Holy Week in Seville
Encyclopedia
Holy Week in Seville is one of the most important traditional events of the
Seville
Seville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level...
city. It is celebrated in the week leading up to Easter
Easter
Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated on Easter Day or Easter Sunday...
(Holy Week
Holy Week
Holy Week in Christianity is the last week of Lent and the week before Easter...
among Christians), and is one of the better known religious events within Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
. This week features the procession
Procession
A procession is an organized body of people advancing in a formal or ceremonial manner.-Procession elements:...
of pasos, floats of lifelike wooden sculptures of individual scenes of the events of the Passion
Passion (Christianity)
The Passion is the Christian theological term used for the events and suffering – physical, spiritual, and mental – of Jesus in the hours before and including his trial and execution by crucifixion...
, or images of the Virgin Mary
Mary (mother of Jesus)
Mary , commonly referred to as "Saint Mary", "Mother Mary", the "Virgin Mary", the "Blessed Virgin Mary", or "Mary, Mother of God", was a Jewish woman of Nazareth in Galilee...
showing restrained grief for the torture and killing of her Son. Some of the sculptures are of great antiquity and are considered artistic masterpieces, as well as being culturally and spiritually important to the local Catholic population.
During Holy Week, the city is crowded with residents and visitors, drawn by the spectacle and atmosphere. The impact is particularly strong for the Catholic
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
community.
The processions are organized by hermandades and cofradías, religious brotherhoods. During the processions, members precede the pasos (of which there are up to three in each procession) dressed in penitential robes, and, with few exceptions, hoods. They may also be accompanied by brass bands.
The processions work along a designated route from their home churches and chapels to the Cathedral
Seville Cathedral
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See , better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Seville . It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third-largest church in the world....
, usually via a central viewing area and back. The processions from the suburban barrios may take 14 hours to return to their home churches.
As of 2009, a total of 60 processions are scheduled for the week, from Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday is a Christian moveable feast that falls on the Sunday before Easter. The feast commemorates Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, an event mentioned in all four Canonical Gospels. ....
through to Easter Sunday morning. The climax of the week is the night of Holy Thursday, when the most popular processions set out to arrive at the Cathedral on the dawn of Good Friday
Good Friday
Good Friday , is a religious holiday observed primarily by Christians commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and may coincide with the Jewish observance of...
, known as the madrugá.
The Brotherhoods
At the heart of Semana Santa are the brotherhoods (Hermandades y Cofradias de Penitencia), associations of Catholic laypersons organised for the purpose of performing public acts of religious observanceCult (religious practice)
In traditional usage, the cult of a religion, quite apart from its sacred writings , its theology or myths, or the personal faith of its believers, is the totality of external religious practice and observance, the neglect of which is the definition of impiety. Cult in this primary sense is...
; in this case, related to the Passion and death of Jesus Christ
Passion (Christianity)
The Passion is the Christian theological term used for the events and suffering – physical, spiritual, and mental – of Jesus in the hours before and including his trial and execution by crucifixion...
and to perform public penance
Penance
Penance is repentance of sins as well as the proper name of the Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, and Anglican Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession. It also plays a part in non-sacramental confession among Lutherans and other Protestants...
.
The brotherhoods, besides the day-to-day work in preparation for the processions, also undertake many other self-regulated religious activities, and charitable and community work. Many brotherhoods maintain their own chapel
Chapel
A chapel is a building used by Christians as a place of fellowship and worship. It may be part of a larger structure or complex, such as a church, college, hospital, palace, prison or funeral home, located on board a military or commercial ship, or it may be an entirely free-standing building,...
, while others are attached to a regular parish
Parish
A parish is a territorial unit historically under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of one parish priest, who might be assisted in his pastoral duties by a curate or curates - also priests but not the parish priest - from a more or less central parish church with its associated organization...
.
Membership is open to any baptised
Baptism
In Christianity, baptism is for the majority the rite of admission , almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also membership of a particular church tradition...
person, although internal rules may limit who can participate in a procession (e.g. women are still not allowed to process in some brotherhoods). Currently, membership of one (or more) brotherhoods is usually a matter of family tradition, neighbourhood or personal taste.
There is a Supreme Council of Brotherhoods (Consejo Superior de Hermandades y Cofradías), whose members are chosen every four years by the elders (Hermanos Mayores) of the different brotherhoods. This council is in charge of organisation and agreements with local authorities on the official itinerary. It acts also as the link with the canonical authority (the Archbishop) and between brotherhoods.
