Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
Encyclopedia
Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (24 October 1712 – 30 May 1760) was a princess of the House of Holstein-Gottorp
and later the Electress of Anhalt-Zerbst. She is best known as the mother of Catherine the Great of Russia.
She was born at Gottorp, the daughter of Christian August, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach
. She was the Regent of Anhalt-Zerbst from 1747 to 1752 for her minor son, Frederick Augustus
.
Johanna Elisabeth was married in 1727 to Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, who coincidently had the same Christian name as her father, who had died the previous year. He was a general in the Prussian army, and served under Frederick II of Prussia
. After her marriage, Johanna Elisabeth went travelled with her husband to Stettin, a city on the limits of the bay of Pomerania, where the base of the regiment of her husband was located. It is said that a father-daughter like relationship developed between Johanna Elisabeth and her husband.
. The city offered little scope for a young girl like Johanna Elisabeth, who craved for an exciting social life. Neither did the birth of her first child bring her much joy. Her attitude towards Sophie (the future Empress Catherine II) was always ambivalent. The birth was a difficult one and Joanna Elisabeth seems to have thought that the reward was insufficient, considering what she went through. According to her daughter, she nearly died in the process and it took her 19 weeks to recover.
The main governor of Anhalt-Zerbst, cousin of Christian August, apparently could not have children and his older brother, Louis, was unmarried: this meant that if Johanna Elisabeth would have given her husband a son, their family's position would have changed considerably, and she would have been able to leave Stettin forever. Later on, Johanna Elisabeth's priority thus remained the political advancement of her children and to give them a more distinguished future than she had, being forced to marry a man of a lower rank despite being the great-granddaughter of a king of Denmark. However, she always wanted to be a step ahead of her daughter, constantly feeling jealous of her and wanting to put her down, to the extent that she even allowed her brother, George Louis of Holstein-Gottorp to openly displaying his strong liking for Sophie, so much so that he kissed her on the lips. Infatuated by Sophie, George Louis proposed marriage, which was thoroughly considered by his sister, who had begun to think of Sophie as a future sister-in-law and friend. However, this was never to happen as the Empress Elizabeth of Russia sent a letter to Joanna Elisabeth requesting her and her daughter's presence at the royal palace in Russia.
For the adored William, everything was tried, but without success. The thermal baths which he was put under left like result a respiratory disease him debilitated that it until dying. For Johanna Elisabeth this was a hard blow, since he was his favorite son. When the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst died, he was succeeded by Louis of Anhalt-Zerbst, who appointed his nephew Frederick as his successor. By this the family transferred itself to Zerbst.
was chosen to succeed to the throne of Sweden, Johanna Elisabeth began to forge the idea to marry her daughter to a party of high rank. Johanna Elisabeth followed her daughter to her wedding in Russia. She tried to remain at the Russian court least until the marriage of her daughter. But rumors of a love affair with Count de Beckij, well-known for conspiring against Empress Elizabeth, caused Elizabeth to threaten to force them both to return to Germany. After the marriage between Catherine and Peter, Johanna was forced to leave Russia. She was prohibited entrance to Russia, and even prevented from maintaining correspondence with her daughter, although she managed to send some letters to her in clandestine manner.
.
She died on 30 May 1760 at age 47 at Paris, France.
. She had five children:
House of Holstein-Gottorp
The House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet branch of the Oldenburg dynasty, ruled Sweden from 1751 until 1818, and Norway from 1814 to 1818.In 1743 Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp was elected crown prince of Sweden as a Swedish concession to Russia, a strategy for achieving an acceptable peace...
and later the Electress of Anhalt-Zerbst. She is best known as the mother of Catherine the Great of Russia.
She was born at Gottorp, the daughter of Christian August, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin
Prince Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp was Duke of Slesvig-Holstein, prince regent of Eutin, prince-bishop of Lübeck and regent of the duchy of Holstein-Gottorp....
and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach
Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach
Margravine Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach was a German princess. She was the daughter of Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach and his wife Duchess Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp. She married Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin.- Biography :In 1726, her husband died,...
