Hilde Mangold
Encyclopedia
Hilde Mangold was a German
embryologist
who was best known for her thesis dissertation performed at the Zoological Institute in Freiburg
, Germany
under the direction of Hans Spemann
. The dissertation, entitled “Über Induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren”, or “Induction of Embryonic Primordia by Implantation of Organizers from a Different Species”, was the foundation for her mentor’s 1935 Nobel Prize for the discovery of the organizer. The effect is now known as embryonic induction
.
This lecture inspired her to pursue her education in this field. After Frankfurt, she attended the Zoological Institute in Freiburg for her PhD under Hans Spemann where she performed the experiments that led to her dissertation and eventually to his Nobel Prize. It was here that she met and married her husband, Otto Mangold, who was Spemann’s chief assistant and a supporter of the Nazi Party..
Her remarkable manual dexterity allowed her to perform very delicate experiments with embryos, including one where she created by removing a small piece of tissue from the embryo of one species of salamander and grafted it onto the embryo of another species.This resulted in the second embryo developing into twins, and was the basis of the discovery of the "organizer", which is responsible for gastrulation
.
After earning her PhD in zoology, Hilde moved with her husband and infant son, Christian, to Berlin
. Shortly after her move to Berlin, Hilde died from severe burns as a result of a gas heater explosion in her Berlin home. She never lived to see the publication of her thesis results. Her son died in World War II.
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
embryologist
Embryology
Embryology is a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage...
who was best known for her thesis dissertation performed at the Zoological Institute in Freiburg
Freiburg
Freiburg im Breisgau is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In the extreme south-west of the country, it straddles the Dreisam river, at the foot of the Schlossberg. Historically, the city has acted as the hub of the Breisgau region on the western edge of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
under the direction of Hans Spemann
Hans Spemann
Hans Spemann was a German embryologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues...
. The dissertation, entitled “Über Induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren”, or “Induction of Embryonic Primordia by Implantation of Organizers from a Different Species”, was the foundation for her mentor’s 1935 Nobel Prize for the discovery of the organizer. The effect is now known as embryonic induction
Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops, until it develops into a fetus.Embryogenesis starts with the fertilization of the ovum by sperm. The fertilized ovum is referred to as a zygote...
.
Biography
Hilde Pröscholdt was born in Gotha, Thuringia, a province in central-eastern Germany on October 20, 1898, the middle daughter of soap factory owner Ernest Proschold and his wife Gertrude. She attended the University of Jena in Germany for two semesters in 1918 and 1919 and then transferred to the University of Frankfurt in Germany where she also spent two semesters. It was here that she saw the lecture of renowned embryologist Hans Spemann on experimental embryology.This lecture inspired her to pursue her education in this field. After Frankfurt, she attended the Zoological Institute in Freiburg for her PhD under Hans Spemann where she performed the experiments that led to her dissertation and eventually to his Nobel Prize. It was here that she met and married her husband, Otto Mangold, who was Spemann’s chief assistant and a supporter of the Nazi Party..
Her remarkable manual dexterity allowed her to perform very delicate experiments with embryos, including one where she created by removing a small piece of tissue from the embryo of one species of salamander and grafted it onto the embryo of another species.This resulted in the second embryo developing into twins, and was the basis of the discovery of the "organizer", which is responsible for gastrulation
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure known as the gastrula. These three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.Gastrulation takes place after cleavage...
.
After earning her PhD in zoology, Hilde moved with her husband and infant son, Christian, to Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
. Shortly after her move to Berlin, Hilde died from severe burns as a result of a gas heater explosion in her Berlin home. She never lived to see the publication of her thesis results. Her son died in World War II.
See also
- Developmental biologyDevelopmental biologyDevelopmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...
- EmbryogenesisEmbryogenesisEmbryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops, until it develops into a fetus.Embryogenesis starts with the fertilization of the ovum by sperm. The fertilized ovum is referred to as a zygote...
- Hans SpemannHans SpemannHans Spemann was a German embryologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues...
- Theodor BoveriTheodor Boveri-External links:* Fritz Baltzer. . excerpt from . University of California Press, Berkeley; pp. 85–97....
- August WeismannAugust WeismannFriedrich Leopold August Weismann was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin...
External links
- Explanation of the Spemann-Mangold experiment from a NatureNature (journal)Nature, first published on 4 November 1869, is ranked the world's most cited interdisciplinary scientific journal by the Science Edition of the 2010 Journal Citation Reports...
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