James Blackburn (architect)
Encyclopedia
James Blackburn was an English civil engineer
, surveyor
and architect
best known for his work in Australia
, to which he had been sentenced for forgery
. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography
, Blackburn "has claims to be considered one of the greatest engineers of his period in Australia, and his architectural achievements established him as Tasmania's most advanced and original architect."
He was key to the formation of the Department of Public Works in 1839, serving as one of its core members under Alexander Cheyne. On 3 May 1841 he was pardoned, whereupon he entered private practice with James Thomson, who was also a former convict. Among the notable constructions of the firm was the swing
Bridgewater Bridge
completed in 1849. After that project, Blackburn and his family relocated to Melbourne
where in addition to resuming his architect career and pursuing other business interests, he became city surveyor. As surveyor, his most notable effort was the conception and design of a water supply system for Melbourne which drew from the Yan Yean Reservoir
. Three years later, on 3 March 1854, Blackburn died of typhoid, with five of his ten children, eight of which had been born in Australia, surviving him.
In April 1843 James Blackburn was assigned as an Engineer to the Roads Department according to an entry in the “Blue Book” in 1839. In August 1834 He handed in a report to the Government dealing with the water crisis which was going on in the town of Launceston, Tasmania for at least 10 years. In October of the same year, Blackburn completed plans and sections which were proposed solutions to solve the crisis. In March 1835, the government still did not make up a decision. It was until half a year later when most people agreed on Blackburn’s proposal and in March 1836, constructions were finally put to work. Alexander Cheyne, the new Inspector of Roads and Bridges after the resignation of O’Connor in December 1835 expressed his confidence towards James Blackburn. “He is the only person I can depend upon to do many of the duties, and without his assistance I must necessarily have done them myself… He is the only person in the Department beside myself who can survey and level… I place more confidence in him than I could in the greater proportion of those who call themselves free… If Blackburn from being a convict is incapacitated from making enquiries, no time must be lost in supplying his place with a free person qualified to do the duties, if such can be found, which I doubt, in the colony.” In August 1836, Blackburn’s detailed work had been looked at by sixteen senior government officials and permitted a free pardon in January 1840 and became effective on May 1841.
Between 1839 and 1841, James Blackburn was involved in the designs of Government buildings and churches. In 1841, Blackburn was involved with the completion of Bridgewater Causeway. In August he submitted a proposal with James Thomson but further changes and delays were made, the project was finally in March 1847 and the bridge were opened in April 1849.
April 1849, James Blackburn sailed from Tasmania with his wife and ten children to the mainland to start a new life, Melbourne. In May, James Blackburn was aware of the polluted water pumped from Yarra River for sale directly causing a death rate of 20 per week. Blackburn proposed a red gum pipe could be introduced at the corner of Flinders and Elizabeth Streets as an allotment. The water would be directed to a tank and filtered to remove the pollutant before selling to the public.
In July 1853, the construction of St Mark’s Church began which is designed by Blackburn and his son who also shares the name James.
Due to the pollution of Yarra River, Blackburn submitted a report to the Council in August 1851 suggesting to bring water to Melbourne using gravity from the upper reaches of Plenty River. However, this proposal was declined and another scheme was chosen. Clement Hodgkinson, who also suggested a scheme studied Blackburn’s proposal and said: “After visiting the ground I have much pleasure in giving my humble testimony as to the care, industry and engineering talent displayed by Mr Blackburn.” The Government accepted the recommendation and the work were carried out.
At the age of 51, James Blackburn died from typhoid, the same sickness which took away the lives of four of his sons and a daughter.
in Tasmania, Australia was sited by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, in 1821. It was design by the colonial architect James Blackburn in a distinctive neo-Norman style and built between 1839 and 1841 by Joseph Moir at a cost of approximately £2,600. It is constructed from local Brighton stone. The main façade incorporates a central Norman doorway flanked by raking arcades and low towers. The interior includes elaborately carved furniture by Hobart woodcarver Ernest Osborne.
Between the front two towers, effectively recessed by their juxtaposition is the entrance porch which comprises two central Tuscan columns supporting a segmented arch with zigzag decoration and inversely castellated cornice, reminiscent of a sun temple, with miniature raked colonnades either side.
