Iranians in the Netherlands
Encyclopedia
Iranians in the Netherlands form one of the newer and larger populations of Iranians (Persians) in Europe.
Other collective terms used to refer to the community include Iraanse gemeenschap, Perzische gemeenschap, and Perzen.
of 1979. The overall migration was quite significant relative to the whole size of Iranian emigration to Europe; from 1990–1999, the Netherlands was Europe's second most-popular destination for Iranian asylum seekers, behind Germany. However, from 1981 to 2001, only 1,292 were formally recognised as "invited refugees" (Uitgenodigde vluchtelingen), the vast majority in the period 1987-1990.
showed:
For a total of 30,617 persons (16,758 men, 13,855 women). This represented nearly double the 1996 total of 16,478 persons. Numerically, most of the growth was in the foreign-born segment of the population, whose numbers increased from 14,628 over the period in question; however, the rate of growth was fastest in the locally-born segment of the population, which almost tripled in size from 1,850 persons.
However, most migrants do not continue to practise their religion. Those who do often find themselves viewed as threats and suffer exclusion from Dutch society; this trend strengthened with the growth of political Islam
in the 1980s.
In 2007, Ehsan Jami
, a Dutch politician of Persian descent, criticised the Islamic prophet Muhammad
, describing him as a "criminal". Together with Loubna Berrada
(founder of the Advisory Committee for Integration, part of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
), Jami founded the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims
in 2007. The organisation, supported by Afshin Ellian, aims to support apostates from Islam
. On 4 August 2007, Jami was attacked in his hometown Voorburg
by three men. The attack is widely believed to be linked to his activities for the committee. The national anti-terrorism coordinator's office, the public prosecution department, and the police decided during a meeting on 6 August that "additional measures" were necessary for the protection of Jami, who has subsequently received extra security.
, which among other matters called on UN member states to prevent Iranian students from receiving specialised training which might be of use to the nuclear programme of Iran
, the Dutch government implemented a variety of restrictions on Iranian students in the Netherlands.
At the recommendation of the government, the University of Twente went so far as to halt its admissions of students from Iran entirely, stating that it could not ensure they would have no access to nuclear-related information. However, the government later backed away from this policy. In July, they announced that Iranian students could be admitted but would be restricted from taking certain courses and visiting certain places related to the development of nuclear weapons. In response, a group of Iranian students filed suit against the government, alleging that the restrictions violated the prohibition against all forms of discrimination established by Article 1 of the Constitution of the Netherlands
.
regime) and students in the Netherlands goes back to 1970s. In 1974, a group of Persians (based in the Netherlands and other European countries) occupied the Embassy of Persia [Iran] in Wassenaar
. Another group occupied the embassy in August 1978, and were arrested by the police. Their lawyer stated to Dutch daily Nieuwsblad van het Noorden that "Wassenar Police gives information to Persia".
The early migration of political activists and their applications for asylum in the Netherlands following the 1979 Iranian Revolution
had a major effect on the development of the Iranian community; the suspected links between the Islamic Republic embassies in Europe and the murders of prominent exiles such as the France-based former prime minister
Shapour Bakhtiar
, as well as rumours of information leaks to the Iranian embassy in The Hague from within the Dutch government, led to suspicion by Iranians both towards their fellow Iranians and towards the Dutch authorities. In 1996, Dutch daily Trouw
revealed that one fairly prominent man in the Iranian community in Amsterdam, Mahmoed Jafhari (known by the alias "Anoosh"), had been working for the Iranian intelligence service to gather information on exiles; he had recorded on tape every conversation held in his house with his fellow Iranians, a fact which was discovered only after his death. The social environment created by that event has resulted in numerous difficulties for later academic research.
Since the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, the Persian (Iranian) community in the Netherlands organised many solidarity demonstrations in Amsterdam, The Hague, Delft and Groningen. In January 2010, when the Islamic Republic Embassy in The Hague organized a "Peace Concert" at Rotterdam's De Doelen Concert Hall, it had to be stopped in the middle, because of physical confrontations between angry protesters and the embassy agents.
In April 2010 a group of Persian and Dutch protesters occupied parts of Islamic Republic Embassy in the Hague in protest to Iran's oppressive and violent policies. During this act of protest, the flag of the Islamic Republic has been lowered and replaced with a banner bearing an image of Neda Agha Soltan, the woman who was shot to death in Tehran's street protests after the disputed June presidential elections.
