Mach 2 fighter aircraft. The aircraft was renowned for its capabilities as an interceptor; Royal Air Force ...
.
Taildog
In 1968, Hawker Siddeley had started private development of a missile named "Taildog". This was to be a short-range, low-cost missile that would fill the gap between guns and then-current missiles like Firestreak. Hawker described it as 'a gun that fires around corners'. In 1970, Taildog became Hawker Siddeley's response to AST 1218.Taildog was highly maneuverable through the use of thrust vectoring
Thrust vectoring
Thrust vectoring, also thrust vector control or TVC, is the ability of an aircraft, rocket or other vehicle to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine or motor in order to control the attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle....
for all flight control. The vectoring was initially accomplished by rotating small vanes into the rocket exhaust. Six of these vanes were arranged as segments of a circle at the tail end of the missile body, where they were protected from the rocket exhaust. Each segment was pivoted at one end, allowing it to be rotated so the other end would be moved into the exhaust. The control system would activate the segment closest to the required change in direction. External aerodynamic surfaces were reduced to vestigial surfaces near the rear of the missile, and were unmovable.
The initial version of Taildog was 2.0 m long, had a diameter of 16.5 cm and weighed 50 kg. It was capable of engaging targets between 250 m and 2 km. Taildog was displayed at a trade show in Hannover in 1970.
SRAAM
Hawker's proposal was received favorably, and in 1972 the Ministry of Defence awarded a development contract (Air Staff Requirement 1222). Two versions were studied, the advanced SRAAM-100 and a basic version called SRAAM-75. Both used the same airframe but different electronic fits. SRAAM was slightly longer than Taildog, with a length of 2.75 metre. The diameter remained the same. The thrust director system was replaced with a moving dome deflector.The fins were moved to the rear and got a different shape.SRAAM was designed to be carried in a launch tube to protect the missile. The fins on the missile were hinged and would pop up after launch. The launcher contained two tubes plus most of the guidance system, enabling the missile to be carried by almost any aircraft with little modification. The missile could be fired automatically when a target came into view of the seeker (unlike e.g. Firestreak, which needed to be fed targeting information by the aircraft's radar).
The contract was cancelled in 1974 due to defence cuts in favour of work on Skyflash
Skyflash
The British Aerospace Skyflash was a medium-range semi-active radar homing air-to-air missile derived from the US AIM-7 Sparrow missile and carried by Royal Air Force F-4 Phantoms and Tornado F3s, Italian Aeronautica Militare and Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados and Swedish Flygvapnet Viggens...
, but retained as a technology demonstration program. In 1977, eight test missiles were fired from the ground and from a Hawker Hunter F.6 (RAF serial XG210). The trials were successful, with one famous incident demonstrating the missile's maneuverability when it turned into the Hunter's flight path immediately after launch and almost collided with it.. In the same year, the British MOD chose the AIM-9L Sidewinder as its next short-range missile, but the SRAAM project was kept alive to provide a base for a future missile design.
In 1980, the SRAAM work became the starting point for the British contribution to ASRAAM.
Surviving artefacts include a mockup of the missile in the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
The Royal Air Force Museum Cosford is a museum dedicated to the history of aviation, and the Royal Air Force in particular. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and a registered charity...
, and a launcher at the Bristol Aero Collection.