Italian verbs
Encyclopedia
Italian verbs have a high degree of inflection
, the majority of which follow one of three common patterns of conjugation
. Conjugation is affected by mood
, person
, tense
, number
and occasionally gender
.
The three classes of verbs (patterns of conjugation) are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive
form of the verb:
s are formed with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the present tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
s are formed with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the present tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
s are formed with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the imperfect tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
s are formed with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the imperfect tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
Note that in the -are form the a in the stem becomes an e; parlar becomes parler.
s are form with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the future tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
s are form with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the future tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
As in the future tense, the -are form the a in the stem becomes an e; parlar becomes parler.
s are form with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the present conditional tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
s are form with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the present conditional tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
, the majority of which follow one of three common patterns of conjugation
Grammatical conjugation
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, or other grammatical categories...
. Conjugation is affected by mood
Mood
Mood may refer to:*Mood , a relatively long lasting emotional state*Grammatical mood, one of a set of morphologically distinctive forms that are used to signal modality*Mood , a city in Iran*Mood District, a district in Iran...
, person
Person
A person is a human being, or an entity that has certain capacities or attributes strongly associated with being human , for example in a particular moral or legal context...
, tense
Tense
Tense may refer to:*Grammatical tense, a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs...
, number
Number
A number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to include such numbers as zero, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers....
and occasionally gender
Gender
Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity...
.
The three classes of verbs (patterns of conjugation) are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive
Infinitive
In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...
form of the verb:
- 1st conjugation: -are (amare "to love")
- 2nd conjugation: -ere (credere "to believe")
- 3rd conjugation: -ire (dormire "to sleep").
Present (Il presente)
Used for:- events happening in the present
- habitual actions
- current states of being and conditions
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | amo | credo | dormo |
tu | ami | credi | dormi |
lui / lei / Lei | ama | crede | dorme |
noi | amiamo | crediamo | dormiamo |
voi | amate | credete | dormite |
loro | amano | credono | dormono |
- Io credo "I believe"
- Lei dorme "She sleeps"
Present progressive (Il presente progressivo)
Used for:- events still in the progress of happening
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | sto mangiando | sto mettendo | sto partendo |
tu | stai mangiando | stai mettendo | stai partendo |
lui / lei / Lei | sta mangiando | sta mettendo | sta partendo |
noi | stiamo mangiando | stiamo mettendo | stiamo partendo |
voi | state mangiando | state mettendo | state partendo |
loro | stanno mangiando | stanno mettendo | stanno partendo |
- Sto mangiando "I am eating"
- Stanno partendo "They are leaving"
Transitive verbs
Transitive verbTransitive verb
In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. The term is used to contrast intransitive verbs, which do not have objects.-Examples:Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs:...
s are formed with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the present tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | ho parlato | ho venduto | ho capito |
tu | hai parlato | hai venduto | hai capito |
lui / lei / Lei | ha parlato | ha venduto | ha capito |
noi | abbiamo parlato | abbiamo venduto | abbiamo capito |
voi | avete parlato | avete venduto | avete capito |
loro | hanno parlato | hanno venduto | hanno capito |
Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbIntransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This differs from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb....
