Inebolu
Encyclopedia
İnebolu is a town and district of the Kastamonu Province
in the Black Sea
region of Turkey
. It is 590 km (367 mi) from Istanbul
by road and 89 km (55 mi) north of Kastamonu
. It is a typical Black Sea
port town with many fine examples of traditional domestic architecture. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 26,848 of which 9,486 live in the town of İnebolu. The district covers an area of 302 km² (117 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 120 m (394 ft).
n location. Over time, the name "Ionopolis" metamorphosed to "Inepolis," and then to "İnebolu."
By 1834, İnebolu was considered a sub-district of today's city of Kure (approx. 30 km (19 mi) inland), but it became a district in its own right in 1867.
During the Turkish War of Independence
, arms and ammunition were transferred to Anatolia through İnebolu. The town was attacked and defended itself with determination, for which it was honoured with the Independence Medal by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Atatürk
initiated a campaign in İnebolu to reform personal appearance and "civilize" garments; Atatürk made a well-known speech about hats there.
In accordance with the population exchange between Greece and Turkey
in 1923, the town's Greek inhabitants were exiled to Greece. Many of these emigrants settled in a neighborhood called Inepolis in the Athenian
suburb of Nea Ionia
.
The ruins of the first castle, most of which has been destroyed and upon which much has been built, are located in Boyran. The east wall of the castle extends from the İnebolu River, over the Abas
hill, and up to the quarter called Avara
. The ruins of the fortress walls are located around the cemeteries on the Abas hills. A part of the north wall of the interior castle, which is 6 meters high and 3 meters wide, still stands.
The second castle stood where today's Karadeniz
primary school is. A few parts of the walls can still be seen.
The third castle is on Gerisch hill, from where the whole region of İnebolu can be seen. It is located south of the town and is of considerable height. There are also the undated ruins of a monastery, which have been heavily pillaged by artifact-seekers. Only some parts of the walls, large main entrance stairs, the baptisimal basin and well remain. Greeks who live in İnebolu celebrate the 15th of August here by holding a feast.
There are many small towns scattered around İnebolu. To the east lie Abana and Bozkurt. To the west is Cide
and to the south lie Devrekani
and Küre.
Küre and the larger Isfendiyar mountains rise above the coastline, which is narrow and steep, with few sandy beaches.
The sea around İnebolu is approximately 200 meters deep.
Some of the important rivers around İnebolu are:
The town is surrounded by many hills of varying height. The most well-known are the Geriş hill (Geriş Tepesi), which is 495 meters high, and the Islam hill to the southwest, which is 589 metres high.
Other hills are :
(Köppen climate classification
: Cfb). The warmest months in the summer are July and August. The coldest months in the winter are January and February. The coldest monthly average is 5.6 °C and the warmest monthly average is 21 °C. The annual average temperature is approx. 14 °C.
Snowfall is heavy during the winter, but the snow dissipates rapidly because of strong winds.
Historically, the port of İnebolu was a bustling merchant city, long considered the gateway to east. Its Chamber of Commerce
was founded in 1887; at the time, records indicate that İnebolu was home to 2500 registered merchants and 1000 independent craftsmen.
However, traffic was eventually routed around Kastamonu and İnebolu lost its commercial importance, leaving only the timber industry viable.
Mushrooms and wild strawberries are very very famous in this region and can be find in the woods easyly.
, turbot
, whiting
, horse mackerel
, grey mullet, bluefish
, çinekop ("young of the bluefish"), bonito
, mackerel
, thornback ray
, garfish
and so on.
The export of timber products increased from 1985 to 1996 by 250%. In 1986, the town had 20 timber processing enterprises.
