James Edwin Powell
Encyclopedia
Major James Edwin Powell (December 19, 1819 - April 6, 1862) was an American army officer during the 19th century. He served as an officer in the 1st Infantry, Regular Army of the United States, detached to the 25th Missouri on March 24, 1862, and is depicted on a marker at stop #8 along the Shiloh Battlefield tour route as head of the morning patrol down Reconnoitering Road to Fraley Field where the Battle of Shiloh
began.
He enlisted as a private assigned to Company A, 9th Infantry by a man named "Tracey" in 1847, but was released from duty in 1848. He later rejoined the military in 1855 as a Second Lieutenant. He died on April 6, 1862 in the Battle of Shiloh.
Beside being Regular Army, Powell’s eyesight could be trusted; he was by occupation stated when he joined into the Mexican-American War at Castle Perote, Mexico
on August 1, 1847, a hunter. Records at the National Archives also say Powell had gray eyes, brown hair, ruddy complexion, and was just 5’4”. Powell was first a private assigned to Company A, 9th Infantry—enlisted by "Tracey." The 9th was under Franklin Pierce and Winfield Scott; that’s how Powell’s second and third sons came to be named Winfield Scott and Albert Tracy.
, England. The elder James was a silversmith/jeweler who died in March 1838; he had intended for son James to become a watch finisher. After his death, the remaining family members emigrated to Ohio
. The eldest brother Samuel (b. 1801) served as the father figure.
Per Guy Vernor Henry's Civilian Appointments of the United States Army compiled in 1873, before officially enlisting, James was a Citizen Sergeant in the 9th US Infantry who engaged at Contreras
and Churubusco
, Mexico. He was Color Sergeant of the regiment 1847-48 as it advanced farther through Vera Cruz
to Mexico City
.
Powell was released from duty as a sergeant on August 28, 1848 at Fort Adams
, Rhode Island. Perks were being offered to get settlers into Maine at that time, plus many Army buddies were from there. Per copies of land records in possession of family, Powell eventually owned hundreds of acres along the Kennebec and Dead rivers north of Pleasant Pond Stream, which he sold before leaving in 1855.
James married Mary Ann Hunter at the home of neighbors John and Lucy Ham in 1849 at The Forks, Maine
. The Powells had three sons—James Powell III, Winfield Scott Powell, and Albert Tracy Powell. James belonged to the Masons’ Key (Keystone) Lodge of Solon, Maine
.
, who had become President in 1852.
Powell was stationed at Fort Duncan
adjacent Eagle Pass, Texas
during Inspector General Colonel Mansfield’s visit in July 1856 and promoted to First Lieutenant, Company F, First Regiment of Infantry in Regular Army of the United States on December 8. He was involved in much activity during his time in this rank, including assignments at Forts Smith (Arkansas), Belknap (Texas), Arbuckle (IT/OK); he led both Indian fights and negotiations of a Peace Treaty with Comanche
and Wichita at Rush Springs, IT in August 1858.
After the breaking of this treaty, General Winfield Scott was supposed to declare the Comanches to be at odds with all troops of the Army; he never did, but sent William H. Emory
, First Cavalry, to command Fort Arbuckle. Shortly thereafter, in February 1859, Powell had to send Emory the following message written in the margin of a newspaper: "Major: Please send an ambulance and the doctor; three men wounded, two Comanches killed. Please send me some ammunition; gone in pursuit. Lieutenant Powell."
This happened a few months after Lieutenant Robert Offley (First Infantry, Company E) wrote his mother from Fort Arbuckle
of a wonderful July 4 (1858) celebration "in grand style and fired a salute of 34 guns, one for (each state and) Kansas. After that our men pitched two large Hospital tents and fixed them off with flags, &c. and had a very fine dinner. We had an extra beef killed for them, and let them buy chickens, &c.; together with the vegetables from our garden, they fared well. Our mule train is still here, and the teamsters were all invited. There were over 100 (who) sat down to the table. Lt. J.E. Powell (who was in command of Fort Arbuckle at the time) and myself gave them some liquor, five gallons from the Commissary, as there is a law in the (Indian) Nation prohibiting the use of liquor, which is one of the best things I know of and I am happy to say the majority of our men are glad of it. Our men are perfectly delighted."
