Hong Kong Open (badminton) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Hong Kong Open is an annual badminton

Badminton

Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players or two opposing pairs , who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their...

tournament held in Hong Kong

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...

since 1982, but it did not take place annually. It is organized by Hong Kong Badminton Association and it became one of the Super Series

BWF Super Series

The BWF Super Series is a badminton tournament introduced by Badminton World Federation in order to improve the quality of the sport. It was launched on December 14, 2006 and implemented in 2007...

tournament in 2007

2007 BWF Super Series

The 2007 BWF Super Series is the inaugural season of the BWF Super Series. It was held from January 16 with Malaysia Open and end on December 2, 2007...

. In 2008, Wang Chen became the first home player to win the Hong Kong Open title.

Past winners

Year	Men's singles	Women's singles	Men's doubles	Women's doubles	Mixed doubles
1991	Liu Jun	Huang Hua Huang Hua (badminton) Huang Hua is a Chinese female badminton player who won major international titles in the early 1990s.-Career:Huang and her contemporary Tang Jiuhong were the leading Chinese singles players between the era of Han Aiping and Li Lingwei and the era of Ye Zhaoying Huang Hua is a Chinese female...	Lee Sang-bok Lee Sang-bok -Career:Lee competed in badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with Shon Jin-hwan. They lost in quarterfinals to Eddy Hartono and Rudy Gunawan, of Indonesia, 15-4, 18-15.-References:*... Shon Jin-hwan Shon Jin-hwan -Career:Shon competed in badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with Lee Sang-bok. They lost in quarterfinals to Eddy Hartono and Rudy Gunawan, of Indonesia, 15-4, 18-15.-References:...	Hwang Hye-young Hwang Hye-young Hwang Hye-young is a former female badminton player from South Korea.She won the gold medal in the women's doubles together with Chung So-young.-External links:*... Gil Young-ah Gil Young-ah Gil Young-ah is a former female badminton player from South Korea.At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, she won the bronze medal in the women's doubles together with Shim Eun-jung....	Lee Sang-bok Lee Sang-bok -Career:Lee competed in badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with Shon Jin-hwan. They lost in quarterfinals to Eddy Hartono and Rudy Gunawan, of Indonesia, 15-4, 18-15.-References:*... Shim Eun-jung Shim Eun-jung Shim Eun-jung is a former female badminton player from South Korea.She won the bronze medal in women's doubles with Gil Young-ah at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.-External links:...
1992	Wu Wenkai	Bang Soo-hyun Bang Soo-hyun Bang Soo-Hyun is a former badminton player from South Korea who was one of the world's leading women's singles players of the 1990s. She was a contemporary and rival of Indonesia's Susi Susanti and China's Ye Zhaoying and recorded wins over both in major badminton tournaments...	Ricky Subagja Ricky Subagja Ricky Ahmad Subagja is a Bandung, Indonesia born former world-class badminton player. He rates among the greatest doubles specialists in the sport's history.-Career:... Rexy Mainaky Rexy Mainaky Rexy Ronald Mainaky is a former men's doubles badminton world champion from Indonesia who is often simply known as Rexy. He won the men doubles Olympic gold medal in 1996 with Ricky Subagja.- Career :...	Nong Qunhua Nong Qunhua Nong Qunhua is a former international badminton player from China who specialized in women's doubles.-Career:Nong was won of the world's leading women's doubles players of the early 1990s, winning the IBF World Championships in 1991 with Guan Weizhen and in 1993 with Zhou Lei... Zhou Lei Zhou Lei Zhou Lei is a former world level badminton player from China who later coached in the United States.-Career:Primarily a doubles specialist, Zhou's biggest badminton achievement was winning women's doubles at the 1993 IBF World Championships in Birmingham, England with compatriot Nong Qunhua...	Aryono Miranat Aryono Miranat Aryono Miranat is a retired male badminton player from Indonesia who specialized in mixed doubles.-Career:Aryono won several international titles in the early 1990s with Eliza Nathanael, including the China , Thailand , Hong Kong , and French Opens. He was a mixed doubles runner-up three... Eliza Nathanael Eliza Nathanael Eliza Nathanael is a retired female badminton player from Indonesia who specialized in doubles events.-Career:A solid international level player throughout the 1990s, Nathanael had most of her early success in mixed doubles. She won titles at the China , Hong Kong , Thailand , and French Opens...
