Identity of Junius
Encyclopedia
Junius
was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of political letters to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772 as well as several other London newspapers such as the London Evening Post.
Charges were brought against several people, of whom two were convicted and sentenced. Junius himself was aware of the advantages of concealment, as he wrote in a letter to John Wilkes
dated September 18, 1771. Two generations after the appearance of the letters, speculation as to the authorship of Junius was rife. Sir Philip Francis
is now generally, but not universally, believed to be the author.
; he divides the evidence into four classes, and reports that each class "points most strongly to Francis".
This scholarly theory has been called the "Franciscan theory", at least since Abraham Hayward
's More about Junius: The Franciscan theory unsound (1868). Numerous subsequent publications have been written by those sceptical about the identification with Francis. John Cannon
, editor of an edition of the Letters published in 1978, adhered to the Franciscan theory. As Francesco Cordasco puts it, "while the Franciscan theory has recently enjoyed new life, it remains contested and impossible to demonstrate categorically."
, author with Herman Merivale
of the Memoirs of Sir Philip Francis (1867), gave a list of more than forty persons who had been supposed to be Junius.
Attribution
Junius
Junius was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of letters to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772. The signature had been already used, apparently by him, in a letter of 21 November 1768...
was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of political letters to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772 as well as several other London newspapers such as the London Evening Post.
Charges were brought against several people, of whom two were convicted and sentenced. Junius himself was aware of the advantages of concealment, as he wrote in a letter to John Wilkes
John Wilkes
John Wilkes was an English radical, journalist and politician.He was first elected Member of Parliament in 1757. In the Middlesex election dispute, he fought for the right of voters—rather than the House of Commons—to determine their representatives...
dated September 18, 1771. Two generations after the appearance of the letters, speculation as to the authorship of Junius was rife. Sir Philip Francis
Philip Francis (English politician)
Sir Philip Francis was an Irish-born British politician and pamphleteer, the possible author of the Letters of Junius, and the chief antagonist of Warren Hastings. His accusations against the latter led to the Impeachment of Warren Hastings by Parliament.-Early life:Born in Dublin, he was the only...
is now generally, but not universally, believed to be the author.
Current scholarly views
According to Alan Frearson there is scholarly consensus in favour of Sir Philip FrancisPhilip Francis (English politician)
Sir Philip Francis was an Irish-born British politician and pamphleteer, the possible author of the Letters of Junius, and the chief antagonist of Warren Hastings. His accusations against the latter led to the Impeachment of Warren Hastings by Parliament.-Early life:Born in Dublin, he was the only...
; he divides the evidence into four classes, and reports that each class "points most strongly to Francis".
This scholarly theory has been called the "Franciscan theory", at least since Abraham Hayward
Abraham Hayward
Abraham Hayward was an English man of letters.-Life:He was son of Joseph Hayward, and was born in Wilton, near Salisbury, Wiltshire....
's More about Junius: The Franciscan theory unsound (1868). Numerous subsequent publications have been written by those sceptical about the identification with Francis. John Cannon
John Cannon (historian)
John Ashton Cannon is an English historian specialising in 18th-century British politics.-Biography:Cannon was educated at Peterhouse College, Cambridge and gained his PhD at Bristol University...
, editor of an edition of the Letters published in 1978, adhered to the Franciscan theory. As Francesco Cordasco puts it, "while the Franciscan theory has recently enjoyed new life, it remains contested and impossible to demonstrate categorically."
Early guesses
Joseph ParkesJoseph Parkes
Joseph Parkes was an English political reformer.Born in Warwick, in Unitarian Whig circles, Parkes was educated at Warwick grammar school, Dr Charles Burney's college in Greenwich and Glasgow university. Moving to London in 1817, Parkes developed an association with the Philosophical Radicals...
, author with Herman Merivale
Herman Merivale
Herman Merivale CB was an English civil servant and historian. He was the elder brother of Charles Merivale, and father of the poet Herman Charles Merivale....
of the Memoirs of Sir Philip Francis (1867), gave a list of more than forty persons who had been supposed to be Junius.