The earliest known brotherhood (Primitiva Hermandad de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, known as El Silencio - The Silence); was founded in the mid 14th century. Since then, many have formed, merged or disappeared. By 2010, 60 brotherhoods will make the stations of penance to the Cathedral
Cathedral
A cathedral is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop...
during Holy Week
Holy Week
Holy Week in Christianity is the last week of Lent and the week before Easter...
, while 9 others will process on the preceding Friday and Saturday without entering the Cathedral (the so-called Hermandades de Visperas).
In addition to these brotherhoods there are over 50 other independent non-penitential Catholic brotherhoods in the city of Seville (such as the various brotherhoods of the El Rocio pilgrimage).
The Marching Order
Chapel
A chapel is a building used by Christians as a place of fellowship and worship. It may be part of a larger structure or complex, such as a church, college, hospital, palace, prison or funeral home, located on board a military or commercial ship, or it may be an entirely free-standing building,...
to the Cathedral
Cathedral
A cathedral is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop...
of Seville
Seville
Seville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level...
and back. The last section before arriving to the Cathedral is common to all brotherhoods and is called the Carrera Oficial.
The standard structure of a procession is:
- A great cross (the so-called Cruz de Guía - Guiding Cross) is carried at the beginning of each procession. opens the way.
- A number of people (sometimes barefoot) dressed in a habit and with the distinctive pointed hood (capiroteCapiroteA capirote is a pointy hat of conical form that is used in Spain.Historically, the capirote was a cardboard cone that flagellants in Spain would use...
), and holding long wax candles (only lit by night), marching in silence. These are the nazarenos. Colours, forms and details of the habit are distinctive for each brotherhood - and sometimes for different locations within the procession. Usually the Nazarenos march in pairs, and are grouped behind insignia. Moving between the lines are diputados de tramo, guardians who keep the formations organized. - A group of altar boys, acolytes, dressed in vestments (many of them wearing dalmaticDalmaticThe dalmatic is a long wide-sleeved tunic, which serves as a liturgical vestment in the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and United Methodist Churches, which is sometimes worn by a deacon at the Mass or other services. Although infrequent, it may also be worn by bishops above the alb and below...
s), with chandeliers and incense, and other servants. - The Paso.
- When applicable, the musical group follows (bands) or precedes the paso(chapel music)
- A number of penitentes, carrying wooden crosses, making public penance. They wear the habit and the hood of the brotherhood, but the hood is not pointed.
This structure repeats itself depending of the number of pasos (up to three). Usually the last paso is not followed by penitentes, and the procession should be closed -presided- by the titular chaplain in full processional vestments known as el preste
Although this is the standard structure, depending on the traditions of each brotherhood, details (and even the plan) may vary.
A procession can be made up from a few hundred to near 3,000 Nazarenos and last anywhere from 4 to 14 hours, depending how far the home church is from the Cathedral. The largest processions can take over an hour and a half to cross one particular spot
The Paso
At the centre of each procession are the pasos, an image or set of images set atop a movable float of woodWood
Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in many trees. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression...
. If a brotherhood has three pasos, the first one would be a sculpted scene of the Passion
Passion (Christianity)
The Passion is the Christian theological term used for the events and suffering – physical, spiritual, and mental – of Jesus in the hours before and including his trial and execution by crucifixion...
, or an allegorical scene, known as a misterio (mystery); the second an image of Christ
Christ
Christ is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew , usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach...
; and the third an image of the Virgin Mary, known as a dolorosa.
The structure of the paso is richly carved and decorated with fabric, flowers and candles. Many of the structures carrying the image of Christ are gilded, and those carrying the image of the virgin often silver-plated. As of 2007, all but one of the dolorosas are covered by an ornate canopy or baldachin
Baldachin
A baldachin, or baldaquin , is a canopy of state over an altar or throne. It had its beginnings as a cloth canopy, but in other cases it is a sturdy, permanent architectural feature, particularly over high altars in cathedrals, where such a structure is more correctly called a ciborium when it is...
(palio) attached to the structure.
The sculptures themselves are carved and painted, and often lifesize or larger. The oldest surviving were carved in the 16th century, though new images continue to be added. Those highly regarded artistically include the Jesus del Gran Poder and Cristo de la Buena Muerte by Juan de Mesa, Francisco Antonio Ruíz Gijón's Cristo de la Expiración (known as El Cachorro) and the two virgins named Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza from Macarena
Macarena, Seville
La Macarena is the traditional and historical name of the area of Seville located north of the city center. Nowadays, La Macarena is the name of the neighborhood placed on both sides of the north city wall, but also a much bigger administrative district of Seville. - Etymology of the toponym...
and Triana
Triana, Seville
Triana is a neighborhood and administrative district in the city of Seville that lies on the west bank of the Guadalquivir river. Like other neighborhoods that were historically split from the main city, it was known as an arrabal. Triana is placed in an almost-island between two branches of the...
