Haximu massacre
Encyclopedia
The Haximu Massacre, also known as the Yanomami Massacre, was an armed conflict in Brazil
in 1993. The conflict occurred just outside of Haximu, Brazil, near the Venezuela
border, beginning in mid-June or July of 1993. Approximately 16 Yanomami people were killed by a group of garimpeiros (gold miners who were mining the land illegally). But, inaccurate numbers reported by various newspapers such as The Globe and Mail
and The New York Times
claimed the Yanomami death count was 73.
In the first attack, the garimpeiros killed four or five young men of the Yanomami Haximu-teri. In response, the natives made two raids against the miners, killing at least two of them and wounding two more. Following this raid, the garimpeiros attacked again, killing about 12 Yanomami (almost all of them were elderly, youths or infants) and burned down the Haximu village.
was the result of tensions surrounding the 1987 gold rush
in Brazil, with conflict between Brazilian miners and the Yanomami people.
The Yanomami tribe remained isolated until sometime in the 1960s when anthropologists found and studied the people. Between 1973 and 1976 the Brazilians built the Perimetral Norte through the southern area of the natives’ territory. This road initiated the arrival of gold miners, which includes those that came during a gold rush beginning in 1987.
Scholars studying the history of the gold rushes in Haximu noticed a recurring pattern of activities between the miners and the Yanomami, which Bruce Albert referred to as the “gold mining trap.” When the first few garimpeiros arrived, they provided the Yanomami with charitable gifts. Once the number of miners increased, the balance of power was altered, and they began to consider the Yanomami nuisances. Tensions arose when the Yanomami wanted more Western goods, such as medicine, clothes and food, which they had come to rely on after the miners arrived. As a result, violence often arose between the groups. Such a pattern may have been the reason why the miners attacked the Yanomami.
Furthermore, reports by major media exaggerated the number of Yanomami who were killed, based on the account of the first Brazilian to visit the village. He claimed at a press conference to have seen several decapitated bodies there. which somehow led people to believe that 73 Yanomami had died. However, due to the inability to locate the bodies, discovering later that the Yanomami burned the bodies for mourning rituals and interviews with survivors by Bruce Albert historians and scholars have deemed this portrayal to be incorrect.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
in 1993. The conflict occurred just outside of Haximu, Brazil, near the Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
border, beginning in mid-June or July of 1993. Approximately 16 Yanomami people were killed by a group of garimpeiros (gold miners who were mining the land illegally). But, inaccurate numbers reported by various newspapers such as The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail is a nationally distributed Canadian newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities across the country. With a weekly readership of approximately 1 million, it is Canada's largest-circulation national newspaper and second-largest daily newspaper after the Toronto Star...
and The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
claimed the Yanomami death count was 73.
In the first attack, the garimpeiros killed four or five young men of the Yanomami Haximu-teri. In response, the natives made two raids against the miners, killing at least two of them and wounding two more. Following this raid, the garimpeiros attacked again, killing about 12 Yanomami (almost all of them were elderly, youths or infants) and burned down the Haximu village.
Background
This massacreMassacre
A massacre is an event with a heavy death toll.Massacre may also refer to:-Entertainment:*Massacre , a DC Comics villain*Massacre , a 1932 drama film starring Richard Barthelmess*Massacre, a 1956 Western starring Dane Clark...
was the result of tensions surrounding the 1987 gold rush
Gold rush
A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers to an area that has had a dramatic discovery of gold. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, and the United States, while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere.In the 19th and early...
in Brazil, with conflict between Brazilian miners and the Yanomami people.
The Yanomami tribe remained isolated until sometime in the 1960s when anthropologists found and studied the people. Between 1973 and 1976 the Brazilians built the Perimetral Norte through the southern area of the natives’ territory. This road initiated the arrival of gold miners, which includes those that came during a gold rush beginning in 1987.
Scholars studying the history of the gold rushes in Haximu noticed a recurring pattern of activities between the miners and the Yanomami, which Bruce Albert referred to as the “gold mining trap.” When the first few garimpeiros arrived, they provided the Yanomami with charitable gifts. Once the number of miners increased, the balance of power was altered, and they began to consider the Yanomami nuisances. Tensions arose when the Yanomami wanted more Western goods, such as medicine, clothes and food, which they had come to rely on after the miners arrived. As a result, violence often arose between the groups. Such a pattern may have been the reason why the miners attacked the Yanomami.
Claimed causes
The specific incident that caused the garimpeiros to attack the Yanomami is uncertain and accounts vary. A former tuxua (chief) of Haximu named Antonio claimed that the garimpeiros attacked his people after they stole a hammock from the miners. However, it was also reported that he claimed that 20 people from his tribe were killed, which was later proven to be false.Furthermore, reports by major media exaggerated the number of Yanomami who were killed, based on the account of the first Brazilian to visit the village. He claimed at a press conference to have seen several decapitated bodies there. which somehow led people to believe that 73 Yanomami had died. However, due to the inability to locate the bodies, discovering later that the Yanomami burned the bodies for mourning rituals and interviews with survivors by Bruce Albert historians and scholars have deemed this portrayal to be incorrect.