High net worth individual
Encyclopedia
A high-net-worth individual (HNWI) is a person with a high net worth
. In the private bank
ing business, these individuals typically are defined as having investable assets (financial assets not including primary residence) in excess of US$1 million. As explained below, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has promulgated a different definition of "high net worth individual" for regulatory purposes.
- Capgemini
World’s Wealth Report 2009 defines HNWIs as those who hold at least US$1 million in financial assets and ultra-HNWIs as those who hold at least US$30 million in financial assets, with both excluding collectibles, consumables, consumer durables and primary residences. The report states that in 2008 there were 8.6 million HNWIs worldwide, a decline of 14.9% from 2007. The total HNWI wealth worldwide totaled US$32.8 trillion, a 19.5% decrease from 2007. The ultra-HNWIs experienced the greater loss, losing 24.6% in population size and 23.9% in accumulated wealth. The report revised its 2007 projections that HNWI financial wealth would reach US$59.1 trillion by 2012 and revised this downward to a 2013 HNWI wealth valued at $48.5 trillion advancing at an annual rate of 8.1%.
, Barclays, BNP Paribas
, Citibank
, Deutsche Bank
, HSBC
, JPMorgan Chase and UBS, have a separate business unit with designated teams consisting of client advisors and product specialists exclusively for UHNWI. Because of their extreme high net worth and the way their assets were generated, these clients are often considered to have characteristics similar to institutional investors.
, Maybach
and Rolls-Royce
in motoring, actively target UHNWI and HNWI to sell their products. Figures gathered by Rolls-Royce suggest there are 80,000 people around the world with disposable income of more than $20 million. They have, on average, eight cars and three or four homes. Three-quarters own a jet aircraft and most have a yacht
.
Global Family Alliance whitepaper was released in 2008 to study the investment strategies of single family offices in the United States and in Europe. The research was segregated into sub-groups representing those with less than $1 billion in assets and those with assets above $1 billion. The study found that U.S. families reported a more aggressive attitude toward investment objectives than their counterparts in Europe. One recommendation of the WGFA study advised the advisors and family offices serving this niche to avoid complexity in the structure of portfolios. The authors cite that the more complex the portfolio and number of holdings, the more difficult the job of performing adequate governance, reporting, and education. The Institute for Private Investors
, a peer networking organization for wealthy families and their advisors, suggested a similar theme to its membership in 2008 with a conference themed, "The Return to Simplicity". Kotak Wealth Management and CRISIL
Research, published a report on the Ultra High Net Worth Individuals in India titled ‘Top of the Pyramid Report
.’
Author and portfolio manager Niall Gannon suggested in Investing Strategies for the High Net Worth Investor: Maximize Returns on Taxable Portfolios that asset management for the ultra high net worth individual must be approached from a perspective which acknowledges the role of taxes in reducing portfolio returns. His research studied the S&P 500 index on an after-tax basis and found the return to be 6.63% after paying taxes at the top prevailing federal tax rate and a constant average of 6% for state taxes. The study covered the period from January 1, 1957- December 31, 2010. Additional results from Gannon's research found that a portfolio of municipal bonds out-performed the re-invested S&P 500 index in 17% of the rolling 20 year periods since the inception of the index. Gannon rejects the use of historical returns for future asset allocation modeling for high net worth investors. He argues that an observation of stock portfolio earnings yields (the inverse of the p/e ratio) are more indicative of the future return potential of the portfolio when modeled with the impact of taxation on performance.
Net worth
In business, net worth is the total assets minus total outside liabilities of an individual or a company. For a company, this is called shareholders' preference and may be referred to as book value. Net worth is stated as at a particular year in time...
. In the private bank
Private bank
Private banks are banks that are not incorporated. A private bank is owned by either an individual or a general partner with limited partner...
ing business, these individuals typically are defined as having investable assets (financial assets not including primary residence) in excess of US$1 million. As explained below, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has promulgated a different definition of "high net worth individual" for regulatory purposes.