. All of the principal images of the Semana Santa are on display for veneration in their home churches all year round.
Depending on weight (most weigh over a metric tonne), a paso requires between twenty-four and fifty-four costaleros to move. Each brotherhood has a distinctive way to raise and move a paso, and even each paso within the procession.
The Music
A cappella
A cappella music is specifically solo or group singing without instrumental sound, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It is the opposite of cantata, which is accompanied singing. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato...
choirs or wind quartets, but many (and especially those historically associated with poorer neighbourhoods) feature a drum
Drum
The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments, which is technically classified as the membranophones. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a...
and trumpet
Trumpet
The trumpet is the musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpets are among the oldest musical instruments, dating back to at least 1500 BCE. They are played by blowing air through closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound which starts a standing wave vibration in the air...
band behind the image of Christ and a brass band
Brass band
A brass band is a musical ensemble generally consisting entirely of brass instruments, most often with a percussion section. Ensembles that include brass and woodwind instruments can in certain traditions also be termed brass bands , but are usually more correctly termed military bands, concert...
behind the Virgin playing religious hymns or marchas from a standard repertoire
Those associated with the images of Christ are often funeral in nature, whilst those associated with the Virgin are more celebratory.
As each procession leaves its home church, (an event known as the salida), at its return (the entrada), and along the march route, improvised flamenco-style songs may be offered by individuals in the crowd or from a balcony. These songs are generically called saetas (arrows).
The Crowd
The processions attract a huge following throughout the city.With a few exceptions (Santa Marta,El Silencio), where the whole procession is traditionally watched in silence, the crowd behaves normally while Nazarenos are marching, but turns to respectful silence when the images pass. Depending on the character of the brotherhood, the lowering or raising of the images can be followed by applause from the spectators, rewarding the work of the costaleros. If saetas are sung, these are traditionally seen as prayers and are not generally applauded. Exceptionally, on the appearance of one of the Esperanzas, it is still common to hear cheers and shouts from the crowd.
A common sight during Semana Santa is small children begging for candy, a stamp or wax (with which they form balls) from the Nazarenos.
La Carrera Oficial (The Official Path)
Many of the processions pass through an official viewing area which occupies some of the city's main streets, beginning in Campana, followed by Calle Sierpes, Plaza San Francisco, and Avenida de la Constitución, before reaching the CathedralSeville Cathedral
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See , better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Seville . It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third-largest church in the world....
. Due to the increasingly crowded schedule over the week, and also urban spread, a number of recently formed brotherhoods have to procession before Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday is a Christian moveable feast that falls on the Sunday before Easter. The feast commemorates Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, an event mentioned in all four Canonical Gospels. ....
and do not march into the Cathedral.
Traditional Dress
The traditional accompanying male dress is a dark suit, black necktie and shoes.
The Days of Holy Week
Below is a list of the brotherhoods which make penance each day, as of 2010, with the traditional year of establishment ( or first procession to the Cathedral for those founded in the last century), and a few notes. The names in the list are those in common usage.They are ordered in the same sequence as they enter the Cathedral. Unlike other locations, this sequence is not related to the scenes of the Passion their images depict, but on an historically grown set of rules of precedence, tradition, canonical needs, agreements between brotherhoods and logistical considerations.
Rain (or serious menace of) may imply that a procession will not start or be interrupted at any point of its journey, seeking refuge in a suitable nearby church. Interrupted processions are resumed only in very limited circumstances; called-off ones never.
Palm Sunday
- La Borriquita (The DonkeyDonkeyThe donkey or ass, Equus africanus asinus, is a domesticated member of the Equidae or horse family. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African Wild Ass, E...
). The Nazarenos corp is exclusively formed by children (except guardians and costaleros).
- Jesús Despojado (Stripped Jesus). 1936.
- La Paz (Peace). 1939. The paso represents the moment when they are giving Jesus the cross. It is also the first one to go out.
- La Cena (The Last Supper). 1591.
- La Hiniesta (The Broom). 1879.
- San Roque. 1901.
- La Estrella (The Star). 1560. Also known as the Valiente (Brave), since it was the only brotherhood which processed in 1932.
