Hu Qiaomu
Encyclopedia
Hu Qiaomu (1912–1992), was a revolutionary, sociologist, Marxist philosopher and prominent politician
of People's Republic of China
. In the age of economic reform that followed the death of Mao Zedong, Hu was one of the reform's most prominent opponents.
He was the first president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
, member of Politburo of the Communist Party of China
, permanent member of Central Advisory Commission
, and the former president of Xinhua News Agency
http://www.zju.edu.cn/~piclib/renwu23/renwu2/huqm/huqm.htm. He was an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
(1955 election) http://www.zju.edu.cn/~piclib/renwu23/renwu2/huqm/huqm.htm.
, Jiangsu Province in 1912, Hu graduated from the Department of Foreign Literature, College of Arts and Sciences, National Chekiang University
in 1935. Before this, he also studied history in National Tsinghua University
(in Beijing
) during 1930-1932.
He joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1930 and the Communist Party of China
(CPC) in 1932. In the early part of his career, he was, in chronological order, the party secretary (Communist Youth League of China) in Xijiao District, Beiping City (now Beijing); the head of the Propaganda Department (Communist Youth League of China) in Xijiao District, Beiping City. He was a leader of anti-Japanese student and worker movement in Beiping. In 1936, he became the general secretary of Chinese Sociologist League (中国社会科学家联盟), the general secretary of Chinese Leftism Cultural League (中国左翼文化界总同盟), and a member of CPC Jiangsu Province Temporary Committee of Labours (中国共产党江苏省临时工人委员会).
From February 1941 (some say 1942) to June 1966, he was Mao Zedong
http://www.tvsc.cn/swshen/jszdnr.php?newsid=6962's main secretary. In the beginning, his secretarial work was mainly focused on culture, but later shifted to politics. His secretarial career was ended by the Great Cultural Revolution
.
From Octobet 1, 1949 to October 19, 1949, he was the president of Xinhua News Agency
. He also was the head of the News Office, People's Republic of China; the vice president of Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee; the general secretary of the Central Government Culture and Education Committee; the vice general secretary of the Central Government. In 1954, he also participated in making the Constitution of the People's Republic of China
. In 1956, Hu was elected to be a member of the Eighth Politburo of the Communist Party of China, and the alternative secretary of Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee
. In 1977, he became the first president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, later on, advisor and the honorary president.
. Hu Qiaomu was one its most prominent opponents. Hu and Deng Liqun, another left-wing leader in the propaganda department, made every effort to fight against reform, with efforts such as the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign
in 1983 mainly targeted against critics of the Cultural Revolution and the Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign in 1987 which essentially targeted right-wingers. Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun were instrumental in the ousters of the liberal general secretaries Hu Yaobang
, and Zhao Ziyang
, by winning Deng Xiaoping to their side. Hu Qiaomu applauded the use of force against the students in 1989, and called for stricter political indoctrination.
Efforts of the hardliners like Hu Qiaomu, were finally put to an end, at least in economics, by Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in the spring of 1992. Hu Qiaomu died later that year, in September, at the age of 81.http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DD1F30F93AA1575AC0A964958260
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
of People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
. In the age of economic reform that followed the death of Mao Zedong, Hu was one of the reform's most prominent opponents.
He was the first president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , established in 1977, is the premier and highest academic research organization in the fields of philosophy and social sciences as well as a national center for comprehensive studies in the People's Republic of China. It was described by Foreign Policy...
, member of Politburo of the Communist Party of China
Politburo of the Communist Party of China
The Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China or Political bureau of the CPC Central Committee , formerly as Central Bureau before 1927, is a group of 24 people who oversee the Communist Party of China...
, permanent member of Central Advisory Commission
Central Advisory Commission
Central Advisory Commission of People's Republic of China provided "political assistance and consultation" to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ....
, and the former president of Xinhua News Agency
Xinhua News Agency
The Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the government of the People's Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in the PRC. It is the largest news agency in the PRC, ahead of the China News Service...
http://www.zju.edu.cn/~piclib/renwu23/renwu2/huqm/huqm.htm. He was an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Sciences , formerly known as Academia Sinica, is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It is an institution of the State Council of China. It is headquartered in Beijing, with institutes all over the People's Republic of China...
