Heinz A. Lowenstam
Encyclopedia
Heinz Adolf Lowenstam was German-born, Jewish-American paleoecologist
celebrated for his discoveries in biomineralization: that living organisms manufacture substances such as the iron-containing mineral magnetite
within their bodies. He is also renowned for his pioneering research on coral reef
s and their influence on biologic processes in the geologic record.
, which was then southeastern Germany
but was ceded to Poland following World War I. His hometown of Siemjanowicz was located in a mining district, and Lowenstam’s fascination with geology began as a child playing on the piles of mine tailings, against the backdrop of Germany’s great economic depression of the 1920’s. His scientific interests were encouraged by his family and fostered through his attendance at an experimental Höchschule that focused on math, physics, and chemistry. It was here that Heinz started his first fossil collection and shaped his desire to become a paleontologist.
Heinz began his collegiate studies in the vertebrate paleontology
program at the University of Frankfurt, but arrived to find the program collapsing due to the recent death of the university’s leading paleontologist. He transferred to the University of Munich in the fall of 1933, studying under Professors Broili, Edgar Dacqué, and the biologist Karl von Frisch
. Lowenstam’s studies in Munich coincided with Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and the deterioration of conditions for German Jews. “In 1935, he declared his intention of conducting his Ph.D. field research in Palestine, to the dismay of his pro-Nazi department chairman”. After spending 18 months studying the geology of the Eastern Nazareth Mountains, he returned to Germany in 1936 to learn that a new law was passed one week prior to his thesis defense prohibited the awarding of doctorates to Jews. Left with no choice but to leave, Heinz and his wife Ilse emigrated to the United States, arriving in Chicago in June 1937. His parents and sister were able to escape to Brazil, but most of Heinz’s relatives later perished in the Holocaust.
Lowenstam discussed his situation with the geology faculty at the University of Chicago
, and was accepted to complete his degree, on the merit of recommendations from his mentors Broili and Dacqué. He received his Ph.D. in 1939, whereupon he immediately enlisted in the U.S. Army to fight the Nazis. The U.S. military decided that his skills would be of more use in civilian work, developing coal and oil reserves with the Illinois Geological Survey. Subsequently, Heinz worked for a small oil company, then moved on to become a curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Illinois State Museum
. There, Lowenstam conducted field research on the paleoecology of coral reef environments via the Stony Island line of the Chicago street-car system, which dead-ended at an area rich with fossilized coral reefs. This work ultimately resulted in Heinz’s discovery of a “massive system of Silurian reefs that stretched from the edge of the Ozark Mountains to Greenland”. Lowenstam was aware that the structure of the buried reef complex was an ideal trap for oil and gas; but, instead of exploiting his discovery for financial gain, he published his findings in the open scientific literature where all could reap the benefits.
During this time, the University of Chicago had emerged as the birthplace isotope geochemistry, and Harold Urey
’s research group was making significant advancements in the use of deviations in stable isotopes to measure ancient ocean temperatures. While working as a geologist in Illinois State Geological Survey's Coal, and Stratigraphy and Paleontology Divisions, Heinz was invited to join Harold Urey’s group to aid in acquiring fossil materials. He accepted a position as a research associate in geochemistry at the University of Chicago and by 1950, was convinced to accept a faculty position. This position allowed Heinz to” continue his research on Silurian reefs, as well as to extend his search for pristine fossil shell materials, an interest that later paved the way for his studies on biomineralization”. In the early 1950s, Caltech and the University of California began the building of their isotope geochemistry programs and their recruitment of young scientists from Urey’s group and the geochemists of the Chicago “mafia” to form the core of their departments. By the time Lowenstam accepted his faculty position at Caltech in 1954, many of his colleagues including Harrison Brown, Sam Epstein
, Clair Patterson, and even Harold Urey
had already made the migration. Under his chosen title as a “paleoecologist” Heinz continued to collaborate with his former research group (Brown, Patterson, and Epstein were all at Caltech), but he also used the opportunity to explore more comprehensive geochemical analyses of fossil formation.