It is unique, though architecturally it has affinities with at least two other Tasmanian churches, one of which is the Presbyterian Church at Glenorchy and the other, the New Town Congregational Church. The designs of those building mark the earliest colonial appearances of the Romanesque style
in the history of Australian architecture.
HOBART'S HOLY TRINITY Church, designed by the convict architect James Blackburn, Located at 50 Warwick Street, Hobart (Tasmania, Australia), is a good example of ecclesiastical construction in sandstone. It has one of the oldest sets of bell in Australia. The foundation stone was laid by John Franklin (Tasmanian Lieut-Governor) in 1841. Construction was completed in 1848. The church is revival in Gothic style. One of the most memorable aspects in the church is the war memorial window at the east end of the building design by Mr L. Dechaineux.
The church is regarded as a building of national and historic heritage significances, as it demonstrate the principles characteristics of sandstone Academic Gothic church, and also significance to the local community as a religious landmark.
The church now is in a high risk of deconstruction and no solution agreed because of the huge cost of keeping the building in good condition.
Civil engineer
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.Originally, a...
, surveyor
Surveying
See Also: Public Land Survey SystemSurveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them...
and architect
Architect
An architect is a person trained in the planning, design and oversight of the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to offer or render services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the...
best known for his work in Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, to which he had been sentenced for forgery
Forgery
Forgery is the process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful misrepresentations. Forging money or...
. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography
Australian Dictionary of Biography
The Australian Dictionary of Biography is a national, co-operative enterprise, founded and maintained by the Australian National University to produce authoritative biographical articles on eminent people in Australia's history....
, Blackburn "has claims to be considered one of the greatest engineers of his period in Australia, and his architectural achievements established him as Tasmania's most advanced and original architect."
He was key to the formation of the Department of Public Works in 1839, serving as one of its core members under Alexander Cheyne. On 3 May 1841 he was pardoned, whereupon he entered private practice with James Thomson, who was also a former convict. Among the notable constructions of the firm was the swing
Swing bridge
A swing bridge is a movable bridge that has as its primary structural support a vertical locating pin and support ring, usually at or near to its centre of gravity, about which the turning span can then pivot horizontally as shown in the animated illustration to the right...
Bridgewater Bridge
Bridgewater Bridge
The Bridgewater Bridge and Causeway spans the Derwent River in Tasmania, Australia between Bridgewater and Granton. It consists of a vertical lift bridge and a specially-built causeway connecting the bridge to the east bank of the river. It accommodates a two-lane highway, a single track railway...
completed in 1849. After that project, Blackburn and his family relocated to Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
where in addition to resuming his architect career and pursuing other business interests, he became city surveyor. As surveyor, his most notable effort was the conception and design of a water supply system for Melbourne which drew from the Yan Yean Reservoir
Yan Yean Reservoir
Yan Yean Reservoir is the oldest water supply for the city of Melbourne, Australia. It is built on the Plenty River a tributary of the Yarra River, 30 km north of the city. A 9.5 metre embankment holds back 30,000 megalitres of water...
. Three years later, on 3 March 1854, Blackburn died of typhoid, with five of his ten children, eight of which had been born in Australia, surviving him.
Personal life
James Blackburn, born on the 10th of August 1803 in Upton, West Ham, Essex, England. He was the third son born in a family of five children, four boys and one girl. His father and all of his brothers were scalemakers. At the age of 23, James was employed by the Commissioners of Sewers for Holborn and Finsbury and later on became an inspector of sewers. In 1833, he forged a cheque due to economic issues and was penalized and transported to Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania). James Blackburn was listed as a civil engineer and surveyor on the journey to Tasmania and was assigned to the Roads Department under Roderic O’Connor, a wealthy Irishman who was the Inspector of Roads and Bridges at the time.In April 1843 James Blackburn was assigned as an Engineer to the Roads Department according to an entry in the “Blue Book” in 1839. In August 1834 He handed in a report to the Government dealing with the water crisis which was going on in the town of Launceston, Tasmania for at least 10 years. In October of the same year, Blackburn completed plans and sections which were proposed solutions to solve the crisis. In March 1835, the government still did not make up a decision. It was until half a year later when most people agreed on Blackburn’s proposal and in March 1836, constructions were finally put to work. Alexander Cheyne, the new Inspector of Roads and Bridges after the resignation of O’Connor in December 1835 expressed his confidence towards James Blackburn. “He is the only person I can depend upon to do many of the duties, and without his assistance I must necessarily have done them myself… He is the only person in the Department beside myself who can survey and level… I place more confidence in him than I could in the greater proportion of those who call themselves free… If Blackburn from being a convict is incapacitated from making enquiries, no time must be lost in supplying his place with a free person qualified to do the duties, if such can be found, which I doubt, in the colony.” In August 1836, Blackburn’s detailed work had been looked at by sixteen senior government officials and permitted a free pardon in January 1840 and became effective on May 1841.