1993 1993 Hong Kong Open The 1993 Hong Kong Open in badminton was held in the Queen Elizabeth Stadium, Wanchai, Hong Kong, from November 15 to November 21, with a prize of USD$ 60,000.-Men's singles:-Women's singles:-Men's doubles:-Women's doubles:-Mixed doubles:...	Hermawan Susanto Hermawan Susanto Hermawan Susanto is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player who played at the world level during the 1990s. Susanto was one of an impressive cadre of Indonesians who won numerous international tournaments and captured successive Thomas Cup titles during the era...	Ye Zhaoying Ye Zhaoying Ye Zhaoying is a retired women's singles badminton player from Zhejiang, the People's Republic of China who rates as one of the finest that China or any nation has produced. Officially ranked as the number one player in the world for the first time in December 1995, she lost but regained that...	Denny Kantono Denny Kantono Denny Kantono is a retired Chinese-Indonesian badminton player who specialized in men's doubles. He shared numerous international titles with his regular partner Antonius Ariantho including the French , Hong Kong , Denmark , Thailand , Chinese Taipei , and Indonesia Opens; as well as the ... Antonius Ariantho Antonius Ariantho S. Antonius Budi Ariantho is a retired Indonesian badminton player who specialized in men's doubles. During the 1990s he shared numerous international titles with his regular partner Denny Kantono including the French ; Hong Kong ; Denmark ; Thailand ; Chinese Taipei ; and Indonesia Opens; and...	Wu Yuhong Chen Ying	Gunawan Rosiana Tendean Rosiana Tendean Rosiana Tendean is a retired female badminton player from Indonesia.-Career:A doubles specialist, Tendean competed in badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics in women's doubles with Erma Sulistianingsih, and they lost in the first round to Gillian Clark and Julie Bradbury, 15-10, 4-15, 17-15...
1994 1997	Not available
1998	Budi Santoso	Camilla Martin Camilla Martin Camilla Martin Nygaard née Martin is a retired badminton player from Denmark. She and Lene Køppen, who played two decades earlier, are the only Danish women to have won both the All-England and World singles titles....	Candra Wijaya Candra Wijaya -Career:Wijaya is a doubles specialist who, as of 2008, has rated among the best men's doubles players in the world for over a decade. Noted for his ability in all phases of the doubles game, he has reached the final of the BWF World Championships three times with countryman Sigit Budiarto. They... Tony Gunawan Tony Gunawan Tony Gunawan is an Indonesian born badminton player of Chinese descent.-Career:Gunawan is a former Olympic gold medalist and world champion for Indonesia, and now represents the United States. He is regarded by many, including his peers, as one of the greatest doubles players badminton's history...	Chen Lin Chen Lin (badminton) Chen Lin is a former female Chinese badminton player. She won the bronze medal at the 2001 Badminton World Championships in the women's doubles together with Jiang Xuelian.-Achievements:- References :*... Jiang Xuelian	Michael Søgaard Michael Søgaard -Summer Olympics:He played badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics in men's doubles and mixed doubles. In men's doubles, Søgaard and his partner Henrik Svarrer were defeated in the round of 16 by Ricky Subagja and Rexy Mainaky of Indonesia 15-10, 15-7. He also competed in mixed doubles with partner... Rikke Olsen Rikke Olsen -2004 Summer Olympics:Olsen competed in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's doubles with partner Ann-Lou Jørgensen. They had a bye in the first round and defeated Nicole Grether and Juliane Schenk of Germany in the second...