Lowenstam sought to develop geochemical methods to gain insight into the biological processes through which organisms control mineralization as well as derive information about ancient ecosystems, such as salinity and barometric pressure. For these studies, he turned to the environments of modern coral reef systems in Bermuda. In his early work in the region, Heinz discovered that the aragonite (a CaCO3 mineral produce by reef organisms) “needles forming most of the sedimentary mass in Bermuda’s back-reef lagoons of Bermuda were produced by microscopic algae; using carbon and oxygen isotopes to prove their biological origin”. But it was Lowenstam’s 1961 discovery of “biochemically-precipitated magnetite (Fe3O4) as a capping material in the radula (tongue plate)teeth of chitons (marine mollusks)” that was to shape the future of biomineralization. “Prior to this discovery, magnetite was thought to form only in igneous or metamorphic rocks under high temperatures and pressures”. In his 1962 paper Heinz noted the implications of his discovery with his observation that the chitons were known for their local homing instinct, implying that they may be using a magnetite compass to aid in navigation. Subsequent researchers building upon this work have “confirmed the central role of magnetite as the biophysical transducer of the magnetic field in living organisms spanning the evolutionary spectrum from the magnetotactic bacteria to mammals, with a fossil record extending back at least 2 billion years on Earth and perhaps 4 billion years on Mars”. Lowenstam left implications of biomagnetism for others to explore and continued to pursue answers to how organisms control mineral formation. Over the next two decades Heinz continued to discover and catalog biologically precipitated minerals and document their phyletic distribution, as well as attempt to track their evolutionary origin.
Heinz A. Lowenstam was elected to the National Academy of Sciences
in 1980 and received an honorary Ph.D. from the University of Munich that same year. He remained at Caltech as a revered Professor until his death in 1993.
Paleoecology
Paleoecology uses data from fossils and subfossils to reconstruct the ecosystems of the past. It involves the study of fossil organisms and their associated remains, including their life cycle, living interactions, natural environment, and manner of death and burial to reconstruct the...
celebrated for his discoveries in biomineralization: that living organisms manufacture substances such as the iron-containing mineral magnetite
Magnetite
Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4, one of several iron oxides and a member of the spinel group. The chemical IUPAC name is iron oxide and the common chemical name is ferrous-ferric oxide. The formula for magnetite may also be written as FeO·Fe2O3, which is one part...
within their bodies. He is also renowned for his pioneering research on coral reef
Coral reef
Coral reefs are underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals. Coral reefs are colonies of tiny living animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. The polyps...
s and their influence on biologic processes in the geologic record.
Biography
Heinz Adolf Lowenstam was born in 1912 in Upper SilesiaUpper Silesia
Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of Greater Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Piast Kingdom of Poland, again of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as of...
, which was then southeastern Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
but was ceded to Poland following World War I. His hometown of Siemjanowicz was located in a mining district, and Lowenstam’s fascination with geology began as a child playing on the piles of mine tailings, against the backdrop of Germany’s great economic depression of the 1920’s. His scientific interests were encouraged by his family and fostered through his attendance at an experimental Höchschule that focused on math, physics, and chemistry. It was here that Heinz started his first fossil collection and shaped his desire to become a paleontologist.
Heinz began his collegiate studies in the vertebrate paleontology
Paleontology
Paleontology "old, ancient", ὄν, ὀντ- "being, creature", and λόγος "speech, thought") is the study of prehistoric life. It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments...
program at the University of Frankfurt, but arrived to find the program collapsing due to the recent death of the university’s leading paleontologist. He transferred to the University of Munich in the fall of 1933, studying under Professors Broili, Edgar Dacqué, and the biologist Karl von Frisch
Karl von Frisch
Karl Ritter von Frisch was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, along with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz....
. Lowenstam’s studies in Munich coincided with Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and the deterioration of conditions for German Jews. “In 1935, he declared his intention of conducting his Ph.D. field research in Palestine, to the dismay of his pro-Nazi department chairman”. After spending 18 months studying the geology of the Eastern Nazareth Mountains, he returned to Germany in 1936 to learn that a new law was passed one week prior to his thesis defense prohibited the awarding of doctorates to Jews. Left with no choice but to leave, Heinz and his wife Ilse emigrated to the United States, arriving in Chicago in June 1937. His parents and sister were able to escape to Brazil, but most of Heinz’s relatives later perished in the Holocaust.