| Candidate | Comments |
|---|---|
| David Campbell Bannerman | |
| Isaac Barré Isaac Barré Isaac Barré was an Irish soldier and politician. He earned distinction serving with the British army during the Seven Years' War, and later became a prominent Member of Parliament where he became a vocal supporter of William Pitt. He is known for coining the term "Sons of Liberty" in reference to... |
John Britton (1848), The authorship of the letters of Junius elucidated: including a biographical memoir of Lieutenant-Colonel Isaac Barré, M. P. |
| Hugh Macaulay Boyd | George Chalmers George Chalmers George Chalmers was a Scottish antiquarian and political writer.-Biography:Chalmers was born at Fochabers, Moray, in 1742. His father, James Chalmers, was a grandson of George Chalmers of Pittensear, a small estate in the parish of Lhanbryde, now St Andrews-Lhanbryde, in Moray, owned by the family... (1817), The Author of Junius Ascertained, from a Concatenation of Circumstances amounting to Moral Demonstration. His claims to a place in the history of English literature rest very much on the assumption—maintained by Almon John Almon John Almon was an English journalist and writer on political subjects, notable for his efforts to secure the right to publish reports on the debates in Parliament.... and by George Chalmers—that he is the veritable ‘Junius.’ Edward Smith in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| Edmund Burke Edmund Burke Edmund Burke PC was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party.... |
Burke denied authorship consistently, claiming: “I could not if I would, and I would not if I could”. In 1770 he taunted the government in parliament for their inability to capture Junius. A Rockingham Whig, he was against the shortened parliaments that Junius had favoured. Later Burke seems to have discovered Junius's true identity but refused to reveal his name. |
| William Burke | Jelinger Cookson Symons (1859), William Burke the author of Junius: an essay of his era. An attempt has been made to show that he was or may have been the author of ‘Junius's Letters.’ William Hunt in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| John Butler John Butler (bishop) -Life:He was born at Hamburg. As a young man he was a tutor in the family of Mr Child, a banker. He was not a member of either Cambridge or Oxford University, but in later life he received the degree of LL.D... |
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| Charles Wolfran Cornwall Charles Wolfran Cornwall Charles Wolfran Cornwall was a British politician.In 1768, he was returned as MP for Grampound. He was created a Privy Councillor in 1780.... |
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| John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton was an English lawyer and politician.He was first noticed in English politics when he wrote a notice in 1762 defending the British East India Company merchants against their Dutch rivals. He was a Member of Parliament from 1768 onward... |
The joint authorship of ‘Junius's Letters’ has also been attributed to him. G. F. R. Barker, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| Henry Flood Henry Flood Henry Flood , Irish statesman, son of Warden Flood, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and afterwards at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became proficient in the classics... |
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| Dr. Philip Francis Philip Francis (translator) Philip Francis was an Anglo-Irish clergyman and writer, now remembered as a translator of Horace.-Life:He was son of Dr. John Francis, rector of St. Mary's, Dublin , and dean of Lismore, and was born about 1708. He was sent to Trinity College, Dublin, taking the degree of B.A... |
John Taylor at first had been inclined to attribute the letter to Sir Philip's father, Dr Francis, author of translations of Horace and Demosthenes. |
| Sir Philip Francis Philip Francis (English politician) Sir Philip Francis was an Irish-born British politician and pamphleteer, the possible author of the Letters of Junius, and the chief antagonist of Warren Hastings. His accusations against the latter led to the Impeachment of Warren Hastings by Parliament.-Early life:Born in Dublin, he was the only... |
Warren Hastings Warren Hastings Warren Hastings PC was the first Governor-General of India, from 1773 to 1785. He was famously accused of corruption in an impeachment in 1787, but was acquitted in 1795. He was made a Privy Councillor in 1814.-Early life:... 's second in charge as governor-general of India was John Macpherson John MacPherson (governor of India) John Macpherson, 1st Baronet , from Sleat, Isle of Skye, Scotland, was a Scottish administrator in India. He was the acting Governor-General of India from 1785 to 1786.