- La Amargura (The Bitterness). Late 17th century. The Virgin of the Amargura was the first Dolorosa to be crowned, in 1954.
- El Amor (The Love). 1508.
Monday of Holy Week
- Cautivo del Polígono (Captive, Polígono). 2008
- El Beso de Judas (Judas' Kiss). 1959.
- Santa Genoveva. 1958. This brotherhood's image of the captive Christ is usually escorted by a sizable number of street-dressed women undertaking private penance.
- Santa Marta. 1946. As of 2007, the only brotherhood whose costaleros are still "de jure" paid for the task.
- San Gonzalo. 1942
- Vera-Cruz (True Cross). Founded originally in 1448 and revived in the early 20th century.
- Las Penas de San Vicente (The Sorrows, San Vicente). 1875.
- Las Aguas (The Waters). 1750.
- El Museo. (The Museum) 1575.
Tuesday of Holy Week
- El Cerro (literally "The Hill", from the housing neighbourhood). 1989. As of 2007, it is the brotherhood travelling furthest to make station; the procession lasts some 14 hours.
- Los Javieres. 1946.
- San Esteban. 1926.
- Los Estudiantes (The Students). 1924. The image of Cristo de la Buena Muerte (1620) is considered the masterwork of Juan de MesaJuan de MesaJuan de Mesa y Velasco was a Spanish Baroque sculptor. He was the creator of several of the effigies that are used in the procession during the Holy Week in Seville....
.
- San Benito. Founded by shipbuilders in Triana in the 16th century.
- La Candelaria. 1922.
- El Dulce Nombre (The Sweet Name). 1584. It is known popularly as the Bofetá (slap in the face) because its current paso represents the moment when, after Jesus has been detained, he is slapped in the face by a servant.
- Santa Cruz (Holy Cross). 1904.
Wednesday of Holy Week
- Carmen Doloroso (Our Sorrowful Lady of the Mount Carmel). 2007.
- La Sed (The Thirst). 1979.
- San Bernardo. 1748.
- El Buen Fin (The Good End). 1590.
- La Lanzada (The Spearthrow). 1591.
- El Baratillo. 1693.
- Cristo de Burgos (Christ of Burgos).
- Las Siete Palabras (The Seven Words). 1561.
- Los Panaderos (The Bakers). 18th century.
Maundy Thursday
- Los Negritos (The Blacks). Prior to 1400. Up to the mid 19th century, only black people (both free and slave) could be full members.
- La Exaltación (The Exaltation). 16th century. Nicknamed los caballos (the horses).
- Las Cigarreras (The Cigarmaking Girls). 1563.
- Monte-Sión (Mount Zion). 1560.
- Quinta Angustia (Fifth Anguish). 1541.
- El Valle (The Valley). 1590.
- Pasión (Passion). 1531. The image of Jesus is a masterpiece of Juan Martínez MontañésJuan Martínez MontañésJuan Martínez Montañés , known as el Dios de la Madera , was a Spanish sculptor, born at Alcalá la Real, in the province of Jaén. He was one of the most important figures of the Sevillian school of sculpture.His master was Pablo de Roxas. His first known work, dating 1597, is the graceful St...
.
Good Friday (Early Hours) La Madrugá
Starting a little while after midnight into Good Friday, and lasting sometimes until midday, the Madruga (dawn) is the high point of the processions in Seville.- El Silencio (Silence). 1340. Considered the oldest existing brotherhood. The whole procession is followed by the watching crowd in silence. Jesus carries the Cross backwards.
- Jesús del Gran Poder (Jesus of the Great Power). 1431. The image of the Lord is one of the most venerated in Seville and elsewhere. It's carrying the Cross.
- La Macarena (Our Lady of Hope Macarena). 1595. The most popular image of the Virgin in Seville. Her presence arouses passion in the watching crowds. It remains in the streets fourteen hours.
- El Calvario (Calvary). 1571. The smallest and shortest procession of the night.
- La Esperanza de Triana (Our Lady of Hope, Triana). 1418. The Virgin of TrianaTriana, SevilleTriana is a neighborhood and administrative district in the city of Seville that lies on the west bank of the Guadalquivir river. Like other neighborhoods that were historically split from the main city, it was known as an arrabal. Triana is placed in an almost-island between two branches of the...
has a passionate following in Triana and elsewhere.
- Los Gitanos (The Gypsies). 1753. Even now, the hermano mayor (principal of the brotherhood) is expected be a gypsy.
Good Friday
- La Carretería (The Cartwright's Shop). 1550.
- Soledad de San Buenaventura (The Loneliness, San Buenaventura). 1847.