Lowenstam discussed his situation with the geology faculty at the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
, and was accepted to complete his degree, on the merit of recommendations from his mentors Broili and Dacqué. He received his Ph.D. in 1939, whereupon he immediately enlisted in the U.S. Army to fight the Nazis. The U.S. military decided that his skills would be of more use in civilian work, developing coal and oil reserves with the Illinois Geological Survey. Subsequently, Heinz worked for a small oil company, then moved on to become a curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Illinois State Museum
Illinois State Museum
The Illinois State Museum is the official museum of the natural history of the U.S. state of Illinois. The headquarters museum is located on Spring and Edwards Streets, one block southwest of the Illinois State Capitol, in Springfield, the state capital...
. There, Lowenstam conducted field research on the paleoecology of coral reef environments via the Stony Island line of the Chicago street-car system, which dead-ended at an area rich with fossilized coral reefs. This work ultimately resulted in Heinz’s discovery of a “massive system of Silurian reefs that stretched from the edge of the Ozark Mountains to Greenland”. Lowenstam was aware that the structure of the buried reef complex was an ideal trap for oil and gas; but, instead of exploiting his discovery for financial gain, he published his findings in the open scientific literature where all could reap the benefits.
During this time, the University of Chicago had emerged as the birthplace isotope geochemistry, and Harold Urey
Harold Urey
Harold Clayton Urey was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934...
’s research group was making significant advancements in the use of deviations in stable isotopes to measure ancient ocean temperatures. While working as a geologist in Illinois State Geological Survey's Coal, and Stratigraphy and Paleontology Divisions, Heinz was invited to join Harold Urey’s group to aid in acquiring fossil materials. He accepted a position as a research associate in geochemistry at the University of Chicago and by 1950, was convinced to accept a faculty position. This position allowed Heinz to” continue his research on Silurian reefs, as well as to extend his search for pristine fossil shell materials, an interest that later paved the way for his studies on biomineralization”. In the early 1950s, Caltech and the University of California began the building of their isotope geochemistry programs and their recruitment of young scientists from Urey’s group and the geochemists of the Chicago “mafia” to form the core of their departments. By the time Lowenstam accepted his faculty position at Caltech in 1954, many of his colleagues including Harrison Brown, Sam Epstein
Samuel Epstein (geochemist)
Samuel Epstein was a Canadian-American geochemist who developed methods for reconstructing geologic temperature records using stable isotope geochemistry...
, Clair Patterson, and even Harold Urey
Harold Urey
Harold Clayton Urey was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934...
had already made the migration. Under his chosen title as a “paleoecologist” Heinz continued to collaborate with his former research group (Brown, Patterson, and Epstein were all at Caltech), but he also used the opportunity to explore more comprehensive geochemical analyses of fossil formation.
Lowenstam sought to develop geochemical methods to gain insight into the biological processes through which organisms control mineralization as well as derive information about ancient ecosystems, such as salinity and barometric pressure. For these studies, he turned to the environments of modern coral reef systems in Bermuda. In his early work in the region, Heinz discovered that the aragonite (a CaCO3 mineral produce by reef organisms) “needles forming most of the sedimentary mass in Bermuda’s back-reef lagoons of Bermuda were produced by microscopic algae; using carbon and oxygen isotopes to prove their biological origin”. But it was Lowenstam’s 1961 discovery of “biochemically-precipitated magnetite (Fe3O4) as a capping material in the radula (tongue plate)teeth of chitons (marine mollusks)” that was to shape the future of biomineralization. “Prior to this discovery, magnetite was thought to form only in igneous or metamorphic rocks under high temperatures and pressures”. In his 1962 paper Heinz noted the implications of his discovery with his observation that the chitons were known for their local homing instinct, implying that they may be using a magnetite compass to aid in navigation. Subsequent researchers building upon this work have “confirmed the central role of magnetite as the biophysical transducer of the magnetic field in living organisms spanning the evolutionary spectrum from the magnetotactic bacteria to mammals, with a fossil record extending back at least 2 billion years on Earth and perhaps 4 billion years on Mars”. Lowenstam left implications of biomagnetism for others to explore and continued to pursue answers to how organisms control mineral formation. Over the next two decades Heinz continued to discover and catalog biologically precipitated minerals and document their phyletic distribution, as well as attempt to track their evolutionary origin.
Heinz A. Lowenstam was elected to the National Academy of Sciences
United States National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and...
in 1980 and received an honorary Ph.D. from the University of Munich that same year. He remained at Caltech as a revered Professor until his death in 1993.