Japanese has two types of regular verb,

1. consonant-stem, , Group I, or u verbs, and
2. vowel-stem, , Group II, or ru verbs.

All vowel-stem verbs end in either -eru or -iru. However, not all verbs ending in iru or eru are vowel-stem verbs; for example, hashiru, "run", is a consonant-stem verb.
Consonant-stem verbs end in -au, -iu, -ou, -uu, -ku, -gu, -su, -tsu, -nu, -bu, -mu or -ru.

Consonant-stem verbs conjugate differently from the vowel-stem verbs. Consonant-stem verbs conjugate after a consonant, and vowel-stem verbs conjugate after a vowel, as can be seen in the following examples:

	consonant-stem		vowel-stem
Plain form	yom.u ("read") 読む	hashir.u ("run") 走る	mi.ru ("see") 見る	tabe.ru ("eat") 食べる
Negative	yom.anai 読まない	hashir.anai 走らない	mi.nai 見ない	tabe.nai 食べない
Polite form	yom.imasu 読みます	hashir.imasu 走ります	mi.masu 見ます	tabe.masu 食べます

Please see Japanese verb conjugations

Japanese verb conjugations

This is a list of Japanese verb and adjective conjugations. Almost all of these are regular, but the conjugations of the very few irregular verbs are also listed. Japanese verb conjugation is the same for all subjects, first person , second person and third person , singular and plural. The plain...

 for all the verb forms. See also Japanese grammar: Verbs.

Consonant-stem verbs ending -au, -iu and -ou may not appear to conjugate "after a consonant"; for example, the polite form of kau (買う, "buy") is kaimasu (ka.u → ka.imasu). However, the stem is in these cases technically considered to end in the consonant w. The w is normally suppressed, but surfaces in the negative form, as in kaw.anai ("does not buy").

The Japanese names ichidan and godan, literally "one stage" and "five stage", refer to the number of ways that the root of the verb can combine with grammatical endings. Ichidan verbs are considered to combine in one way: ～iru → ～i- or ～eru → ～e-, whereas godan verbs are considered to combine in five ways, utilising each of the five Japanese vowels, as, using oyogu (泳ぐ, "swim") as an example, oyoganai (negative), oyogimasu (polite non-past), oyogu (plain non-past; dictionary form), oyogeba (conditional), oyogō (hortative/volitional).

List of verbs ending in "eru" which are Group 1 Verbs

Verb	Kanji	English
aseru	焦る	to hurry
azakeru	嘲る	to ridicule
daberu	駄弁る	to chatter
eru	彫る	to carve (note that eru (得る) meaning "to get, to obtain" is a vowel-stem verb)
eru	選る	to choose (see eru above)
eru	啁る	to ridicule (see eru above)
fukeru	耽る	to be absorbed in
fuseru	臥せる	to hide, lie in ambush
haberu	侍る	to attend on
heru	謙る	to humble oneself
heru	減る	to decrease
hineru	捻る	to twist
hirugaeru	翻る	to turn over, to wave
hoteru	火照る	to flush, to feel hot
kaeru	反る・返る	to turn over (note that kaeru (変える) meaning "to alter" and kaeru (替える) meaning "to exchange" are vowel-stem verbs)
kaeru	返る・帰る・還る	to return (see kaeru above)
kaeru	孵る	to be hatched (see kaeru above)
kageru	陰る	to become dark, to be in shadow or shade
kakeru	駆ける	to run, to canter or gallop
keru	蹴る	to kick
kuneru	くねる	to be crooked
kutsugaeru	覆る	to be overturned
neru	練る	to temper, to refine, to knead (note that neru (寝る) meaning "to sleep" is a vowel-stem verb)
nomeru	のめる	to fall forward
numeru	滑る	to be slippery
omoneru	阿る	to flatter
seru	競る	to compete
seseru	挵る	to pick, play with
shaberu	喋る	to talk, to chat
shigeru	茂る	to grow thick
shikeru	湿気る	to become damp
soberu	そべる	to lie sprawled
suberu	滑る	to slip
takeru	猛る	to act violently
teru	照る	to shine
tsumeru	抓める	to pinch
tsuneru	抓る	to pinch
uneru	うねる	to undulate
yomigaeru	蘇る	to be brought back to life, to be refreshed

List of verbs ending in "iru" which are Group 1 Verbs

Verb	Kanji	English
aburagiru	脂ぎる	to be greasy
bibiru	びびる	to be surprised
chigiru	契る	to pledge
chiru	散る	to scatter
dojiru	どじる	to mess up
guchiru	愚痴る	to grumble
hairu	入る	to enter
hashiru	走る	to run
hiru	放る	to fart
hojiru	穿る	to pick, dig out
hotobashiru	迸る	to gush, spurt
ibiru	いびる	to torment, roast
ijiru	弄る	to fiddle with
ikiru	熱る	to become sultry (note that ikiru (生きる) meaning "to live, to stay alive" is a vowel-stem verb)
iru	炒る	to boil down, to roast (note that iru (居る) meaning "to be" is a vowel-stem verb)
iru	入る	to go in (see iru above)
iru	要る	to need (see iru above)
kagiru	限る	to limit
kajiru	齧る	to gnaw
kashiru	呪る	to curse
kiru	霧る	to become misty (note that kiru (着る) meaning "to put on [clothing]" is a vowel-stem verb)
kiru	切る	to cut (see kiru above)
kishiru	きしる	to become misty
kishiru	軋る	to squeak, creak
kojiru	抉る	to gouge, wrench
kubiru	括る	to grip, strangle
kujiru	抉る	to gouge, scoop
mairu	参る	to come/go - humble
majiru	混じる	mingle
meiru	滅入る	to feel depressed
mikubiru	見縊る	to belittle; to despise
minagiru	漲る	to overflow
mogiru	捥る	to wrench
mojiru	捩る	to parody, to twist
mushiru	毟る	to pluck, to pick, to tear
najiru	詰る	to rebuke
nejiru	捩じる	to twist
nigiru	握る	to grasp
nijiru	躙る	to edge forward
nonoshiru	罵る	to abuse verbally
ochiiru	陥る	to fall, sink
omoiiru	思い入る	to ponder, to contemplate
omoikiru	思い切る	to dare to (usually in the form omoikitte (思い切って) or omoikitta (思い切った).)
sebiru	せびる	to pester for
shiru	知る	to know
soshiru	謗る	to slander
sujiru	捩る	to wriggle
tagiru	滾る	to boil, to seethe
tamagiru	魂消る	to be frightened
tobashiru	迸る	to gush
tochiru	とちる	to muff lines
yajiru	弥次る・野次る	to jeer at
yogiru	過る	to pass by, to drop in
yojiru	捩る	to twist, distort
yokogiru	横切る	to traverse

External links

• sci.lang.japan FAQ's list of iru and eru consonant-stem verbs.
• Aeron Buchanan's Japanese Verb Chart, a concise summary of all Japanese verbs conjugations on one sheet of A4