s are formed with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the present tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
- -o masculine singular
- -a feminine singular
- -i masculine plural
- -e feminine plural
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | sono arrivato/a | sono caduto/a | sono partito/a |
tu | sei arrivato/a | sei caduto/a | sei partito/a |
lui / lei / Lei | è arrivato/a | è caduto/a | è partito/a |
noi | siamo arrivati/e | siamo caduti/e | siamo partiti/e |
voi | siete arrivati/e | siete caduti/e | siete partiti/e |
loro | sono arrivati/e | sono caduti/e | sono partiti/e |
Imperfect (L’imperfetto)
Used for:- repeated or habitual actions in the past
- ongoing actions in the past and ongoing actions in the past that are eventually interrupted
- weather time and age in the past
- states of being and conditions in the past
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | parlavo | vendevo | capivo |
tu | parlavi | vendevi | capivi |
lui / lei / Lei | parlava | vendeva | capiva |
noi | parlavamo | vendevamo | capivamo |
voi | parlavate | vendevate | capivate |
loro | parlavano | vendevano | capivano |
- Loro parlavano "They used to speak"
Past absolute (Il passato remoto)
Used for:- events completed in the distant past
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | parlai | vendei or vendetti | scolpii |
tu | parlasti | vendesti | scolpisti |
lui / lei / Lei | parlò | vendè or vendette | scolpì |
noi | parlammo | vendemmo | scolpimmo |
voi | parlaste | vendeste | scolpiste |
loro | parlarono | venderono or vendettero | scolpirono |
Imperfect progressive (L’imperfetto progressivo)
Used for:- events that were in the progress of happening
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | stavo mangiando | stavo mettendo | stavo partendo |
tu | stavi mangiando | stavi mettendo | stavi partendo |
lui / lei / Lei | stava mangiando | stava mettendo | stava partendo |
noi | stavamo mangiando | stavamo mettendo | stavamo partendo |
voi | stavate mangiando | stavate mettendo | stavate partendo |
loro | stavano mangiando | stavano mettendo | stavano partendo |
- Stavamo mangiando "We were eating"
Past Perfect (Il trapassato prossimo)
Used for:- often activities done prior to another activity (translates to constructions such as "had eaten", "had seen")
Transitive verbs
Transitive verbTransitive verb
In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. The term is used to contrast intransitive verbs, which do not have objects.-Examples:Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs:...
s are formed with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the imperfect tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | avevo parlato | avevo venduto | avevo capito |
tu | avevi parlato | avevi venduto | avevi capito |
lui / lei / Lei | aveva parlato | aveva venduto | aveva capito |
noi | avevamo parlato | avevamo venduto | avevamo capito |
voi | avevate parlato | avevate venduto | avevate capito |
loro | avevano parlato | avevano venduto | avevano capito |
Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbIntransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This differs from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb....
s are formed with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the imperfect tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
- -o masculine singular
- -a feminine singular
- -i masculine plural
- -e feminine plural
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | ero arrivato/a | ero caduto/a | ero partito/a |
tu | eri arrivato/a | eri caduto/a | eri partito/a |
lui / lei / Lei | era arrivato/a | era caduto/a | era partito/a |
noi | eravamo arrivati/e | eravamo caduti/e | eravamo partiti/e |
voi | eravate arrivati/e | eravate caduti/e | eravate partiti/e |
loro | erano arrivati/e | erano caduti/e | erano partiti/e |
Future (Il futuro)
Used for:- events that will happen in the future.
Note that in the -are form the a in the stem becomes an e; parlar becomes parler.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | parlerò | prenderò | partirò |
tu | parlerai | prenderai | partirai |
lui / lei / Lei | parlerà | prenderà | partirà |
noi | parleremo | prenderemo | partiremo |
voi | parlerete | prenderete | partirete |
loro | parleranno | prenderanno | partiranno |
Future perfect (Il futuro anteriore)
Used for:- events that will happen when or after something else happens in the future.
Transitive verbs
Transitive verbTransitive verb
In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. The term is used to contrast intransitive verbs, which do not have objects.-Examples:Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs:...
s are form with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the future tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | avrò parlato | avrò venduto | avrò capito |
tu | avrai parlato | avrai venduto | avrai capito |
lui / lei / Lei | avrà parlato | avrà venduto | avrà capito |
noi | avremo parlato | avremo venduto | avremo capito |
voi | avrete parlato | avrete venduto | avrete capito |
loro | avranno parlato | avranno venduto | avranno capito |
Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbIntransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This differs from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb....
s are form with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the future tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
- -o masculine singular
- -a feminine singular
- -i masculine plural
- -e feminine plural
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | sarò arrivato/a | sarò caduto/a | sarò partito/a |
tu | sarai arrivato/a | sarai caduto/a | sarai partito/a |
lui / lei / Lei | sarà arrivato/a | sarà caduto/a | sarà' partito/a |
noi | saremo arrivati/e | saremo caduti/e | saremo partiti/e |
voi | sarete arrivati/e | sarete caduti/e | sarete partiti/e |
loro | saranno arrivati/e | saranno caduti/e | saranno partiti/e |
Conditional (Il condizionale)
Used for:- events that are dependent upon other event occurring.