World’s Wealth Report 2011
The Merrill LynchMerrill Lynch
Merrill Lynch is the wealth management division of Bank of America. With over 15,000 financial advisors and $2.2 trillion in client assets it is the world's largest brokerage. Formerly known as Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., prior to 2009 the firm was publicly owned and traded on the New York...
- Capgemini
Capgemini
Capgemini is a French global IT services company, one of the world's largest management consulting, outsourcing and professional services companies with a staff of 114,274 operating in 40 countries. It is headquartered in Paris and was founded in 1967 by Serge Kampf, the current chairman, in...
World’s Wealth Report 2009 defines HNWIs as those who hold at least US$1 million in financial assets and ultra-HNWIs as those who hold at least US$30 million in financial assets, with both excluding collectibles, consumables, consumer durables and primary residences. The report states that in 2008 there were 8.6 million HNWIs worldwide, a decline of 14.9% from 2007. The total HNWI wealth worldwide totaled US$32.8 trillion, a 19.5% decrease from 2007. The ultra-HNWIs experienced the greater loss, losing 24.6% in population size and 23.9% in accumulated wealth. The report revised its 2007 projections that HNWI financial wealth would reach US$59.1 trillion by 2012 and revised this downward to a 2013 HNWI wealth valued at $48.5 trillion advancing at an annual rate of 8.1%.
Ultra high net worth individuals
Ultra high net worth individuals (UHNWIs) are individuals or families who have, by one definition, at least US$30 million in investable assets, or with a disposable income of more than US$20 million. The exact dividing lines depend on how a bank wishes to segment its market; for example, the term "very high net worth individuals" can refer to those with assets between $5 million and $50 million, with ultra high net worth individuals only those with above $50 million.Banking and finance
Most global banks, such as Credit SuisseCredit Suisse
The Credit Suisse Group AG is a Swiss multinational financial services company headquartered in Zurich, with more than 250 branches in Switzerland and operations in more than 50 countries.-History:...
, Barclays, BNP Paribas
BNP Paribas
BNP Paribas S.A. is a global banking group, headquartered in Paris, with its second global headquarters in London. In October 2010 BNP Paribas was ranked by Bloomberg and Forbes as the largest bank and largest company in the world by assets with over $3.1 trillion. It was formed through the merger...
, Citibank
Citibank
Citibank, a major international bank, is the consumer banking arm of financial services giant Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York...
, Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Bank AG is a global financial service company with its headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany. It employs more than 100,000 people in over 70 countries, and has a large presence in Europe, the Americas, Asia Pacific and the emerging markets...
, HSBC
HSBC
HSBC Holdings plc is a global banking and financial services company headquartered in Canary Wharf, London, United Kingdom. it is the world's second-largest banking and financial services group and second-largest public company according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine...
, JPMorgan Chase and UBS, have a separate business unit with designated teams consisting of client advisors and product specialists exclusively for UHNWI. Because of their extreme high net worth and the way their assets were generated, these clients are often considered to have characteristics similar to institutional investors.
Retail
Brands in various sectors, such as BentleyBentley
Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer of automobiles founded on 18 January 1919 by Walter Owen Bentley known as W.O. Bentley or just "W O". Bentley had been previously known for his range of rotary aero-engines in World War I, the most famous being the Bentley BR1 as used in later...
, Maybach
Maybach
Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH is a German luxury car manufacturer. It was founded in 1909 by Wilhelm Maybach and his son. The company was originally a subsidiary of Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH and was itself known as Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH until 1912.Today, the ultra-luxury car brand is owned by...
and Rolls-Royce
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is a British manufacturer of luxury automobiles based at the Goodwood plant in West Sussex, England. It is the current producer of Rolls-Royce branded automobiles, whose historical production dates back to 1904. The factory is located across from the historic Goodwood Circuit...
in motoring, actively target UHNWI and HNWI to sell their products. Figures gathered by Rolls-Royce suggest there are 80,000 people around the world with disposable income of more than $20 million. They have, on average, eight cars and three or four homes. Three-quarters own a jet aircraft and most have a yacht
Yacht
A yacht is a recreational boat or ship. The term originated from the Dutch Jacht meaning "hunt". It was originally defined as a light fast sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around and into the shallow waters of the Low Countries...
.
