Ivanoe Bonomi
Encyclopedia
Ivanoe Bonomi iˈvaːnoe boˈnɔːmi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian
politician and statesman before and after World War II
.
Bonomi was born in Mantua
. He was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies
in 1909, representing Mantua as a member of the Italian Socialist Party
. He was among those expelled from the party in 1912, for his advocacy of reformism
and moderation, as well as his support for the Italian invasion of Libya. Bonomi joined the Italian Reform Socialist Party
, and supported Italy's participation in World War I
on the side of the Triple Entente
.
Bonomi served as Minister of Public Works from 1916 until 1917, and as Minister of War
during 1920 - helping to negotiate a treaty with Yugoslavia
(the Treaty of Rapallo
). Later in 1920 he became Treasury Minister. In 1921, he became Prime Minister of Italy
for the first time, in a coalition government. Early in 1922, his government collapsed, and he was replaced as Prime Minister by Luigi Facta
, amidst the Fascist
insurgency led by Benito Mussolini
. In October 1922, Mussolini gained power through the March on Rome
, and Bonomi withdrew from politics.
In 1940, Bonomi joined an anti-Fascist
movement. By 1943, when Mussolini was deposed, Bonomi had become a leader of the group, and was appointed Prime Minister of the new Italian government, in 1944, when Rome
was taken by the Allies
. He led Italy as the country was being gained from the Fascist Italian Social Republic
and the Nazi German
occupiers, and helped the country's transition to democracy
.
Bonomi came near to resignation in November 1944 over war strategy, but stayed on as Prime Minister at the urging of the British
government of Winston Churchill
. He remained Prime Minister until 1945, by which time World War II
had ended, and stayed active in the Italian government after that moment, serving on the Constituent Assembly
's committee on treaties, and also representing Italy in councils of foreign ministers until 1946. In 1948, he became President of the Italian Senate
, and served in that position until his death.
After having been a founding member of the Labour Democratic Party
in 1943, he later joined in 1947 the Italian Democratic Socialist Party
, of which he was honorary chairman until his death.
He died in Rome
.
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
politician and statesman before and after World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
Bonomi was born in Mantua
Mantua
Mantua is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the same name. Mantua's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family, made it one of the main artistic, cultural and notably musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole...
. He was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies
Italian Chamber of Deputies
The Italian Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Parliament of Italy. It has 630 seats, a plurality of which is controlled presently by liberal-conservative party People of Freedom. Twelve deputies represent Italian citizens outside of Italy. Deputies meet in the Palazzo Montecitorio. A...
in 1909, representing Mantua as a member of the Italian Socialist Party
Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II...
. He was among those expelled from the party in 1912, for his advocacy of reformism
Reformism
Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures...
and moderation, as well as his support for the Italian invasion of Libya. Bonomi joined the Italian Reform Socialist Party
Italian Reform Socialist Party
The Italian Reform Socialist Party was a social-democratic political party in Italy.It was formed in 1912 by those leading reformists who had been expelled from the Italian Socialist Party because of their desire of entering in the majority supporting Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti...
, and supported Italy's participation in World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
on the side of the Triple Entente
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente was the name given to the alliance among Britain, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907....
.
Bonomi served as Minister of Public Works from 1916 until 1917, and as Minister of War
Italian Minister of Defense
This is a list of Italian Ministers of Defence since 1947....
during 1920 - helping to negotiate a treaty with Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....
(the Treaty of Rapallo
Treaty of Rapallo, 1920
The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the upper Adriatic, in Dalmatia and in the region which became known as the Julian March.The treaty was signed on 12 November 1920 in...
). Later in 1920 he became Treasury Minister. In 1921, he became Prime Minister of Italy
Prime minister of Italy
The Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
for the first time, in a coalition government. Early in 1922, his government collapsed, and he was replaced as Prime Minister by Luigi Facta
Luigi Facta
Luigi Facta was an Italian politician, journalist and last Prime Minister of Italy before the leadership of Benito Mussolini....
, amidst the Fascist
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
insurgency led by Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....
. In October 1922, Mussolini gained power through the March on Rome
March on Rome
The March on Rome was a march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy...
, and Bonomi withdrew from politics.
In 1940, Bonomi joined an anti-Fascist
Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals, such as that of the resistance movements during World War II. The related term antifa derives from Antifaschismus, which is German for anti-fascism; it refers to individuals and groups on the left of the political...
movement. By 1943, when Mussolini was deposed, Bonomi had become a leader of the group, and was appointed Prime Minister of the new Italian government, in 1944, when Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
was taken by the Allies
Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . Former Axis states contributing to the Allied victory are not considered Allied states...
. He led Italy as the country was being gained from the Fascist Italian Social Republic
Italian Social Republic
The Italian Social Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the Nation" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs" Benito Mussolini and his Republican Fascist Party. The RSI exercised nominal sovereignty in northern Italy but was largely dependent on the Wehrmacht to maintain control...
and the Nazi German
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
occupiers, and helped the country's transition to democracy
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
.
Bonomi came near to resignation in November 1944 over war strategy, but stayed on as Prime Minister at the urging of the British
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
government of Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, was a predominantly Conservative British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century and served as Prime Minister twice...
. He remained Prime Minister until 1945, by which time World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
had ended, and stayed active in the Italian government after that moment, serving on the Constituent Assembly
Constituent Assembly of Italy
The Italian Constituent Assembly was a parliamentary chamber which existed in Italy from 25 June 1946 until 31 January 1948...
's committee on treaties, and also representing Italy in councils of foreign ministers until 1946. In 1948, he became President of the Italian Senate
Italian Senate
The Senate of the Republic is the upper house of the Italian Parliament. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the Kingdom of Italy as Senato del Regno , itself a continuation of the Senato Subalpino of Sardinia-Piedmont established on 8 May 1848...
, and served in that position until his death.
After having been a founding member of the Labour Democratic Party
Labour Democratic Party
The Labour Democratic Party was a social-liberal political party in Italy, founded in 1943 as the heir of defunct Italian Social Democratic Party, formed by those Socialists who wanted to cooperate with the Liberal political guard which governed Italy from the days of Giovanni Giolitti...
in 1943, he later joined in 1947 the Italian Democratic Socialist Party
Italian Democratic Socialist Party
The Italian Democratic Socialist Party is a minor social-democratic political party in Italy. Mimmo Magistro is the party leader. The PSDI, before the 1990s decline in votes and members, had been an important force in Italian politics, being the longest serving partner in government for Christian...
, of which he was honorary chairman until his death.
He died in Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
.