- asking for something.
As in the future tense, the -are form the a in the stem becomes an e; parlar becomes parler.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | lavorerei | prenderei | aprirei |
tu | lavoreresti | prenderesti | apriresti |
lui / lei / Lei | lavorerebbe | prenderebbe | aprirebbe |
noi | lavoreremmo | prenderemmo | apriremmo |
voi | lavorereste | prendereste | aprireste |
loro | lavorerebbero | prenderebbero | aprirebbero |
Past Conditional (Il condizionale passato)
Used for:- events that would, could or should have occurred.
Transitive verbs
Transitive verbTransitive verb
In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. The term is used to contrast intransitive verbs, which do not have objects.-Examples:Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs:...
s are form with the auxiliary verb avere "to have" in the present conditional tense + the past participle of the transitive verb.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | avrei parlato | avrei venduto | avrei capito |
tu | avresti parlato | avresti venduto | avresti capito |
lui / lei / Lei | avrebbe parlato | avrebbe venduto | avrebbe capito |
noi | avremmo parlato | avremmo venduto | avremmo capito |
voi | avreste parlato | avreste venduto | avreste capito |
loro | avrebbero parlato | avrebbero venduto | avrebbero capito |
Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbIntransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This differs from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. Both classes of verb are related to the concept of the transitivity of a verb....
s are form with the auxiliary verb essere "to be" in the present conditional tense + the past participle of the intransitive verb. In the case of intransitive verbs the part participle agrees with gender and number following the same pattern of nouns and adjectives:
- -o masculine singular
- -a feminine singular
- -i masculine plural
- -e feminine plural
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | sarei arrivato/a | sarei caduto/a | sarei partito/a |
tu | saresti arrivato/a | saresti caduto/a | saresti partito/a |
lui / lei / Lei | sarebbe arrivato/a | sarebbe caduto/a | sarebbe' partito/a |
noi | saremmo arrivati/e | saremmo caduti/e | saremmo partiti/e |
voi | sareste arrivati/e | sareste caduti/e | sareste partiti/e |
loro | sarebbero arrivati/e | sarebbero caduti/e | sarebbero partiti/e |
Present Subjunctive (Il congiuntivo presente)
Used for:- subordinate clauses of the present indicative (il presente) to express opinion, possibility, desire, or doubt.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | parli | veda | parta |
tu | parli | veda | parta |
lui / lei / Lei | parli | veda | parta |
noi | parliamo | vediamo | partiamo |
voi | parliate | vediate | partiate |
loro | parlino | vedano | partano |
Imperfect Subjunctive (Il congiuntivo imperfetto)
Used for:- subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative (l’imperfetto) or the conditional.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | parlassi | leggessi | capissi |
tu | parlassi | leggessi | capissi |
lui / lei / Lei | parlasse | leggesse | capisse |
noi | parlassimo | leggessimo | capissimo |
voi | parlaste | leggeste | capiste |
loro | parlassero | leggessero | capissero |
Past Subjunctive (Il congiuntivo passato)
Used for:- subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative (l’imperfetto) or the conditional.
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
io | abbia parlato | abbia letto | abbia capito |
tu | abbia parlato | abbia letto | abbia capito |
lui / lei / Lei | abbia parlato | abbia letto | abbia capito |
noi | abbiamo parlato | abbiamo letto | abbiamo capito |
voi | abbiate parlato | abbiate letto | abbiate capito |
loro | abbiano parlato | abbiano letto | abbiano capito |
Plusquamperfect Subjunctive (Il congiuntivo trapassato)
The past participle with the imperfect subjunctive form of the axiliary verbs essere (to be) or avere (to have)Imperative (imperativo)
Used for:- giving commands
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
tu | parla | leggi | parti |
noi | parliamo | leggiamo | partiamo |
voi | parlate | leggete | partite |
- Parti! "Leave!"
- Partiamo "Let's leave"
Negative imperative
-are | -ere | -ire | |
---|---|---|---|
tu | non parlare | non leggere | non partire |
noi | non parliamo | non leggiamo | non partiamo |
voi | non parlate | non leggete | non partite |
- Non partire "Don't leave"