İnebolu offers many fine examples of traditional Turkish architecture in the Ottoman style. By the end of the 19th century many wealthy inhabitants İnebolu built large houses along the banks of the İkiçay river that divides the town. By 1890, the town had hundreds of beautiful houses built in this special style:
The ground floor is built of stone and contains a cellar and pantry. Above it are one or two stories, each containing four bedrooms, one antechamber, a kitchen and toilet. Each of the floors is built so that it can easily be converted into one independent flat by closing a single door. This feature allows the married children of families to continue living in the same ancestral home they grew up in. Each floor also has its own separate street access.
The rooms have many windows and each room has a corbel and framework which enables the women to look out onto the street without being seen. The ceilings of the rooms are high and covered in carved art. Hand-rails in the houses are carved from a single piece of wood.
Most of the houses have roofs that are tiled with a special sea-stone called “Marla.” The tiles are wide, thin and heavy, and protect the houses from the strong northeast winds that blow across the Black Sea. The stone also provides an excellent insulation against heat.
Each house has an orchard garden, where fruits such as plums, mulberris, apples, pears, hazelnuts and walnuts are grown. Each garden has a well, which is used to refrigerate foodstuffs during the hot summer days.
The houses are painted with a special claret mineral pigment known as aşı boyası, which is highly resistant to sunlight and weathering.
The town has many hotels, motels, and inns. It accommodates guests with a capacity of 400 available beds (2002).
Kastamonu Province
Kastamonu Province is one of the provinces of Turkey, in the Black Sea region, to the north of the country. It is surrounded by Sinop to the east, Bartın and Karabük to the west, Çankırı to the south, Çorum to the south east and the Black Sea to the north....
in the Black Sea
Black Sea Region
The Black Sea Region is one of Turkey's seven census-defined geographical regions . It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the south, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast, the Republic of Georgia to the northeast, and the Black Sea to the north.-...
region of Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
. It is 590 km (367 mi) from Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
by road and 89 km (55 mi) north of Kastamonu
Kastamonu
Kastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of...
. It is a typical Black Sea
Black Sea
The Black Sea is bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas and various straits. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean...
port town with many fine examples of traditional domestic architecture. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 26,848 of which 9,486 live in the town of İnebolu. The district covers an area of 302 km² (117 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 120 m (394 ft).
History
The exact founding date of İnebolu is unknown. İnebolu was initially called Ionopolis, given its IoniaIonia
Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements...
n location. Over time, the name "Ionopolis" metamorphosed to "Inepolis," and then to "İnebolu."
By 1834, İnebolu was considered a sub-district of today's city of Kure (approx. 30 km (19 mi) inland), but it became a district in its own right in 1867.
During the Turkish War of Independence
Turkish War of Independence
The Turkish War of Independence was a war of independence waged by Turkish nationalists against the Allies, after the country was partitioned by the Allies following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I...
, arms and ammunition were transferred to Anatolia through İnebolu. The town was attacked and defended itself with determination, for which it was honoured with the Independence Medal by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey....
initiated a campaign in İnebolu to reform personal appearance and "civilize" garments; Atatürk made a well-known speech about hats there.
In accordance with the population exchange between Greece and Turkey
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey was based upon religious identity, and involved the Greek Orthodox citizens of Turkey and the Muslim citizens of Greece...
in 1923, the town's Greek inhabitants were exiled to Greece. Many of these emigrants settled in a neighborhood called Inepolis in the Athenian
Athens
Athens , is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state...
suburb of Nea Ionia
Nea Ionia
Nea Ionia is a northern suburb of Athens, Greece, and a municipality of the Attica region. It has a surface train station . The suburb was named after Ionia, the region in Anatolia from which many Greeks migrated in the 1920s following the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. It is...
.
Archaeology
There is little left of archaeological note in İnebolu, other than the ruins of its first, second and third fortifications.The ruins of the first castle, most of which has been destroyed and upon which much has been built, are located in Boyran. The east wall of the castle extends from the İnebolu River, over the Abas
Abas
Abas or ABAS may refer to:In people:*Abas , an ancient Greek sophist and rhetorician*Abas , several individuals in Greek and Roman mythology...
hill, and up to the quarter called Avara
Avara
Avara is a 1996 computer action game made by Ambrosia Software for the Apple Macintosh. A fast, fluid true 3D engine, integrated Internet play, and extremely easy level editing were notable features at the time of its release...