The next year on July 5, 1859, Powell took forty-two members of First Infantry Companies D & E and First Cavalry Company E to repair parts already there and finish building a road from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Fort Arbuckle. This route was called Powell Road for some time.
, Indian Territory
with Company E per telegraphic instructions dated March 19, 1861. As southern states began seceding from the U.S., all Federal troops in Texas/IT gathered on May 3 near what is today Minco, Oklahoma
to go north. Some 250 Texan troops (former neighbors) tried to war with them at this time, but Major Sam Sturgis, who commanded the Cavalry regiment and had left Fort Smith less than an hour before its being taken by Southerners according to General David Twiggs’ apparent plot, saw to separating them from their horses as they were having dinner. Federal troops could not feed 250 prisoners and their mounts on the march to Kansas, so had to immediately parole all after shaving the tails of the fine animals for the only possible revenge.
Powell took his pack of thirty-eight hunting hounds north at "great trouble and expense," so was understandably quite upset that they twice took off chasing buffalo, and all but three were forever lost. General David Sloan Stanley stated that on this exodus was the last time he saw "herds of buffalo which might be numbered by the tens of thousands."
The Leavenworth Times of June 1, 1861, reported that troops of First Cavalry and First Infantry arrived in Leavenworth, Kansas
on May 31, 1861. They totaled about 820 soldiers, 200 teamsters, and other army attachés plus some officers’ families, eighty wagons, and 600 horses and mules forming a train about a mile long. Powell was promoted to Captain, Company F, First Infantry Regiment, Regular Army of the United States on June 11, 1861, upon the resignation of Captain Seth Barton who joined the Confederates.
The route they followed later became the Chisholm Trail
. Black Beaver, a well-known and respected Delaware Indian guide/rancher/interpreter of IT and Kansas who called himself a Yankee Indian, left his own property to lead this caravan north; he was never fully compensated. The Creeks called the Chisholm Trail "Beaver’s Trail" for him. At the end of the Civil War, Jesse Chisholm was able to find the ruts left from this massive train of heavy military wagons and started following it between IT/OK and Abilene, Kansas
.
Major Powell is officially buried “unknown” at Shiloh National Cemetery.
Battle of Shiloh
The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union army under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and...
began.
He enlisted as a private assigned to Company A, 9th Infantry by a man named "Tracey" in 1847, but was released from duty in 1848. He later rejoined the military in 1855 as a Second Lieutenant. He died on April 6, 1862 in the Battle of Shiloh.
Beside being Regular Army, Powell’s eyesight could be trusted; he was by occupation stated when he joined into the Mexican-American War at Castle Perote, Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
on August 1, 1847, a hunter. Records at the National Archives also say Powell had gray eyes, brown hair, ruddy complexion, and was just 5’4”. Powell was first a private assigned to Company A, 9th Infantry—enlisted by "Tracey." The 9th was under Franklin Pierce and Winfield Scott; that’s how Powell’s second and third sons came to be named Winfield Scott and Albert Tracy.
Early life
James Edwin Powell was born on December 19, 1819 as the thirteenth child of James and Ann Hopkins Powell in 20 The Cross, WorcesterWorcester
The City of Worcester, commonly known as Worcester, , is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some southwest of Birmingham and north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the...
, England. The elder James was a silversmith/jeweler who died in March 1838; he had intended for son James to become a watch finisher. After his death, the remaining family members emigrated to Ohio
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...
. The eldest brother Samuel (b. 1801) served as the father figure.
Per Guy Vernor Henry's Civilian Appointments of the United States Army compiled in 1873, before officially enlisting, James was a Citizen Sergeant in the 9th US Infantry who engaged at Contreras
Contreras
-People:*Pedro de Alvarado , Spanish conquistador*Carlos Contreras, Mexican NASCAR driver*Carlos Alberto Contreras, Colombian road cyclist*Eleazar López Contreras, Venezuelan politician and former president...
and Churubusco
Churubusco
Churubusco is a neighbourhood of Mexico City. Under the current territorial division of the Mexican Federal District, it is a part of the borough of Coyoacán...