-Early life:... , who was once an anti-Junius pamphleteer, and may have begun the first rumour of Francis being Junius in defense of Hastings. In 1816 John Taylor was led by a study of Woodfall's edition of 1812 to publish The Identity of Junius with a Distinguished Living Character Established, in which he claimed the letters for Sir Philip Francis. Taylor approached to Sir Philip for leave to publish, and received evasive answers. Charles Chabot Charles Chabot Charles Chabot was an English graphologist who, as part of the firm of Netherclift, Chabot and Matheson, was an early practitioner of questioned document examination.... was convinced of the identity of Junius and Francis, based on the handwriting and other collateral evidence. The similarity of his handwriting to the disguised hand used by the writer of the letters is close. His family maintained that Sir Philip addressed a copy of verses to a Miss Giles in the handwriting of Junius. The similarity of Junius and Francis in regard to their opinions, their likes and dislikes, their knowledge, and their known movements are also close. In 1962, a computer-aided analysis by Alvar Ellegård examined the styles and word-usages of the Junius letters. This allowed some statistical conclusions to be drawn about the author—they used "among" thirty-five times, but never used "amongst", for example. Comparing this to the writings of some of the suspects proved informative; Sir Philip Francis used "among" 66 times, and "amongst" only once. A group of general writers of the time, tested as a control, used "among" 512 times and "amongst" 114. Several hundred such words and phrases were found that could be tests of style—"farther" or "further", for example. Ellegård concluded that it was 30,000 times more likely than not that Junius was, in fact, Francis. |
| Edward Gibbon Edward Gibbon Edward Gibbon was an English historian and Member of Parliament... |
James Smith James Smith (journalist) James Smith was an English-born Australian journalist and encyclopedist.-Early life:Smith was born at Loose near Maidstone, Kent, England, son of James Smith, supervisor of inland revenue, and his wife Mary... , Junius Unveiled (1909), called an "unconvincing attempt" in the Cambridge History of English and American Literature (1907–21). |
| George Grenville George Grenville George Grenville was a British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. Grenville was born into an influential political family and first entered Parliament in 1741 as an MP for Buckingham... |
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| James Grenville James Grenville James Grenville was a British politician.He was born at Wotton in 1715 into the influential Grenville political family and was one of five brothers who went into politics... |
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| Richard Grenville-Temple, 1st Earl Temple | Isaac Newhall (1831), Letters on Junius: addressed to John Pickering, esq.. The authorship of Junius's ‘Letters’ has also been ascribed to him, G. F. R. Barker, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| William Gerard Hamilton William Gerard Hamilton William Gerard Hamilton , English statesman and Irish politician, popularly known as "Single Speech Hamilton," was born in London, the son of a Scottish bencher of Lincoln's Inn.... |
Though he never spoke in the house after his return from Ireland, yet he contrived to retain his fame as an orator; and so highly were his literary talents rated that many of his contemporaries attributed to him the authorship of the ‘Letters of Junius’. G. F. R. Barker, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland | |
| William Greatrakes William Greatrakes William Greatrakes , was an Irish barrister.Greatrakes, born in Waterford about 1723, was the eldest son of Alan Greatrakes of Mount Lahan, near Killeagh, co. Cork, by his wife Frances Supple, of the neighbouring village of Aghadoe. He was entered at Trinity College, Dublin, as a pensioner 9 July... |
Greatrakes acquired some posthumous importance from his supposed connection with the authorship of the letters of Junius. Gordon Goodwin in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| Richard Glover Richard Glover (Poet) Richard Glover was an English poet and politician.-Life:The son of Richard Glover, a Hamburg merchant, was born in London. He was educated at Cheam in Surrey.... |
According to Leslie Stephen Leslie Stephen Sir Leslie Stephen, KCB was an English author, critic and mountaineer, and the father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell.-Life:... writing in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... , Richard Duppa Richard Duppa -Life:He was the son of William Duppa of Culmington, Shropshire. He studied art in Rome in his youth, and showed himself a skilful draughtsman. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, 9 November 1807, aged 37 and became a student of the Middle Temple, 7 February 1810. He graduated LL.B... 's 1814 An Inquiry concerning the Author of the Letters of Junius convinced himself but nobody else that Junius was Glover. |
| Henry Grattan Henry Grattan Henry Grattan was an Irish politician and member of the Irish House of Commons and a campaigner for legislative freedom for the Irish Parliament in the late 18th century. He opposed the Act of Union 1800 that merged the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain.-Early life:Grattan was born at... |
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| James Hollis | |
| Sir William Jones William Jones (philologist) Sir William Jones was an English philologist and scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages... |
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| A junto or committee of writers who used a common name | Horace Walpole's idea. Fortunatus William Lilley Dwarris, Some New Facts and a Suggested New Theory as to the Authorship of Junius, privately printed, 1850. The opinion of Dwarris was that the letters were written by several persons, of whom Sir Philip Francis was the chief (William Prideaux Courtney in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... ). |