Between 1839 and 1841, James Blackburn was involved in the designs of Government buildings and churches. In 1841, Blackburn was involved with the completion of Bridgewater Causeway. In August he submitted a proposal with James Thomson but further changes and delays were made, the project was finally in March 1847 and the bridge were opened in April 1849.
April 1849, James Blackburn sailed from Tasmania with his wife and ten children to the mainland to start a new life, Melbourne. In May, James Blackburn was aware of the polluted water pumped from Yarra River for sale directly causing a death rate of 20 per week. Blackburn proposed a red gum pipe could be introduced at the corner of Flinders and Elizabeth Streets as an allotment. The water would be directed to a tank and filtered to remove the pollutant before selling to the public.
In July 1853, the construction of St Mark’s Church began which is designed by Blackburn and his son who also shares the name James.
Due to the pollution of Yarra River, Blackburn submitted a report to the Council in August 1851 suggesting to bring water to Melbourne using gravity from the upper reaches of Plenty River. However, this proposal was declined and another scheme was chosen. Clement Hodgkinson, who also suggested a scheme studied Blackburn’s proposal and said: “After visiting the ground I have much pleasure in giving my humble testimony as to the care, industry and engineering talent displayed by Mr Blackburn.” The Government accepted the recommendation and the work were carried out.
At the age of 51, James Blackburn died from typhoid, the same sickness which took away the lives of four of his sons and a daughter.
Notable projects
ST MARKS PONTVILLE, a Anglican churchAnglicanism
Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising churches with historical connections to the Church of England or similar beliefs, worship and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English...
in Tasmania, Australia was sited by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, in 1821. It was design by the colonial architect James Blackburn in a distinctive neo-Norman style and built between 1839 and 1841 by Joseph Moir at a cost of approximately £2,600. It is constructed from local Brighton stone. The main façade incorporates a central Norman doorway flanked by raking arcades and low towers. The interior includes elaborately carved furniture by Hobart woodcarver Ernest Osborne.
Between the front two towers, effectively recessed by their juxtaposition is the entrance porch which comprises two central Tuscan columns supporting a segmented arch with zigzag decoration and inversely castellated cornice, reminiscent of a sun temple, with miniature raked colonnades either side.
It is unique, though architecturally it has affinities with at least two other Tasmanian churches, one of which is the Presbyterian Church at Glenorchy and the other, the New Town Congregational Church. The designs of those building mark the earliest colonial appearances of the Romanesque style
Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe characterised by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style,...
in the history of Australian architecture.
HOBART'S HOLY TRINITY Church, designed by the convict architect James Blackburn, Located at 50 Warwick Street, Hobart (Tasmania, Australia), is a good example of ecclesiastical construction in sandstone. It has one of the oldest sets of bell in Australia. The foundation stone was laid by John Franklin (Tasmanian Lieut-Governor) in 1841. Construction was completed in 1848. The church is revival in Gothic style. One of the most memorable aspects in the church is the war memorial window at the east end of the building design by Mr L. Dechaineux.
The church is regarded as a building of national and historic heritage significances, as it demonstrate the principles characteristics of sandstone Academic Gothic church, and also significance to the local community as a religious landmark.
The church now is in a high risk of deconstruction and no solution agreed because of the huge cost of keeping the building in good condition.