SEC regulations
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission requires all SEC-registered investment advisers to periodically file a report known as Form ADV. Among other things, Form ADV requires each investment adviser to state how many of his clients are "high net worth individuals." The Form ADV Glossary of Terms explains that a "high net worth individual" is an individual with at least $750,000 managed by the reporting investment adviser, or whose net worth the investment adviser reasonably believes exceeds $1,500,000 (or who is a "qualified purchaser" as defined in section 2(a)(51)(A) of the Investment Company Act of 1940). The net worth of an individual for SEC purposes may include assets held jointly with his or her spouse. Unlike the definitions used in the financial and banking trade, the SEC's definition of HNWI would include the value of a person's verifiable non-financial assets, such as a primary residence or art collection.Academic studies of asset management trends
The WhartonWharton
-Academic institutions:*Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania*Wharton Center for Performing Arts, at Michigan State University-Places:*Wharton, Cheshire, England*Wharton, Cumbria, England*Wharton, New Jersey*Wharton, Ohio*Wharton, Texas...
Global Family Alliance whitepaper was released in 2008 to study the investment strategies of single family offices in the United States and in Europe. The research was segregated into sub-groups representing those with less than $1 billion in assets and those with assets above $1 billion. The study found that U.S. families reported a more aggressive attitude toward investment objectives than their counterparts in Europe. One recommendation of the WGFA study advised the advisors and family offices serving this niche to avoid complexity in the structure of portfolios. The authors cite that the more complex the portfolio and number of holdings, the more difficult the job of performing adequate governance, reporting, and education. The Institute for Private Investors
Institute for Private Investors
The Institute for Private Investors is a private membership organization that offers peer-to-peer networking and investor education to its members. It is open to ultra-high-net-worth individuals, or families with minimum investable assets of US $30 million or more.IPI was founded in 1991 by...
, a peer networking organization for wealthy families and their advisors, suggested a similar theme to its membership in 2008 with a conference themed, "The Return to Simplicity". Kotak Wealth Management and CRISIL
CRISIL
Credit Rating and Information Services of India Ltd. a global analytical company providing ratings, research, and risk and policy advisory services....
Research, published a report on the Ultra High Net Worth Individuals in India titled ‘Top of the Pyramid Report
Top of the Pyramid Report
The Top Of the Pyramid Report is a Primary research Report based on the behaviour and spending patterns of the Ultra High Net Individuals in India published by Kotak Wealth Management & CRISIL Research...
.’
Author and portfolio manager Niall Gannon suggested in Investing Strategies for the High Net Worth Investor: Maximize Returns on Taxable Portfolios that asset management for the ultra high net worth individual must be approached from a perspective which acknowledges the role of taxes in reducing portfolio returns. His research studied the S&P 500 index on an after-tax basis and found the return to be 6.63% after paying taxes at the top prevailing federal tax rate and a constant average of 6% for state taxes. The study covered the period from January 1, 1957- December 31, 2010. Additional results from Gannon's research found that a portfolio of municipal bonds out-performed the re-invested S&P 500 index in 17% of the rolling 20 year periods since the inception of the index. Gannon rejects the use of historical returns for future asset allocation modeling for high net worth investors. He argues that an observation of stock portfolio earnings yields (the inverse of the p/e ratio) are more indicative of the future return potential of the portfolio when modeled with the impact of taxation on performance.
See also
- MillionaireMillionaireA millionaire is an individual whose net worth or wealth is equal to or exceeds one million units of currency. It can also be a person who owns one million units of currency in a bank account or savings account...
- BillionaireBillionaireA billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person who has a net worth of at least one billion units of a given currency, usually the United States dollar, Euro, or Pound sterling. Forbes magazine updates a complete list of U.S. dollar billionaires around the...
- Swiss bank
- WealthWealthWealth is the abundance of valuable resources or material possessions. The word wealth is derived from the old English wela, which is from an Indo-European word stem...
- Global assets under managementGlobal assets under managementGlobal asset allocation or Global assets under management consists of pension funds, insurance companies and mutual funds. Other funds under management include private wealth and alternative assets such as hedge funds and private equity...