The Hebei–Chahar Political Council, or Hebei-Chahar Political Commission, was established at Beijing

Beijing

Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...

 under Gen. Song Zheyuan

Song Zheyuan

Sòng Zhéyuán was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and Sino-Japanese War .- Early life and education :...

, 1935-12-08.

In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China

China

Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

 signed the He-Umezu Agreement

He-Umezu Agreement

The was a secret agreement between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China concluded on 10 June 1935 immediately prior to the outbreak of general hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War.- Background and history :...

, which forbade the Kuomintang

Kuomintang

The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...

 (KMT) from conducting party operations in Hebei

Hebei

' is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "" , named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province that included what is now southern Hebei...

 and effectively ended Chinese control of that province. In the same year, the Chin-Doihara Agreement

Chin-Doihara Agreement

The Chin-Doihara Agreement was an treaty that resolved the North Chahar Incident of 27 June 1935 between the Empire of Japan and Republic of China. The agreement was made between Kwantung Army negotiator, Kenji Doihara, representing Japan, and Deputy Commander of the Kuomintang 29th Army, General...

 was signed and vacated the KMT from Chahar

Chahar (province)

Chahar , also known as Chaha'er, Chakhar, or Qahar, was a province of China in existence from 1912 to 1936, mostly covering territory in what is part of eastern Inner Mongolia. It was named after the Chahar Mongolians....

. By the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated from North China

North China

thumb|250px|Northern [[People's Republic of China]] region.Northern China or North China is a geographical region of China. The heartland of North China is the North China Plain....

. In its place, the Japanese-backed East Hebei Autonomous Council

East Hebei Autonomous Council

The East Hebei Autonomous Council also known as the East Ji Autonomous Council and the East Hopei Autonomous Anti-Communist Council, was a short-lived Japanese puppet state in northern China in the late 1930s.-History:...

 was established on November 24, and Prince Teh, a leader of the Mongols in the provinces of what is now Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...

, was striving to set up an autonomous Mongolian Government there.

Kenji Doihara

Kenji Doihara

was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria for which he earned fame taking the nickname 'Lawrence of Manchuria', a reference to the Lawrence of Arabia....

 then tried to persuade General Song to set up an autonomous government in the Hebei - Chahar region. Resulting protests by Chinese citizens gave Japan the excuse to increase their garrison in the Tianjin

Tianjin

' is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government...

 area. To prevent the forcible establishment of a Japanese puppet state, Song Zheyuan

Song Zheyuan

Sòng Zhéyuán was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and Sino-Japanese War .- Early life and education :...

, considered a pro Japanese general established the Hebei–Chahar Political Council on 1935-12-18, controlling the remainder of Hebei and Chahar provinces. Although the Hebei–Chahar Political Council rendered lip service to the Japanese effort to secure the secession of the five provinces of North China (Shandong

Shandong

' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...

, Hebei

Hebei

' is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "" , named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province that included what is now southern Hebei...

, Shanxi

Shanxi

' is a province in Northern China. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" , after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period....

, Chahar

Chahar (province)

Chahar , also known as Chaha'er, Chakhar, or Qahar, was a province of China in existence from 1912 to 1936, mostly covering territory in what is part of eastern Inner Mongolia. It was named after the Chahar Mongolians....

, and Suiyuan) it made no vital concessions, the Chinese government still remained in control through the council.

Source

• Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey, Westview Press, Japan, 2001, 554 pages. ISBN 0813337569

See also

• Second Sino-Japanese War
  Second Sino-Japanese War
  The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
  
  
• Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)
  Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)
  The Campaigns in Inner Mongolia from 1933-1936 were part of the ongoing invasion of northern China by the Empire of Japan prior to the official start of hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War...
  
  
• Jia Deyao
• Liu Zhe