In June 2010 the Dutch TV Channel NOS
organized a visit for Ezzatollah Zarghami
, director of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
, to its headquarters in Hilversum
. Radio Zamaneh
revealed this news, creating a wave of anger in the Persian community.
The Hague-based Iranian Progressive Youth Network also published a press release entitled "NOS Welcomes the Terrorist". The event was canceled a few days before the visit. The whole affair was reported in mainstream Dutch media such as NRC Handelsblad
.
It has emerged that a Dutch-Iranian woman has been in prison in Iran since late 2009 year on suspicion of subversion. Zahra Bahrami (Sarah Baahrami) is said to have been tortured while in custody. On 24 August 2010 The Dutch foreign ministry said she could face the death penalty. The Dutch ambassador in Tehran was not being allowed to offer her assistance. The Netherlands had put two lawyers on the case, but Iranian authorities didn't wait on the appeal of the case and hanged Bahrami on Januari 29, 20011 without further trail.
. This was the first time that an EU country had been involved in establishing a Persian television station on its own. The decision caused a negative reaction from Iranian government. In the end, the project was stopped and the budget was divided between various projects, of which the main one is Radio Zamaneh
.
The Persian
-language Radio Zamaneh
began operating in Amsterdam in August 2006 with support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs
. The Islamic Republic of Iran has on various occasions criticised the Netherlands for funding the station. During the 2009 public unrest and demonstrations in Iran, Majid Ghahremani, Iranian ambassador to The Netherlands, accused the Dutch government of interfering in Iran's internal affairs. At the same time, a Dutch foreign ministry spokeswoman told Reuters that they had decided to continue to provide funding to the radio station, with the aim of improving the situation of human rights in Iran
.
The Dutch government also supports Shahrzad News, a Persian
and English-language website which mostly focuses on women's issues. Since early 2010, TehranReview, which publishes articles on Iran in both English and Persian, has also been receiving financial support from the Dutch government. Rooz Online also receives financial support from Dutch government.
In January 2010 also Persian Dutch Network has been registered in Amsterdam to introduce Persian culture to Dutch people and make two nations more close to each other. PDN has also released various videos of cultural events, social gatherings and political demonstrations of Persian community in Holland on the Internet.
or Moroccan migrants
; this may be due to the general atmosphere of distrust and divisiveness among Iranians abroad. In contrast to other migrant groups, there is little sense of community among them. Possibly as a result of this, many Iranians have redirected their ideological energies into participation in mainstream Dutch politics; prominent examples include politician Farah Karimi
of the GreenLeft
party or commentator and professor Afshin Ellian.
Women tend to report far lower levels of discrimination than men. However, they still often confront mainstream stereotypes of Muslim women, such as the idea that they are victims of domestic violence
in need of emancipation from Muslim men.
Terminology
Iranians/Persians in the Netherlands are sometimes referred to by hyphenated terms such as "Dutch-Iranians", "Iranian-Dutch", "Dutch-Persian", or "Persian-Dutch". Similar terms Iraanse Nederlanders, Nederlandse Iraniërs, and Perzische-Nederlanders may be found in Dutch-language media. However, one scholar who uses the term "Dutch-Iranians" also expresses reservations over the validity of such a "hyphenated notion of identity" in the Dutch context, in comparison to the less problematic term "Iranian American".Other collective terms used to refer to the community include Iraanse gemeenschap, Perzische gemeenschap, and Perzen.
Migration history
Though other European countries such as Germany and France have had Persian communities since the early 20th century, the Iranian population in the Netherlands is of relatively recent provenance; virtually all came to the country after the Iranian RevolutionIranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the...
of 1979. The overall migration was quite significant relative to the whole size of Iranian emigration to Europe; from 1990–1999, the Netherlands was Europe's second most-popular destination for Iranian asylum seekers, behind Germany. However, from 1981 to 2001, only 1,292 were formally recognised as "invited refugees" (Uitgenodigde vluchtelingen), the vast majority in the period 1987-1990.
Demographic characteristics
, statistics of the Dutch Centraal Bureau voor de StatistiekStatistics Netherlands
Statistics Netherlands, founded in 1899, is a Dutch governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands. In Dutch it is known as the Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, often abbreviated to CBS. It is a department of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and is...
showed:
- 24,535 Iranian-born persons (13,603 men, 10,932 women)
- 6,082 locally-born persons of Iranian background (3,159 men, 2,923 women), of which:
- 2,491 persons with one parent also born locally (1,321 men, 1,170 women)
- 3,591 persons with both parents born abroad (1,838 men, 1,753 women)
For a total of 30,617 persons (16,758 men, 13,855 women). This represented nearly double the 1996 total of 16,478 persons. Numerically, most of the growth was in the foreign-born segment of the population, whose numbers increased from 14,628 over the period in question; however, the rate of growth was fastest in the locally-born segment of the population, which almost tripled in size from 1,850 persons.