| John Kent John Kent Kent was born in Wexford, Ireland in 1805, arrived in Newfoundland in 1820 and started working for his uncle Patrick Morris. He was influential in establishing a large Irish population on the island. He was elected to the first House of Assembly in 1832 as a Liberal. John Kent was a champion of... |
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| Charles Lee Charles Lee (general) Charles Lee was a British soldier who later served as a General of the Continental Army during the American War of Independence. Lee served in the British army during the Seven Years War. After the war he sold his commission and served for a time in the Polish army of King Stanislaus II... |
Lee was one of the persons credited with the authorship of the ‘Letters of Junius.’ The idea appears to have originated with a communication by Thomas Rodney Thomas Rodney Thomas "Tommy" Rodney was an American lawyer and politician from Jones Neck in St. Jones Hundred, Kent County, Delaware and Natchez, Mississippi... to the ‘Wilmington Mirror’ in 1803, relating a conversation with Lee thirty years previously, in which Lee had declared himself to be the writer of the letters. The communication was copied into the ‘St. James's Chronicle’ (London, 1803), and the idea was afterwards worked up with much ingenuity by Dr. Thomas Girdlestone Thomas Girdlestone Thomas Girdlestone was an English physician and writer.-Education and career:After a classical education at Gresham's School, Holt, Girdlestone joined the army as a surgeon's mate, serving under Colonel Sir Charles Stuart, governor of Minorca, and in India... [q.v.] in ‘Facts tending to prove that General Lee was never absent from this country for any length of time during the years 1767–72, and that he was the author of “Junius's Letters,”’ London, 1813. Henry Manners Chichester Henry Manners Chichester Henry Manners Chichester was a lieutenant, 85th Foot Regiment, British Army and a journalist.Chichester was the son of Henry William Chichester and Isabella Manners-Sutton , who married in 1830.-Works:* Memoirs of the extraordinary military career of John Shipp,... in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... , article on Lee. The DNB article on Girdlestone speaks of Arthur Lee. |
| Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton of Frankley was a British MP and profligate. Sometimes dubbed the nicknames "the wicked Lord Lyttelton" and "bad Lord Lyttelton", he was the son of George Lyttelton and Lucy Fortescue. His mother died when he was two years old. He was very talented in his... |
A volume of ‘Letters of the late Thomas, Lord Lyttelton,’... was accepted as genuine, but these letters were afterwards claimed by William Combe as his own composition, and have since been generally so regarded (see Quarterly Review, Dec. 1851, art. iv., where they are treated as authentic, and an attempt is made to identify Junius with Lyttelton; and cf. Frost's Life of Thomas, Lord Lyttelton, where the authenticity of the letters is also assumed). |
| Charles Lloyd | ...absurdly suspected by Lord North of being the author of the ‘Letters of Junius.’, according to G. P. Moriarty in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . Edmund Henry Barker Edmund Henry Barker Edmund Henry Barker was an English classical scholar.-Life:He was born at Hollym in Yorkshire. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge as a scholar in 1807, and in 1809 won the Browne medal for Greek and Latin epigrams... (1828), The claims of Sir Philip Francis, K. B., to the authorship of Junius's letters disproved [...]. James McMullen Rigg, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography. |
| Jean-Louis de Lolme Jean-Louis de Lolme Jean-Louis de Lolme was a Swiss and English political theorist, born in the then semi-independent city of Geneva. As an adult he moved to England, and became a British subject.... |
A Swiss political philosopher, who moved to England in the late 1760s. In political sympathies, he was close to moderate intellectuals of his time, both Tories and Whigs. He was proposed as Junius by Thomas Busby Thomas Busby (composer) Thomas Busby was an English musical composer. He was the son of a coach-painter. He was born at Westminster in December 1755.-Early life:... in 1816. |
| Catherine Macaulay Catherine Macaulay Catharine Macaulay was an English historian.-Early life: 1731 – 1763:... (1733-91) |
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| Laughlin Macleane (1727?-1778) | Reward is Secondary: the life of a political adventurer and an inquiry into the mystery of 'Junius (1963), James Noel Mackenzie MacLean. |
| William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham PC was a British Whig statesman who led Britain during the Seven Years' War... |
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| Thomas Pownall Thomas Pownall Thomas Pownall was a British politician and colonial official. He was governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1758 to 1760, and afterward served in the British Parliament. He traveled widely in the North American colonies prior to the American Revolutionary War, and opposed... |
Frederick Griffin (1854), Junius Discovered. |
| Lieut.-General Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet was a British Army general and Governor of Londonderry and Culmore.He fought at the battle of Culloden as colonel of Barrel's regiment where he lost his left hand to a sword cut and nearly lost the right forearm to another, in addition to six cuts to... |