, Mexico. He was Color Sergeant of the regiment 1847-48 as it advanced farther through Vera Cruz
Veracruz
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave , is one of the 31 states that, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is...
to Mexico City
Mexico City
Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole...
.
Powell was released from duty as a sergeant on August 28, 1848 at Fort Adams
Fort Adams
Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island, was established on July 4, 1799 as a First System coastal fortification. Its first commander was Captain John Henry who was later instrumental in starting the War of 1812.-History:...
, Rhode Island. Perks were being offered to get settlers into Maine at that time, plus many Army buddies were from there. Per copies of land records in possession of family, Powell eventually owned hundreds of acres along the Kennebec and Dead rivers north of Pleasant Pond Stream, which he sold before leaving in 1855.
James married Mary Ann Hunter at the home of neighbors John and Lucy Ham in 1849 at The Forks, Maine
The Forks, Maine
The Forks is a plantation in Somerset County, Maine, United States. The population was 35 at the 2000 census.-Geography:According to the United States Census Bureau, the plantation has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it is water...
. The Powells had three sons—James Powell III, Winfield Scott Powell, and Albert Tracy Powell. James belonged to the Masons’ Key (Keystone) Lodge of Solon, Maine
Solon, Maine
Solon is a town in Somerset County, Maine, United States. The population was 940 at the 2000 census. Solon is a picturesque village containing historic architecture.-History:...
.
Career as an officer
He was appointed Second Lieutenant, Company F, First Regiment of Infantry in Regular Army of the United States on June 7, 1855; although the Army expanded by four regiments that year, it was rare for an officer to be commissioned pre-Civil War without attending a military academy, and leads one to wonder who else in his family was military. This may have occurred through his friendship with Albert Tracy—who was Adjutant General of the State of Maine (1852–55)—or their former commander, Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce was the 14th President of the United States and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army...
, who had become President in 1852.
Powell was stationed at Fort Duncan
Fort Duncan
Fort Duncan was a U.S. Army post, set up to protect the first U.S. settlement on the Rio Grande near the current town of Eagle Pass, Texas.Fort Duncan was established on March 27, 1849, when Captain Sidney Burbank occupied the site with companies A, B, and F of the First United States Infantry...
adjacent Eagle Pass, Texas
Eagle Pass, Texas
Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County The population was 27,183 as of the 2010 census.Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, which is to the southwest and across the Rio Grande. The Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area is one of six...
during Inspector General Colonel Mansfield’s visit in July 1856 and promoted to First Lieutenant, Company F, First Regiment of Infantry in Regular Army of the United States on December 8. He was involved in much activity during his time in this rank, including assignments at Forts Smith (Arkansas), Belknap (Texas), Arbuckle (IT/OK); he led both Indian fights and negotiations of a Peace Treaty with Comanche
Comanche
The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose historic range consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado, northeastern Arizona, southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma, and most of northwest Texas. Historically, the Comanches were hunter-gatherers, with a typical Plains Indian...
and Wichita at Rush Springs, IT in August 1858.
After the breaking of this treaty, General Winfield Scott was supposed to declare the Comanches to be at odds with all troops of the Army; he never did, but sent William H. Emory
William H. Emory
William Hemsley Emory was an United States Army officer and surveyor of Texas.-Early life and career:...
, First Cavalry, to command Fort Arbuckle. Shortly thereafter, in February 1859, Powell had to send Emory the following message written in the margin of a newspaper: "Major: Please send an ambulance and the doctor; three men wounded, two Comanches killed. Please send me some ammunition; gone in pursuit. Lieutenant Powell."
This happened a few months after Lieutenant Robert Offley (First Infantry, Company E) wrote his mother from Fort Arbuckle
Fort Arbuckle
Not to be confused with Old Fort Arbuckle , a site in Tulsa County, Oklahoma.Fort Arbuckle was a United States military fort near Hoover, Oklahoma....
of a wonderful July 4 (1858) celebration "in grand style and fired a salute of 34 guns, one for (each state and) Kansas. After that our men pitched two large Hospital tents and fixed them off with flags, &c. and had a very fine dinner. We had an extra beef killed for them, and let them buy chickens, &c.; together with the vegetables from our garden, they fared well. Our mule train is still here, and the teamsters were all invited. There were over 100 (who) sat down to the table. Lt. J.E. Powell (who was in command of Fort Arbuckle at the time) and myself gave them some liquor, five gallons from the Commissary, as there is a law in the (Indian) Nation prohibiting the use of liquor, which is one of the best things I know of and I am happy to say the majority of our men are glad of it. Our men are perfectly delighted."