(1955 election) http://www.zju.edu.cn/~piclib/renwu23/renwu2/huqm/huqm.htm.
Early career
Born in YanchengYancheng
Yancheng is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. The city with the largest jurisdiction area in Jiangsu, Yancheng borders Lianyungang to the north, Huai'an to the west, Yangzhou and Taizhou to the southwest, Nantong to the south, and looks out to...
, Jiangsu Province in 1912, Hu graduated from the Department of Foreign Literature, College of Arts and Sciences, National Chekiang University
Zhejiang University
Zhejiang University , sometimes referred to as Zheda, is a national university in China. Founded in 1897, Zhejiang University is one of China's oldest institutions of higher education...
in 1935. Before this, he also studied history in National Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University , colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911 under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang" or "Tsinghua College" and was renamed the "Tsinghua School" one year later...
(in Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
) during 1930-1932.
He joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1930 and the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
(CPC) in 1932. In the early part of his career, he was, in chronological order, the party secretary (Communist Youth League of China) in Xijiao District, Beiping City (now Beijing); the head of the Propaganda Department (Communist Youth League of China) in Xijiao District, Beiping City. He was a leader of anti-Japanese student and worker movement in Beiping. In 1936, he became the general secretary of Chinese Sociologist League (中国社会科学家联盟), the general secretary of Chinese Leftism Cultural League (中国左翼文化界总同盟), and a member of CPC Jiangsu Province Temporary Committee of Labours (中国共产党江苏省临时工人委员会).
From February 1941 (some say 1942) to June 1966, he was Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
http://www.tvsc.cn/swshen/jszdnr.php?newsid=6962's main secretary. In the beginning, his secretarial work was mainly focused on culture, but later shifted to politics. His secretarial career was ended by the Great Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution , was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976...
.
From Octobet 1, 1949 to October 19, 1949, he was the president of Xinhua News Agency
Xinhua News Agency
The Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the government of the People's Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in the PRC. It is the largest news agency in the PRC, ahead of the China News Service...
. He also was the head of the News Office, People's Republic of China; the vice president of Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee; the general secretary of the Central Government Culture and Education Committee; the vice general secretary of the Central Government. In 1954, he also participated in making the Constitution of the People's Republic of China
Constitution of the People's Republic of China
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the highest law within the People's Republic of China. The current version was adopted by the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004. Three previous state constitutions—those of...
. In 1956, Hu was elected to be a member of the Eighth Politburo of the Communist Party of China, and the alternative secretary of Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee
Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee
The Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee is the permanent bureaucracy of the Communist Party of China and forms a parallel structure to state organizations in the People's Republic of China....
. In 1977, he became the first president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, later on, advisor and the honorary president.
Post Cultural Revolution
After the death of Mao, capitalism was introduced under the leadership of Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese politician, statesman, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy...
. Hu Qiaomu was one its most prominent opponents. Hu and Deng Liqun, another left-wing leader in the propaganda department, made every effort to fight against reform, with efforts such as the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign
Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign
The Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign was a Chinese political campaign spanning from October 1983 to December 1983, started by political factions in the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party that feared the spreading of Western liberal ideas among the Chinese populace, a product of the then...
in 1983 mainly targeted against critics of the Cultural Revolution and the Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign in 1987 which essentially targeted right-wingers. Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun were instrumental in the ousters of the liberal general secretaries Hu Yaobang
Hu Yaobang
Hu Yaobang was a leader of the People's Republic of China who served as both Chairman and Party General Secretary. Hu joined the Chinese Communist Party in the 1930s, and rose to prominence as a comrade of Deng Xiaoping...
, and Zhao Ziyang
Zhao Ziyang
Zhao Ziyang was a high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China . He was the third Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989....
, by winning Deng Xiaoping to their side. Hu Qiaomu applauded the use of force against the students in 1989, and called for stricter political indoctrination.
Efforts of the hardliners like Hu Qiaomu, were finally put to an end, at least in economics, by Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in the spring of 1992. Hu Qiaomu died later that year, in September, at the age of 81.http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DD1F30F93AA1575AC0A964958260