. The ruins of the fortress walls are located around the cemeteries on the Abas hills. A part of the north wall of the interior castle, which is 6 meters high and 3 meters wide, still stands.
The second castle stood where today's Karadeniz
Karadeniz
Karadeniz means "Black Sea" in Turkish. See Black Sea Region , a region of Turkey.-Surname:It is also a surname and may refer to:* Gökdeniz Karadeniz, Turkish football player* Batuhan Karadeniz, Turkish football player...
primary school is. A few parts of the walls can still be seen.
The third castle is on Gerisch hill, from where the whole region of İnebolu can be seen. It is located south of the town and is of considerable height. There are also the undated ruins of a monastery, which have been heavily pillaged by artifact-seekers. Only some parts of the walls, large main entrance stairs, the baptisimal basin and well remain. Greeks who live in İnebolu celebrate the 15th of August here by holding a feast.
Geography
Cide
Cide, also Karaağaç, is a town and district of the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 23,161 of which 5,834 live in the town of Cide. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of .-External links:*...
and to the south lie Devrekani
Devrekani
Devrekani is a town and district of the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 15,855 of which 6,174 live in the town of Devrekani. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of .-External links:*...
and Küre.
Küre and the larger Isfendiyar mountains rise above the coastline, which is narrow and steep, with few sandy beaches.
The sea around İnebolu is approximately 200 meters deep.
Rivers
The region's rivers flow down from the Isfendiyar mountains through İnebolu and its surroundings to the Black Sea. The river beds are irregular and deep. The currents are strong.Some of the important rivers around İnebolu are:
- Adıyaman Çayı
- Doğanyurt Çayı
- Gemiciler Çayı
- Kızılkara Çayı
- Koyran Çayı
- Küre Çayı
- Manastır Çayı
- Özlüce Çayı
Topography
Other hills are :
- To the east, DarıcaDaricaDarıca is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was ceded from Gebze district in 2008. The mayor is Şükrü Karabacak....
hill, Manastır hill (789 m) - To the west, AbasAbasAbas or ABAS may refer to:In people:*Abas , an ancient Greek sophist and rhetorician*Abas , several individuals in Greek and Roman mythology...
hill (1261 m), Keleştiren hill (1260 m) - To the southwest, Çuha hill
- To the southeast, Yukarı Bozu hill (389 m)
Climate
İnebolu has an oceanic climateOceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also called marine west coast climate, maritime climate, Cascadian climate and British climate for Köppen climate classification Cfb and subtropical highland for Köppen Cfb or Cwb, is a type of climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of some of the...
(Köppen climate classification
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by Crimea German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen himself, notably in 1918 and 1936...
: Cfb). The warmest months in the summer are July and August. The coldest months in the winter are January and February. The coldest monthly average is 5.6 °C and the warmest monthly average is 21 °C. The annual average temperature is approx. 14 °C.
Snowfall is heavy during the winter, but the snow dissipates rapidly because of strong winds.
Economy
Chamber of commerce
A chamber of commerce is a form of business network, e.g., a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community...
was founded in 1887; at the time, records indicate that İnebolu was home to 2500 registered merchants and 1000 independent craftsmen.
However, traffic was eventually routed around Kastamonu and İnebolu lost its commercial importance, leaving only the timber industry viable.
Land use
Soil conditions make most agriculture difficult, but fruit, wheat and corn are cultivated. Inland, there are thick forests and grasslands where cattle is farmed.Fruit and vegetables
Tomatoes, beans,zucchini and paprika are the most popular vegetables grown in İnebolu. Chestnuts, pears, mulberries, figs, walnuts, cranberry and hazelnuts are also grown in the region.Mushrooms and wild strawberries are very very famous in this region and can be find in the woods easyly.