Religion
Iran is a largely Muslim country, a fact reflected in the backgrounds of Iranian migrants to the Netherlands.However, most migrants do not continue to practise their religion. Those who do often find themselves viewed as threats and suffer exclusion from Dutch society; this trend strengthened with the growth of political Islam
Political aspects of Islam
Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Qur'an, the Sunna , Muslim history, and elements of political movements outside Islam....
in the 1980s.
In 2007, Ehsan Jami
Ehsan Jami
Ehsan Jami is a Dutch politician of Iranian origin. From March 7, 2006 until November 6, 2007 he was member of the city council of Leidschendam-Voorburg on behalf of the Dutch Labour Party . From that date until 2010 he continued to be a member of the city council as independent member 'fraction...
, a Dutch politician of Persian descent, criticised the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
, describing him as a "criminal". Together with Loubna Berrada
Loubna Berrada
Loubna Berrada is a Dutch liberal politician and founding and now former member of the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims. Berrada was raised in a Moroccan immigrant family strictly abiding by Islamic customs. In her twenties she rejected Islam, and the negative reactions to her apostasy made her...
(founder of the Advisory Committee for Integration, part of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
), Jami founded the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims
Central Committee for Ex-Muslims
The Central Committee for Ex-Muslims was a Dutch committee that aimed to aid Muslims who wish to leave Islam through the constitutional right of freedom of religion...
in 2007. The organisation, supported by Afshin Ellian, aims to support apostates from Islam
Apostasy in Islam
Apostasy in Islam is commonly defined in Islam as the rejection in word or deed of one's former religion by a person who was previously a follower of Islam...
. On 4 August 2007, Jami was attacked in his hometown Voorburg
Voorburg
Voorburg is a Dutch town and former municipality in the western part of the province of South Holland, the Netherlands. As also Leidschendam and Stompwijk, it is part of the municipality Leidschendam-Voorburg. It has approximately 39,000 inhabitants....
by three men. The attack is widely believed to be linked to his activities for the committee. The national anti-terrorism coordinator's office, the public prosecution department, and the police decided during a meeting on 6 August that "additional measures" were necessary for the protection of Jami, who has subsequently received extra security.
Education
As a result of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 was unanimously passed by the United Nations Security Council on 23 December 2006.The resolution, sponsored by France, Germany and the United Kingdom, imposed sanctions against Iran for failing to stop its uranium enrichment program following...
, which among other matters called on UN member states to prevent Iranian students from receiving specialised training which might be of use to the nuclear programme of Iran
Nuclear program of Iran
The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program. The support, encouragement and participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution...
, the Dutch government implemented a variety of restrictions on Iranian students in the Netherlands.
At the recommendation of the government, the University of Twente went so far as to halt its admissions of students from Iran entirely, stating that it could not ensure they would have no access to nuclear-related information. However, the government later backed away from this policy. In July, they announced that Iranian students could be admitted but would be restricted from taking certain courses and visiting certain places related to the development of nuclear weapons. In response, a group of Iranian students filed suit against the government, alleging that the restrictions violated the prohibition against all forms of discrimination established by Article 1 of the Constitution of the Netherlands
Constitution of the Netherlands
The Constitution of the Netherlands is the fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The present constitution is generally seen as directly derived from the one issued in 1815, constituting a constitutional monarchy. A revision in 1848 instituted a system of...
.
Political activities
The first serious conflicts between the Persian government (PahlaviMohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, Shah of Persia , ruled Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979...
regime) and students in the Netherlands goes back to 1970s. In 1974, a group of Persians (based in the Netherlands and other European countries) occupied the Embassy of Persia [Iran] in Wassenaar
Wassenaar
Wassenaar is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. A fairly affluent suburb of The Hague, Wassenaar lies 10 km north of that city on the N44 highway near the North Sea coast. It is part of the Haaglanden region...
. Another group occupied the embassy in August 1978, and were arrested by the police. Their lawyer stated to Dutch daily Nieuwsblad van het Noorden that "Wassenar Police gives information to Persia".
