Hiberno-Norman
Encyclopedia
The Hiberno-Normans are those Norman
lords who settled in Ireland
who admitted little if any real fealty
to the Anglo-Norman
settlers in England
, and who soon began to interact and intermarry with the Gaelic nobility of Ireland. The term embraces both their origins as a distinct community with their own dialect of Norman-French (Hiberno-English
) and their development in Ireland. From 1169 until their eclipse in the early seventeenth century following the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the community underwent a process whereby they became Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis
. The prefix "Hiberno" means "relating to Ireland or the Irish", from Hibernia
. The Clan Burke, FitzGeralds, Butler
s and de Berminghams
are notable famililies among them. ("Fitz
" is a particularly Hiberno-Norman prefix, meaning 'son of', cf. modern French "fils de" with the same meaning).
By the late 16th century, the Hiberno-Normans began to be referred to as the Old English
. In the Irish language
, they were known as the gaill or "foreigners". Englishmen born in England however were called Sasanaigh or "Saxons", and there was a very strong distinction made between Gaill and Sasanaigh in the Irish annals, with the former being referred to variously as Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.
Normans
The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock...
lords who settled in Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
who admitted little if any real fealty
Fealty
An oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas , is a pledge of allegiance of one person to another. Typically the oath is made upon a religious object such as a Bible or saint's relic, often contained within an altar, thus binding the oath-taker before God.In medieval Europe, fealty was sworn between...
to the Anglo-Norman
Anglo-Norman
The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the Norman conquest by William the Conqueror in 1066. A small number of Normans were already settled in England prior to the conquest...
settlers in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, and who soon began to interact and intermarry with the Gaelic nobility of Ireland. The term embraces both their origins as a distinct community with their own dialect of Norman-French (Hiberno-English
Hiberno-English
Hiberno-English is the dialect of English written and spoken in Ireland .English was first brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion of the late 12th century. Initially it was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin, with Irish spoken throughout the rest of the country...
) and their development in Ireland. From 1169 until their eclipse in the early seventeenth century following the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the community underwent a process whereby they became Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis
More Irish than the Irish themselves
"More Irish than the Irish themselves" is a phrase used in Irish historiography to describe a phenomenon of cultural assimilation in late medieval Norman Ireland....
. The prefix "Hiberno" means "relating to Ireland or the Irish", from Hibernia
Hibernia
Hibernia is the Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland. The name Hibernia was taken from Greek geographical accounts. During his exploration of northwest Europe , Pytheas of Massilia called the island Ierne . In his book Geographia Hibernia is the Classical Latin name for the island of...
. The Clan Burke, FitzGeralds, Butler
Butler dynasty
Butler dynasty refers to the several branches of the Butler family that has its origins in the Cambro-Norman family that participated in the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century. Variant spellings include le Boteler and le Botiller. The surname has its origins in the hereditary office of...
s and de Berminghams
Baron Athenry
The title of Baron Athenry is one of the oldest titles in the Peerage of Ireland, but the date of its creation is thoroughly uncertain; each of the first four Berminghams listed below is claimed by some writers to be Lord Athenry, but the evidence is disputed...
are notable famililies among them. ("Fitz
Fitz
Fitz forms a prefix to patronymic surnames of Anglo-Norman origin. This usage derives from the Norman fiz / filz, prononciation: /fits/ Fitz forms a prefix to patronymic surnames of Anglo-Norman origin. This usage derives from the Norman fiz / filz, prononciation: /fits/ Fitz forms a prefix to...
" is a particularly Hiberno-Norman prefix, meaning 'son of', cf. modern French "fils de" with the same meaning).
By the late 16th century, the Hiberno-Normans began to be referred to as the Old English
Old English (Ireland)
The Old English were the descendants of the settlers who came to Ireland from Wales, Normandy, and England after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169–71. Many of the Old English became assimilated into Irish society over the centuries...
. In the Irish language
Irish language
Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...
, they were known as the gaill or "foreigners". Englishmen born in England however were called Sasanaigh or "Saxons", and there was a very strong distinction made between Gaill and Sasanaigh in the Irish annals, with the former being referred to variously as Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.
Hiberno-Norman Surnames
- BarrettBarrett (surname)Barrett is a surname that has been associated with several different people, places and organisations. It is a popular Anglo-Irish surname, both in Southeast England, and Southwest Ireland. It is most common in the Irish counties of Mayo and Galway but particularly County Cork, and within England,...
- BurkeBurke- People :* Burke * Edmund Burke, a prominent 18th century politician commonly referenced as simply "Burke"* Robert O'Hara Burke, a prominent Australian explorer- Australia :* Burke Developmental Road, a Queensland road...
, also the variant Bourke - D'ArcyD'arcyD'Arcy or D'arcy may refer to:In places:*Tolleshunt D'Arcy, a village in the County of Essex, Eastern England*D'Arcy, British Columbia, an unincorporated community in Canada*D'Arcy, Saskatchewan, a village in Canada...
, also the variant De Arcy - De Barry
- de BurghDe Burghde Burgh is a surname, and may refer to:* Chris de Burgh , musician and songwriter* Edmond Albanach de Burgh , Lord of Connaught* Elizabeth de Burgh , Scottish royal consort...
- de ClareDe ClareThe de Clare family of Norman lords were associated with the Welsh Marches, Suffolk, Surrey, Kent and Ireland. They were descended from Richard fitz Gilbert, who accompanied William the Conqueror into England during the Norman conquest of England.-Origins:The Clare family descends from Gilbert...