1999	Chen Wei	Xie Xingfang Xie Xingfang Xie Xingfang is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China who has twice won women's singles at the BWF World Championships....	Cheah Soon Kit Cheah Soon Kit Cheah Soon Kit is a retired male badminton player from Malaysia, specialized in men's doubles.-Career:He has played for Malaysian team since 1986 especially in doubles. He always plays with different pairs such as Ong Beng Teong , Soo Beng Kiang and Choong Tan Fook during his carer in badminton... Yap Kim Hock Yap Kim Hock Yap Kim Hock born on 2 July 1972 at Muar, Johor, is a retired male badminton player from Malaysia, specialized in men's doubles.-Career:Kim Hock represented Malaysia and competed at the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics and the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics in the badminton men's doubles event with Cheah...		Chan Chong Ming Chan Chong Ming Chan Chong Ming is a male badminton doubles player from Malaysia.-Career:Chan Chong Ming competed in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics with his then partner, Chew Choon Eng... Joanna Quay Swee Ling
2000	No competition
2001	Shon Seung-mo Shon Seung-mo Shon Seung-mo is a male badminton player from South Korea.Shon played badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men' singles, defeating Antti Viitikko of Finland and Richard Vaughan of Great Britain in the first two rounds. In the quarterfinals, Shon defeated Chen Hong of People's Republic of...	Sujitra Ekmongkolpaisarn	Lee Dong-soo Lee Dong-soo Lee Dong-soo is a former male badminton player from South Korea.-Competition:Lee competed for Korea in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with partner Yoo Yong-sung. They defeated José Antonio Crespo and Sergio Llopis of Spain in the first round and Luluk Hadiyanto and Alvent... Yoo Yong-sung Yoo Yong-sung Yoo Yong-sung is a male badminton player from South Korea.Yoo competed for Korea in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with partner Lee Dong-soo. They defeated José Antonio Crespo and Sergio Llopis of Spain in the first round and Luluk Hadiyanto and Alvent Yulianto of...	Zhen Liu Luxi Xiao	Kim Dong-moon Kim Dong-moon Kim Dong-moon is a retired male badminton player from South Korea who won major titles between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s... Ra Kyung-min Ra Kyung-min Ra Kyung-min is a female badminton player from South Korea.Ra was a dominating mixed doubles team with her partner Kim Dong-moon from late 1990s to early 2000s, resulting 70-match winning streak and 14 consecutive titles in international tournaments.- Career :Ra competed for Korea in badminton at...
2002	No competition
2003	Lin Dan Lin Dan Lin Dan is a professional badminton player from China. He is a four-time world champion and the reigning Olympic champion. Widely considered to be the greatest badminton player of all time, by the age of 27 Lin had completed the "Super Grand Slam", having won all major titles in world badminton:...	Zhang Ning Zhang Ning Zhang Ning is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China. She won the Olympic gold medal twice for women's singles in both 2004 and 2008...	Lee Dong-soo Lee Dong-soo Lee Dong-soo is a former male badminton player from South Korea.-Competition:Lee competed for Korea in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with partner Yoo Yong-sung. They defeated José Antonio Crespo and Sergio Llopis of Spain in the first round and Luluk Hadiyanto and Alvent... Yoo Yong-sung Yoo Yong-sung Yoo Yong-sung is a male badminton player from South Korea.Yoo competed for Korea in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with partner Lee Dong-soo. They defeated José Antonio Crespo and Sergio Llopis of Spain in the first round and Luluk Hadiyanto and Alvent Yulianto of...	Gao Ling Gao Ling Gao Ling is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Noted for her consistency, anticipation, forecourt prowess, and sporting smile, Gao is unarguably, to many fans, the most successful doubles specialists in the history of women's badminton. In addition, she earned... Huang Sui Huang Sui -Career:Although Huang has won the Chinese National mixed doubles title almost all of her many international titles have come in women's doubles with Gao Ling, in a partnership where Huang's strength and consistency in the backcourt have complemented Gao's ability in the forecourt...	Kim Dong-moon Kim Dong-moon Kim Dong-moon is a retired male badminton player from South Korea who won major titles between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s... Ra Kyung-min Ra Kyung-min Ra Kyung-min is a female badminton player from South Korea.Ra was a dominating mixed doubles team with her partner Kim Dong-moon from late 1990s to early 2000s, resulting 70-match winning streak and 14 consecutive titles in international tournaments.- Career :Ra competed for Korea in badminton at...