Fishery
A fishing co-operative was established in 1986. Depending on the season, one can find the following fish species in İnebolu: anchovyAnchovy
Anchovies are a family of small, common salt-water forage fish. There are 144 species in 17 genera, found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Anchovies are usually classified as an oily fish.-Description:...
, turbot
Turbot
The turbot is a species of flatfish in the family Scophthalmidae. It is native to marine or brackish waters of the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.-Etymology:...
, whiting
Merlangius merlangus
Merlangius merlangus, commonly known as whiting is an important food fish in the eastern North Atlantic, northern Mediterranean, western Baltic, and Black Sea...
, horse mackerel
Horse mackerel
A horse mackerel is a large fish, such as the tuna, and the scad or saurel of the Pacific coast:*Australian bonito *various Jack mackerels*Pilot fish...
, grey mullet, bluefish
Bluefish
The bluefish , called tailor in Australia, is a species of popular marine gamefish found in all climates. It is the sole species of the Pomatomidae family....
, çinekop ("young of the bluefish"), bonito
Bonito
Bonito is a name given to various species of medium-sized, predatory fish in the Scombridae family. First, bonito most commonly refers to species in the genus Sarda, including the Atlantic bonito and the Pacific bonito ; second, in Japanese cuisine, bonito refers to the skipjack tuna , which, in...
, mackerel
Mackerel
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. They may be found in all tropical and temperate seas. Most live offshore in the oceanic environment but a few, like the Spanish mackerel , enter bays and can be...
, thornback ray
Thornback ray
The thornback ray or thornback skate is a species of fish in the Rajidae family. It is found in coastal waters of Europe and the Atlantic coast of Africa, possibly as far south as Namibia and even South Africa. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas...
, garfish
Garfish
The garfish , or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea, etc. The fish lives close to the surface and has a migratory pattern similar to that of the mackerel, arriving a short time before...
and so on.
Forestry
Forestry is important in İnebolu. There are 672.10 square kilometres of forest. 390.95 km² (151 sq mi) are mixed woodland, where beech, black fir, oak, birch tree and pine can all be found. 76.75 km² (30 sq mi) are wild forest. 257.78 km² (100 sq mi) are controlled forest and trees.The export of timber products increased from 1985 to 1996 by 250%. In 1986, the town had 20 timber processing enterprises.
Architecture
The ground floor is built of stone and contains a cellar and pantry. Above it are one or two stories, each containing four bedrooms, one antechamber, a kitchen and toilet. Each of the floors is built so that it can easily be converted into one independent flat by closing a single door. This feature allows the married children of families to continue living in the same ancestral home they grew up in. Each floor also has its own separate street access.
The rooms have many windows and each room has a corbel and framework which enables the women to look out onto the street without being seen. The ceilings of the rooms are high and covered in carved art. Hand-rails in the houses are carved from a single piece of wood.
Most of the houses have roofs that are tiled with a special sea-stone called “Marla.” The tiles are wide, thin and heavy, and protect the houses from the strong northeast winds that blow across the Black Sea. The stone also provides an excellent insulation against heat.
Each house has an orchard garden, where fruits such as plums, mulberris, apples, pears, hazelnuts and walnuts are grown. Each garden has a well, which is used to refrigerate foodstuffs during the hot summer days.
The houses are painted with a special claret mineral pigment known as aşı boyası, which is highly resistant to sunlight and weathering.
Transport
There is no passenger boat service to İnebolu. However, motorways and highways are sufficient and in good condition. There are several private bus companies which have scheduled bus service to and from Istanbul, Ankara and the provincial capital of Kastamonu. Nearby towns such Kure, Cide, Abana and Bozkurt can be travelled to by mini-buses which run many times a day.Tourism