- Condon, from de Caunteton
- de LacyDe Lacyde Lacy is the surname of an old Norman noble family originating from Lassy . The first records are about Hugh de Lacy . Descendent of Hugh de Lacy left Normandy and travelled to England along with William the Conqueror. Walter and Ilbert de Lacy fought in the battle of Hastings...
- DevereauxDevereauxDevereaux is a name of French origin. It is a mis-spelling of the original surname Devereux based on the common English mis-pronunciation "Devero". It may refer to:-People:* Boyd Devereaux , Canadian hockey player...
- Fanning
- FitzDermot
- Fitzgerald
- Fitzhenry, also the variant Fitzharris
- FitzmauriceFitzmauriceFitzmaurice is an Anglo-Norman/Hiberno-Norman surname originating in County Kerry, Ireland. It is patronymic as the prefix Fitz- derives from the Latin filius, meaning "son of". The surname variants include FitzMaurice, Fitz Maurice, Fitz-Maurice, fitz Maurice, and the alternate spelling Fitzmorris...
, also the variant FitzmorrisFitzmorrisFitzmorris is an Irish Hiberno-Norman surname originating in Counties Kerry, Galway, and Mayo. It is patronymic as the prefix Fitz- derives from the Latin filius, meaning "son of".... - Fitzralph
- FitzrichardFitzrichardFitzrichard is a Hiberno-Norman surname. It is patronymic as the prefix Fitz- derives from the Latin filius, meaning "son of". Its variants include the alternate forms FitzRichard, fitz Richard and Fitz Richard, and the given name turned surname Richard or Richards. Fitzrichard is rare as a given...
- Fitzsimons/Fitzsimon
- FitzstephenFitzstephenFitzstephen is an English language Hiberno-Norman surname. It is patronymic as the prefix Fitz- derives from the Latin filius, meaning "son of". Its variants include FitzStephen, Fitz Stephen, Fitz Stephen, Fitz-Stephen; alternate spelling Fitzstephens ; and the given name turned surname Stephen...
- Lambart (There is a possible kinship between the Lambarts and Lamberts)
- LambertLambert (name)Lambert is a given name and surname and may refer to:People with the given name Lambert:* Lambert, Bishop of Ostia , became Pope Honorius II* Lambert, Margrave of Tuscany Lambert is a given name and surname and may refer to:People with the given name Lambert:* Lambert, Bishop of Ostia (c....
, also the variant Lamport. Most notably John Lambert of Creg ClareJohn Lambert of Creg ClareJohn Lambert of Creg Clare, Irish soldier and Royalist, fl. c.1645 – c.1669.-Life:A native of County Galway a Hiberno-Norman, Lambert is described as "an officer in Lord Clanricarde's Regiment in the Duke of Ormonde's Army in Ireland 1645... - MartynMartynMartyn, or Martin is the surname of one of The Tribes of Galway, Ireland.-Family history:The Martyn family were one of a group of fourteen families of mixed Irish, English, Welsh, French and Norman descent who became the premier merchant and political families in the town of Galway during the late...
, also also the variant MartinMartin (name)Martin may either be a surname or given name.Martin is a common given and family name in most European languages. It comes from the Latin name Martinus, which is a late derived form of the name of the Roman god Mars, the protective godhead of the Latins... - PlunkettPlunkettPlunkett, a surname originating in Ireland, and of Norse or Norman origin, may be spelled Plunkett, Plunket, Plunkit, Plunkitt, Plonkit, Plonkitt, Plonket, Plonkett, or Plunceid, and may refer to:* Baron Plunket, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom...
- Preston
- RedmondRedmond (name)Redmond may be a surname or given name, and can refer to the following people:-Surnames:* Aaron Redmond, New Zealand cricketer* Bridget Redmond, Irish politician, widow of Wiliam Archer Redmond* Derek Redmond , British athlete...
- de Tiúit/TuiteRisteárd de TiúitRisteárd de Tiúit was a member of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke's Irish invasion force, and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland...
- Sinnott
- Tayor
See also
- Later Medieval Ireland (1185 to 1284)
- Anglo-NormanAnglo-NormanThe Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the Norman conquest by William the Conqueror in 1066. A small number of Normans were already settled in England prior to the conquest...
- Cambro-NormanCambro-NormanCambro-Norman is a term used for Norman knights who settled in southern Wales after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Some historians suggest that the term is to be preferred to Anglo-Norman for the Normans who invaded Ireland after 1170 — many of whom originated in Wales. However, the term...
- Insular French
- Irish nobilityIrish nobilityThis article concerns the Gaelic nobility of Ireland from ancient to modern times. It only partly overlaps with Chiefs of the Name because it excludes Scotland and other discussion...
, which distinguishes three groups of Irish nobility (one of which this article addresses) - Italo-NormanItalo-NormanThe Italo-Normans, or Siculo-Normans when referring to Sicily, were the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to the southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century...
- Norman IrelandNorman IrelandThe History of Ireland 1169–1536 covers the period from the arrival of the Cambro-Normans to the reign of Henry VIII of England, who made himself King of Ireland. After the Norman invasion of 1171, Ireland was under an alternating level of control from Norman lords and the King of England...
- Scoto-NormanScoto-NormanThe term Scoto-Norman is used to described people, families, institutions and archaeological artifacts that are partly Scottish and partly Norman...