2004	No competition
2005	Lin Dan Lin Dan Lin Dan is a professional badminton player from China. He is a four-time world champion and the reigning Olympic champion. Widely considered to be the greatest badminton player of all time, by the age of 27 Lin had completed the "Super Grand Slam", having won all major titles in world badminton:...	Zhang Ning Zhang Ning Zhang Ning is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China. She won the Olympic gold medal twice for women's singles in both 2004 and 2008...	Fu Haifeng Fu Haifeng Fu Haifeng born August 23, 1983 in Jieyang, Guangdong, China) is a Chinese badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Combining Fu Haifeng's impressive power with his regular partner Cai Yun's impressive speed, Cai and Fu have been one of the world's leading men's doubles teams... Cai Yun Cai Yun Cai Yun is a male badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Combining Cai Yun's impressive speed with his regular partner Fu Haifeng's impressive power, Cai and Fu have been one of the world's leading men's doubles teams since 2004. They have won numerous top tier events on the...	Yang Wei Yang Wei (badminton) Yang Wei is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China. Yang grew up in Guangdong.-Career:A woman's doubles specialist, Yang has won some forty international titles, most of them in the sport's top tier events, since 1998... Zhang Jiewen Zhang Jiewen Zhang Jiewen is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:One of China's most successful women's doubles specialists, Zhang has won some thirty international titles, the vast majority of them in partnership with Yang Wei, during the first decade of the 21st century...	Xie Zhongbo Xie Zhongbo -Career:A doubles specialist on the world circuit, Xie has regularly partnered Guo Zhendong in men's doubles and Zhang Yawen in mixed doubles over the past several years. Xie and Guo have won the Polish Open , the China Masters , and the India Open together... Zhang Yawen Zhang Yawen Zhang Yawen is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Zhang has specialized in women's doubles and mixed doubles, earning numerous international titles in both events...
2006 2006 Hong Kong Open (badminton) The 2006 Hong Kong Open in badminton was held from August 28 to September 2.-Men's singles:-Women's singles:-External links:**...		Xie Xingfang Xie Xingfang Xie Xingfang is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China who has twice won women's singles at the BWF World Championships....	Markis Kido Markis Kido Markis Kido is a male badminton player from Indonesia, one of the world's leading men's doubles specialists. He won the men's doubles Olympic gold medal in 2008 with Hendra Setiawan.- Career :... Hendra Setiawan Hendra Setiawan Hendra Setiawan is a male badminton player from Indonesia and one of the world's leading doubles players.-Career:...		Zheng Bo Zheng Bo Zheng Bo is a male badminton player from Hunan, People's Republic of China.-Career:A doubles specialist, Zheng won men's doubles at the 2003 Indonesia Open with Sang Yang. Zheng and Sang also secured the winning point against Denmark in the final of the 2004 Thomas Cup, to clinch China's first... Zhao Tingting Zhao Tingting Zhao Tingting is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:A doubles specialist, Zhao has often been a "utility player" on China's national team, winning international tournaments with a variety of compatriots who typically partner someone else...