- El Cachorro (Literally The Puppy, nickname of the Christ sculpture). 1689. The image of the crucified expiring Christ, made in 1682 by Ruiz Gijón, is a masterpiece
- La O 1566. Was the first brotherhood of Triana to process across the river to Seville, on 9 April 1830.
- Tres caídas de San Isidoro (Three Falls, San Isidoro). 1605.
- Montserrat 1601.
- Sagrada Mortaja (Sacred Shroud). 1692.
Holy Saturday
- El Sol (The Sun) 2010.
- Los Servitas (The Servants of Mary) 1696.
- La Trinidad (The Trinity) 1507.
- Santo Entierro (Holy Burial) c. 1570. With representatives of public authorities, civic bodies and legations from most other brotherhoods.
- La Soledad de San Lorenzo (The Loneliness, San Lorenzo). 16th century.
History
The origins of the penitential Holy Week in Seville are to be found in the late Middle Ages (from 1350 onwards), but details are scarce.By 1578 already over 30 brotherhoods performed penitential processions during the Holy Week.
By 1604 Cardinal Fernando Niño de Guevara
Fernando Niño de Guevara
Fernando Niño de Guevara was a Spanish cardinal who was also Archbishop of Seville and Grand Inquisitor of Spain.-Biography:Fernando Niño de Guevara was born in Toledo, Spain in 1541, the son of Rodrigo Niño, Marquis of Tejares. An uncle, also named Fernando Niño de Guevara , was Archbishop of...
, gave the first ordinances mandating all Sevillan confraries to make a stop in the Cathedral (and at St. Anna those of Triana
Triana, Seville
Triana is a neighborhood and administrative district in the city of Seville that lies on the west bank of the Guadalquivir river. Like other neighborhoods that were historically split from the main city, it was known as an arrabal. Triana is placed in an almost-island between two branches of the...
) and assigning certain time frames for this (from Wednesday to Good Friday).
In 1777 flagellants and nightly processions were forbidden in Spain, although in Seville, the confrary of "el Silencio" was allowed to keep processioning at midnight of the Good Friday.
From 1798 onwards (first deamortization by Godoy, which hit the brotherhoods hard) started a very complex period for them, parallel to that of the Spanish society. Despite this, by the mid 19th century the Holy Week was a popular destination for travelers and had already acquired some of their actual characteristics (The Madrugá, Triana brotherhoods crossing the river, the pasos).
The 20th century has seen a progressive revival and fixing of the forms of Holy Week, despite two serious blows in between: the anticlerical period of the Second Spanish Republic
Second Spanish Republic
The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco....
, which culminated in the destruction of churches, images and goods around July 18, 1936, and the period immediately following the II Vatican Council, which coincided with the social changes in Spain around the death of Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
.
See also
- SevilleSevilleSeville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level...
- Holy Week in SpainHoly Week in SpainSpain is especially renowned for its Holy Week traditions or Semana Santa. Holy Week, the last week of Lent, which is the week immediately before Easter, sees its most glamorous celebrations in the region of Andalusia, particularly in Seville, while those of Castile see the more sombre and solemn...
- Via Crucis to the Cruz del CampoVia Crucis to the Cruz del CampoThe Via Crucis to the Cruz del Campo in Seville, Andalusia, Spain is believed to be Spain's only Via Crucis that runs through the streets of a city...
- CapiroteCapiroteA capirote is a pointy hat of conical form that is used in Spain.Historically, the capirote was a cardboard cone that flagellants in Spain would use...
External links
- News about Holy Week in Seville (Spanish)
- fotografias semana santa color 2008 de Willem Kuijpers
- fotografias semana santa b+w 2008 de Willem Kuijpers
- A quite deep introduction to the tradition.
- Photos, Postal, etc. of the Brotherhoods and Brotherhoods of Seville
- Info about Holy Week in Seville.
- Portal on Holy Week in Seville and elsewhere in Andalucia. With English text
- Holy Week in Seville. - History and guides with videos and photographs of Holy Week in Seville.
- Photos of 2006 Holy Week in Seville by Tristan Savatier.
- Information on and around Holy Week in Seville.
- Streaming Live Videos -while on the Holy Week- and video snippet repository
- Information on Holy Week in Seville.
- Articles about it from one of the most well-known columnist in Spain (Antonio Burgos)
- Information on Easter 2007 in Seville.
- Brotherhoods of Seville.
- General regulations regarding brotherhoods in the Archdiocese of Seville.
- Aplicación para Android de la Semana Santa de Sevilla.