The early migration of political activists and their applications for asylum in the Netherlands following the 1979 Iranian Revolution
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the...
had a major effect on the development of the Iranian community; the suspected links between the Islamic Republic embassies in Europe and the murders of prominent exiles such as the France-based former prime minister
Prime Minister of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.-Prime Ministers of Qajar era:In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by...
Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar was an Iranian political scientist, writer and the last Prime Minister of Iran under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi...
, as well as rumours of information leaks to the Iranian embassy in The Hague from within the Dutch government, led to suspicion by Iranians both towards their fellow Iranians and towards the Dutch authorities. In 1996, Dutch daily Trouw
Trouw
Trouw is a Dutch daily newspaper. "Trouw" is a Dutch word meaning "fidelity", "loyalty", or "allegiance", and is cognate with the English adjective "true"...
revealed that one fairly prominent man in the Iranian community in Amsterdam, Mahmoed Jafhari (known by the alias "Anoosh"), had been working for the Iranian intelligence service to gather information on exiles; he had recorded on tape every conversation held in his house with his fellow Iranians, a fact which was discovered only after his death. The social environment created by that event has resulted in numerous difficulties for later academic research.
Since the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, the Persian (Iranian) community in the Netherlands organised many solidarity demonstrations in Amsterdam, The Hague, Delft and Groningen. In January 2010, when the Islamic Republic Embassy in The Hague organized a "Peace Concert" at Rotterdam's De Doelen Concert Hall, it had to be stopped in the middle, because of physical confrontations between angry protesters and the embassy agents.
In April 2010 a group of Persian and Dutch protesters occupied parts of Islamic Republic Embassy in the Hague in protest to Iran's oppressive and violent policies. During this act of protest, the flag of the Islamic Republic has been lowered and replaced with a banner bearing an image of Neda Agha Soltan, the woman who was shot to death in Tehran's street protests after the disputed June presidential elections.
In June 2010 the Dutch TV Channel NOS
NOS
-Business:* National Occupational Standards, people are expected to achieve* New old stock, merchandise being offered for sale which was manufactured long ago but that has never been used-Geography:* NOS, IATA code for Fascene Airport, in Nosy Be, Madagascar...
organized a visit for Ezzatollah Zarghami
Ezzatollah Zarghami
Ezzatollah Zarghami has been the head of IRIB, the media corporation in charge of controlling Iranian national radio and television broadcasting, since 2004. His predecessor was Ali Larijani....
, director of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcaster, or IRIB, , formerly called the National Iranian Radio and Television until the Islamic revolution of 1979, is a giant Iranian corporation in control of radio and television which is among the largest media organizations in Asia and Pacific region, and a regular...
, to its headquarters in Hilversum
Hilversum
is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Located in the region called "'t Gooi", it is the largest town in that area. It is surrounded by heathland, woods, meadows, lakes, and smaller villages...
. Radio Zamaneh
Radio Zamaneh
Radio Zamaneh is an Amsterdam-based Persian language radio. "Zamaneh" is the Persian literary term for "time".Radio Zamaneh is founding by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs but in content an independent broadcasting organization, registered as a non-profit organization in the Netherlands, with...
revealed this news, creating a wave of anger in the Persian community.
The Hague-based Iranian Progressive Youth Network also published a press release entitled "NOS Welcomes the Terrorist". The event was canceled a few days before the visit. The whole affair was reported in mainstream Dutch media such as NRC Handelsblad
NRC Handelsblad
NRC Handelsblad, often abbreviated to NRC, is a daily evening newspaper published in the Netherlands by NRC Media. The newspaper was created on October 1, 1970, from merger of the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant and Algemeen Handelsblad . In 2006 a morning newspaper, nrc•next, was launched...
.
It has emerged that a Dutch-Iranian woman has been in prison in Iran since late 2009 year on suspicion of subversion. Zahra Bahrami (Sarah Baahrami) is said to have been tortured while in custody. On 24 August 2010 The Dutch foreign ministry said she could face the death penalty. The Dutch ambassador in Tehran was not being allowed to offer her assistance. The Netherlands had put two lawyers on the case, but Iranian authorities didn't wait on the appeal of the case and hanged Bahrami on Januari 29, 20011 without further trail.
Media
In 2004 the Dutch Parliament agreed with the proposal for allocating 15 million Euros to set up a television station, which would broadcast in Persian languagePersian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
. This was the first time that an EU country had been involved in establishing a Persian television station on its own. The decision caused a negative reaction from Iranian government. In the end, the project was stopped and the budget was divided between various projects, of which the main one is Radio Zamaneh
Radio Zamaneh
Radio Zamaneh is an Amsterdam-based Persian language radio. "Zamaneh" is the Persian literary term for "time".Radio Zamaneh is founding by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs but in content an independent broadcasting organization, registered as a non-profit organization in the Netherlands, with...