2007 2007 Hong Kong Super Series The 2007 Hong Kong Super Series is the last tournament of the 2007 BWF Super Series in badminton before the Super Series Final. It was held in Ma On Shan for qualifying tournament and Wan Chai for main tournament, in Hong Kong from 26 November to 2 December 2007.-Seeds:# Lin Dan# Lee Chong Wei# Bao...				Du Jing Du Jing Du Jing is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:A doubles specialist, Du and her regular partner Yu Yang have steadily emerged as one of the world's elite women's doubles teams since 2004. They confirmed this status by winning the gold medal at the 2008 Olympics in... Yu Yang Yu Yang (badminton) Yu Yang is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:A doubles specialist, Yu and her regular partner Du Jing have steadily emerged as one of the world's elite women's doubles teams since 2004. They confirmed this status by winning the gold medal at the 2008 Olympics in...	Nova Widianto Nova Widianto Nova Widianto is a male badminton player from Indonesia.- Career :Nova Widianto is one of the greatest doubles player in Indonesia National Team. Even though his best career come from the mixed doubles, but he also played well in men doubles. Widianto has specialized in mixed doubles... Lilyana Natsir Lilyana Natsir Lilyana Natsir is a female badminton player from Indonesia who specializes in doubles. She is listed as one of the best mixed doubles player in the world. In Indonesia, she is often considered as the queen of mixed doubles sector thanks to her achievements with her two different pairs...
2008 2008 Hong Kong Super Series The 2008 Hong Kong Super Series is the twelfth tournament of the 2008 BWF Super Series in badminton. It was held in Wan Chai, Hong Kong from 24 November to 30 November 2008.-Results:-Results:-Results:-Results:-Results:-External links:...	Chen Jin Chen Jin Chen Jin is a male badminton player from China. He is currently rank 6 in world singles men, after defeating Taufik Hidayat in the final of the 2010 BWF World Championships in Paris.-2004–2008:...	Wang Chen	Jung Jae-sung Jung Jae-sung Jung Jae-sung is a male badminton player from South Korea.Jung started playing badminton at 7, at his local elementary school. He entered the South Korea national badminton team in 2001... Lee Yong-dae Lee Yong-dae Lee Yong-dae is a male badminton player from South Korea. He is considered by many to be a great talent and already a wonderful doubles player...	Zhang Yawen Zhang Yawen Zhang Yawen is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Zhang has specialized in women's doubles and mixed doubles, earning numerous international titles in both events... Zhao Tingting Zhao Tingting Zhao Tingting is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:A doubles specialist, Zhao has often been a "utility player" on China's national team, winning international tournaments with a variety of compatriots who typically partner someone else...	Xie Zhongbo Xie Zhongbo -Career:A doubles specialist on the world circuit, Xie has regularly partnered Guo Zhendong in men's doubles and Zhang Yawen in mixed doubles over the past several years. Xie and Guo have won the Polish Open , the China Masters , and the India Open together... Zhang Yawen Zhang Yawen Zhang Yawen is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Zhang has specialized in women's doubles and mixed doubles, earning numerous international titles in both events...
2009	Lee Chong Wei Lee Chong Wei Datuk Lee Chong Wei is a professional badminton player from Malaysia who resides in Bukit Mertajam. Lee won the silver medal in the 2008 Olympic Games, thus becoming the first Malaysian to reach the final of the men's singles event and ending Malaysia's Olympic medal drought since the 1996 Games...	Wang Yihan Wang Yihan Wang Yihan is a professional female badminton player from China and the reigning women's singles world champion. Wang started her career with her coach Wang Pengren at only nine years of age. She was selected for the junior team in 2004, and after being promoted to the senior team in 2006 she...		Ma Jin Ma Jin Ma Jin is a female badminton player from China.... Wang Xiaoli Wang Xiaoli Wang Xiaoli is an internationally elite badminton player from China.Wang Xiaoli began her international career in 2009 when she paired with Tao Jiaming in Mixed Doubles and with Ma Jin in Women's Doubles...	Robert Mateusiak Robert Mateusiak Robert Bogumił Mateusiak is a male badminton player from Poland.-Career:Mateusiak competed in badminton at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics, both times in men's doubles with partner Michał Łogosz.... Nadieżda Kostiuczyk Nadiezda Kostiuczyk Nadieżda Kostiuczyk is a female badminton player from Poland.-Career:Kostiuczyk played the 2007 BWF World Championships in mixed doubles with Robert Mateusiak. They were defeated in quarterfinals by Zheng Bo and Gao Ling of China, 16-21, 17-21. She also played women's doubles with Kamila Augustyn...