On Rich's sustained opposition to the government F. Ayerst based, in 1853, an absurd endeavour to identify him with the author of the ‘Letters of Junius. William Rees Williams writing in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| John Roberts | |
| Philip Rosenhagen | William Prideaux Courtney wrote in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... that It was industriously circulated at one time that Rosenhagen was the author of the ‘Letters of Junius,’ and in the hopes of getting a pension to write no more, he endeavoured to instil this belief in the mind of Lord North. |
| George Sackville, 1st Viscount Sackville | John Elwyn, Joseph Bolles Manning, William Allen (1828), Junius unmasked; or Lord George Sackville proved to be Junius. At the time of publication, a leading candidate (with Edmund Burke) for Junius. The evidence in favour of Sackville's authorship, collected by J. Jaques, will be found among the Woodfall letters in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 27783), but the opinion has never been accepted by writers of authority. Henry Manners Chichester, in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
| Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield | Proposal of William Cramp, in a 1851 pamphlet of Facsimile Autograph Letters of Junius, Lord Chesterfield, and Mrs. C. Dayrolles, showing that the wife of Mr. Solomon Dayrolles was the amanuensis Amanuensis Amanuensis is a Latin word adopted in various languages, including English, for certain persons performing a function by hand, either writing down the words of another or performing manual labour... employed in copying the Letters of Junius for the printer. |
| John Horne Tooke John Horne Tooke John Horne Tooke was an English politician and philologist.-Early life and work:He was born in Newport Street, Long Acre, Westminster, the third son of John Horne, a poulterer in Newport Market. As a youth at Eton College, Tooke described his father to friends as a "turkey merchant"... |
A case for John Horne Tooke is based on Tooke’s involvement with the Society of the Supporters of the Bill of Rights. This organisation existed during the same years as the appearance of the Letters of Junius. |
| Horace Walpole | |
| Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn was Lord Chancellor of Great Britain from 1793 to 1801.-Life:He was the eldest son of Peter Wedderburn , and was born in East Lothian.... |
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| John Wilkes John Wilkes John Wilkes was an English radical, journalist and politician.He was first elected Member of Parliament in 1757. In the Middlesex election dispute, he fought for the right of voters—rather than the House of Commons—to determine their representatives... |
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| Daniel Wray Daniel Wray -Life:Born on 28 November 1701 in the parish of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, he was the youngest child of Sir Daniel Wray , a London citizen and soap-boiler residing in Little Britain, by his second wife. His father was knighted on 24 March 1708, while high sheriff of Essex, where he possessed an... |
James Falconer's The Secret Revealed, 1830. Wray is one of those who have been identified with Junius. In 1830 James Falconar published an ingenious work entitled ‘The Secret Revealed,’ in which he made out a plausible case for the identification. An examination of his evidence shows, however, that it is untrustworthy (cf. Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 164, 212). Edward Irving Carlyle, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of National Biography The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885... . |
Other candidates
There have been other hypotheses put forward. In most cases the attribution is based on nothing more than a vague guess.| Candidate | Comments |
|---|---|
| Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin Dr. Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat... |
Franklin was in London at the times that these papers were being published. |
| John Miller | John Miller published the Junius Letters in the London Evening Post London Evening Post The London Evening Post was a pro-Jacobite Tory English newspaper published in Great Britain from 1727 until 1797.... . Miller himself was accused of being the Junius of these letters and he was brought to trial in 1770 at the Guild Hall along with John Almon John Almon John Almon was an English journalist and writer on political subjects, notable for his efforts to secure the right to publish reports on the debates in Parliament.... and Woodfall. Miller was found not guilty while the other men were convicted. |
| Thomas Paine Thomas Paine Thomas "Tom" Paine was an English author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States... |
An 1872 book by Joel Moody, Junius unmasked: or Thomas Paine the author of the letters of Junius. |
| James Wilmot James Wilmot James Wilmot was an English clergyman and scholar from Warwickshire. During his lifetime, he was apparently unknown beyond his immediate circle.... |
Olivia Serres Olivia Serres Olivia Serres , known as Olive, was a British painter and writer. She is also known as an English impostor, who claimed the title of Princess Olive of Cumberland, born at Warwick.-Origins and Early Career:... insisted that her uncle James Wilmot was really her grandfather - and that he was Junius. This was part of her larger claim that he was a sufficiently significant individual to have secretly married into royalty. |
External links
Attribution