.
The Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
-language Radio Zamaneh
Radio Zamaneh
Radio Zamaneh is an Amsterdam-based Persian language radio. "Zamaneh" is the Persian literary term for "time".Radio Zamaneh is founding by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs but in content an independent broadcasting organization, registered as a non-profit organization in the Netherlands, with...
began operating in Amsterdam in August 2006 with support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the Dutch ministry of foreign affairs: it is occupied with the external relations of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, including European cooperation and International development...
. The Islamic Republic of Iran has on various occasions criticised the Netherlands for funding the station. During the 2009 public unrest and demonstrations in Iran, Majid Ghahremani, Iranian ambassador to The Netherlands, accused the Dutch government of interfering in Iran's internal affairs. At the same time, a Dutch foreign ministry spokeswoman told Reuters that they had decided to continue to provide funding to the radio station, with the aim of improving the situation of human rights in Iran
Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
The state of human rights in Iran has been criticized both by Iranians and international human right activists, writers, and NGOs. The United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Commission have condemned prior and ongoing abuses in Iran in published critiques and several resolutions.The...
.
The Dutch government also supports Shahrzad News, a Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
and English-language website which mostly focuses on women's issues. Since early 2010, TehranReview, which publishes articles on Iran in both English and Persian, has also been receiving financial support from the Dutch government. Rooz Online also receives financial support from Dutch government.
In January 2010 also Persian Dutch Network has been registered in Amsterdam to introduce Persian culture to Dutch people and make two nations more close to each other. PDN has also released various videos of cultural events, social gatherings and political demonstrations of Persian community in Holland on the Internet.
Integration and community
Iranians in the Netherlands have founded relatively few community organisations compared to TurkishTurkish-Dutch
Turks in the Netherlands are citizens of the Netherlands who are of Turkish ancestry. As of 2010, Turks form the largest ethnic minority in the Netherlands.- History :...
or Moroccan migrants
Moroccan-Dutch
The terms Moroccan-Dutch or Dutch-Moroccans refer to immigrants from Morocco to the Netherlands and their descendants. They are one of the larger allochtoon groups, making up 10.4% of the country's total population of foreign background....
; this may be due to the general atmosphere of distrust and divisiveness among Iranians abroad. In contrast to other migrant groups, there is little sense of community among them. Possibly as a result of this, many Iranians have redirected their ideological energies into participation in mainstream Dutch politics; prominent examples include politician Farah Karimi
Farah Karimi
Farahnaz Karimi , 15 November 1960) is an Iranian-Dutch politician. She was member of the House of Representatives between 1998 and 2006 for GreenLeft.-Life before Politics:...
of the GreenLeft
GreenLeft
GreenLeft is a green political party operating in the Netherlands.GreenLeft was formed on 1 March 1989 as a merger of four left-wing political parties: the Communist Party of the Netherlands, Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party of Radicals and the Evangelical People's Party...
party or commentator and professor Afshin Ellian.
Women tend to report far lower levels of discrimination than men. However, they still often confront mainstream stereotypes of Muslim women, such as the idea that they are victims of domestic violence
Domestic violence
Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
in need of emancipation from Muslim men.
Art and culture
- There is an active "Persian Language and Culture" Department at the University of Leiden in Holland.
- There are many Persian artists, writers, musicians, etc. who are active in The Netherlands, among them filmmaker Reza AllamehzadehReza AllamehzadehReza Allamehzadeh is a Persian-born Dutch film-maker, film critic and writer who lives in the Netherlands. He is mostly famous because of his films about refugees, such as The Guests of Hotel Astoria , and the documentary Holy Crime , which is about the murder of opposition figures in Europe by...
and violinist Rahmatollah Badiee. - In 2006 The graphic designer Reza AbediniReza AbediniReza Abedini, is a world renowned Iranian designer and a professor of graphic design and visual culture at Tehran University.Abedini is one of the most famous graphics designer in Iran because of his modern Persian typography...
received 2006 Principal Prince Claus Award. - In the summer 2008 Amsterdam Branch of Hermitage Museum in organized the exhibition "Persia: Thirty Centuries of Culture and Art" for six months.
External links
- The Information Center of Persian (Iranian) Community in the Netherlands (English & Dutch)
- Radio Zamaneh website (English and Persian)