The next year on July 5, 1859, Powell took forty-two members of First Infantry Companies D & E and First Cavalry Company E to repair parts already there and finish building a road from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Fort Arbuckle. This route was called Powell Road for some time.
Civil War
Powell transferred to Fort WashitaFort Washita
Fort Washita is the former United States military post and National Historic Landmark located near Nida, Oklahoma on SH 199. Established in 1842 by General Zachary Taylor to protect citizens of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations from the plains indians it was later abandoned by Federal forces at...
, Indian Territory
Indian Territory
The Indian Territory, also known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land set aside within the United States for the settlement of American Indians...
with Company E per telegraphic instructions dated March 19, 1861. As southern states began seceding from the U.S., all Federal troops in Texas/IT gathered on May 3 near what is today Minco, Oklahoma
Minco, Oklahoma
Minco is a city in Grady County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,672 at the 2000 census.-History :The town was originally included in the Chickasaw Nation, and is believed to be named after the great Chickasaw chief and warrior, Itawamba Minco, who later acquired the name of Levi...
to go north. Some 250 Texan troops (former neighbors) tried to war with them at this time, but Major Sam Sturgis, who commanded the Cavalry regiment and had left Fort Smith less than an hour before its being taken by Southerners according to General David Twiggs’ apparent plot, saw to separating them from their horses as they were having dinner. Federal troops could not feed 250 prisoners and their mounts on the march to Kansas, so had to immediately parole all after shaving the tails of the fine animals for the only possible revenge.
Powell took his pack of thirty-eight hunting hounds north at "great trouble and expense," so was understandably quite upset that they twice took off chasing buffalo, and all but three were forever lost. General David Sloan Stanley stated that on this exodus was the last time he saw "herds of buffalo which might be numbered by the tens of thousands."
The Leavenworth Times of June 1, 1861, reported that troops of First Cavalry and First Infantry arrived in Leavenworth, Kansas
Leavenworth, Kansas
Leavenworth is the largest city and county seat of Leavenworth County, in the U.S. state of Kansas and within the Kansas City, Missouri Metropolitan Area. Located in the northeast portion of the state, it is on the west bank of the Missouri River. As of the 2010 census, the city population was...
on May 31, 1861. They totaled about 820 soldiers, 200 teamsters, and other army attachés plus some officers’ families, eighty wagons, and 600 horses and mules forming a train about a mile long. Powell was promoted to Captain, Company F, First Infantry Regiment, Regular Army of the United States on June 11, 1861, upon the resignation of Captain Seth Barton who joined the Confederates.
The route they followed later became the Chisholm Trail
Chisholm Trail
The Chisholm Trail was a trail used in the late 19th century to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads. The portion of the trail marked by Jesse Chisholm went from his southern trading post near the Red River, to his northern trading post near Kansas City, Kansas...
. Black Beaver, a well-known and respected Delaware Indian guide/rancher/interpreter of IT and Kansas who called himself a Yankee Indian, left his own property to lead this caravan north; he was never fully compensated. The Creeks called the Chisholm Trail "Beaver’s Trail" for him. At the end of the Civil War, Jesse Chisholm was able to find the ruts left from this massive train of heavy military wagons and started following it between IT/OK and Abilene, Kansas
Abilene, Kansas
Abilene is a city in and the county seat of Dickinson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 6,844.-History:...
.
Death
Powell was promoted to Major on March 24, 1862. Thirteen days later, he was mortally wounded and buried at Shiloh. His oldest son, Jimmy, had been with him for seven years—two as his father's waiter—and was not yet twelve when James died after asking Captain Dimmick to help the young man find his way home to Maine. Powell was hit by blind fire from Confederates who could not see through the smoke during their third attempt to penetrate the Hornets' Nest about 1:00 PM on Sunday, April 6, 1862, and died later that night.Major Powell is officially buried “unknown” at Shiloh National Cemetery.