2010 2010 Hong Kong Super Series The 2010 Hong Kong Super Series was a top level badminton competition which was held from December 7, 2010 to December 12, 2010 in Hong Kong. It was the 12th BWF Super Series competition on the 2010 BWF Super Series schedule...		Saina Nehwal Saina Nehwal Saina Nehwal is an Indian Khel Ratna badminton player currently ranked 4 in the world by Badminton World Federation. Saina is the first Indian woman to reach the singles quarterfinals at the Olympics and the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships...	Ko Sung-hyun Ko Sung-hyun Ko Sung-hyun is an internationally elite badminton player from South Korea.Ko Sung-hyun is a right-handed player who specializes in doubles events. His current partner in the men's doubles is Yoo Yeon-seong... Yoo Yeon-seong Yoo Yeon-seong Yoo Yeon-seong is an internationally elite badminton player.Yoo Yeon-seong has gained prominence in the badminton community following the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games when he began competing on the highest levels of competition...	Yu Yang Yu Yang (badminton) Yu Yang is a female badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:A doubles specialist, Yu and her regular partner Du Jing have steadily emerged as one of the world's elite women's doubles teams since 2004. They confirmed this status by winning the gold medal at the 2008 Olympics in... Wang Xiaoli Wang Xiaoli Wang Xiaoli is an internationally elite badminton player from China.Wang Xiaoli began her international career in 2009 when she paired with Tao Jiaming in Mixed Doubles and with Ma Jin in Women's Doubles...	Joachim Fischer Nielsen Joachim Fischer Nielsen -Major achievements:... Christinna Pedersen Christinna Pedersen Christinna Pedersen is an internationally elite badminton player from Ålborg, Denmark.Christinna Pedersen is a right-handed Doubles specialist who has gained the most amount of success in Mixed Doubles. Pairing with Joachim Fischer Nielsen she reached the semifinals of the 2009 Hyderabad World...
2011 2011 Hong Kong Super Series The 2011 Hong Kong Super Series was a top level badminton competition contested from November 15, 2011 to November 20, 2011 in Hong Kong. It was the eleventh BWF Super Series competition on the 2011 BWF Super Series schedule...	Lin Dan Lin Dan Lin Dan is a professional badminton player from China. He is a four-time world champion and the reigning Olympic champion. Widely considered to be the greatest badminton player of all time, by the age of 27 Lin had completed the "Super Grand Slam", having won all major titles in world badminton:...	Wang Xin Wang Xin (badminton) Wang Xin is a female badminton player from China and former World No 1 women's singles player.-Individual titles :-External links:*...	Fu Haifeng Fu Haifeng Fu Haifeng born August 23, 1983 in Jieyang, Guangdong, China) is a Chinese badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Combining Fu Haifeng's impressive power with his regular partner Cai Yun's impressive speed, Cai and Fu have been one of the world's leading men's doubles teams... Cai Yun Cai Yun Cai Yun is a male badminton player from the People's Republic of China.-Career:Combining Cai Yun's impressive speed with his regular partner Fu Haifeng's impressive power, Cai and Fu have been one of the world's leading men's doubles teams since 2004. They have won numerous top tier events on the...		Zhang Nan Zhang Nan (badminton) Zhang Nan is a men's and mixed doubles badminton player from China.- Career :Zhang played with Chai Biao in men's doubles and he paired with Zhao Yunlei in the mixed doubles.-2010:... Zhao Yunlei Zhao Yunlei Zhao Yunlei is a women's and mixed doubles badminton player from China.-Career:Zhao played with Tian Qing in the women's doubles and with Zhang Nan in the mixed doubles. Currently, she and Zhang Nan are ranked world number one...

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.