. She was the Regent of Anhalt-Zerbst from 1747 to 1752 for her minor son, Frederick Augustus
Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , was a German prince of the House of Ascania and the last ruler of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst....
.
Early life
She had been brought up at the court of Brunswick, by her godmother and aunt by marriage, Elisabeth Sophie Marie, the Duchess of Brunswick-Luneberg, to whom the duke of Holstein-Gottorp was glad to relinquish one of his several daughters. Johanna Elisabeth grew up on the same footing as her cousin, the duchess's daughter and it was the duchess who arranged her marriage at 15 and provided her dowry.Johanna Elisabeth was married in 1727 to Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, who coincidently had the same Christian name as her father, who had died the previous year. He was a general in the Prussian army, and served under Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II was a King in Prussia and a King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was also Elector of Brandenburg. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel...
. After her marriage, Johanna Elisabeth went travelled with her husband to Stettin, a city on the limits of the bay of Pomerania, where the base of the regiment of her husband was located. It is said that a father-daughter like relationship developed between Johanna Elisabeth and her husband.
Duchess
Johanna Elisabeth found her existence with her sober, middle aged husband in the misty grey and dull town of Stettin a far cry from the livelier atmosphere she had grown up in at the Court of BrunswickBrunswick-Lüneburg
The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , or more properly Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was an historical ducal state from the late Middle Ages until the late Early Modern era within the North-Western domains of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, in what is now northern Germany...
. The city offered little scope for a young girl like Johanna Elisabeth, who craved for an exciting social life. Neither did the birth of her first child bring her much joy. Her attitude towards Sophie (the future Empress Catherine II) was always ambivalent. The birth was a difficult one and Joanna Elisabeth seems to have thought that the reward was insufficient, considering what she went through. According to her daughter, she nearly died in the process and it took her 19 weeks to recover.
The main governor of Anhalt-Zerbst, cousin of Christian August, apparently could not have children and his older brother, Louis, was unmarried: this meant that if Johanna Elisabeth would have given her husband a son, their family's position would have changed considerably, and she would have been able to leave Stettin forever. Later on, Johanna Elisabeth's priority thus remained the political advancement of her children and to give them a more distinguished future than she had, being forced to marry a man of a lower rank despite being the great-granddaughter of a king of Denmark. However, she always wanted to be a step ahead of her daughter, constantly feeling jealous of her and wanting to put her down, to the extent that she even allowed her brother, George Louis of Holstein-Gottorp to openly displaying his strong liking for Sophie, so much so that he kissed her on the lips. Infatuated by Sophie, George Louis proposed marriage, which was thoroughly considered by his sister, who had begun to think of Sophie as a future sister-in-law and friend. However, this was never to happen as the Empress Elizabeth of Russia sent a letter to Joanna Elisabeth requesting her and her daughter's presence at the royal palace in Russia.
For the adored William, everything was tried, but without success. The thermal baths which he was put under left like result a respiratory disease him debilitated that it until dying. For Johanna Elisabeth this was a hard blow, since he was his favorite son. When the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst died, he was succeeded by Louis of Anhalt-Zerbst, who appointed his nephew Frederick as his successor. By this the family transferred itself to Zerbst.
In Russia
When her brother Adolf FrederickAdolf Frederick of Sweden
Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick was King of Sweden from 1751 until his death. He was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach....
was chosen to succeed to the throne of Sweden, Johanna Elisabeth began to forge the idea to marry her daughter to a party of high rank. Johanna Elisabeth followed her daughter to her wedding in Russia. She tried to remain at the Russian court least until the marriage of her daughter. But rumors of a love affair with Count de Beckij, well-known for conspiring against Empress Elizabeth, caused Elizabeth to threaten to force them both to return to Germany. After the marriage between Catherine and Peter, Johanna was forced to leave Russia. She was prohibited entrance to Russia, and even prevented from maintaining correspondence with her daughter, although she managed to send some letters to her in clandestine manner.
Regency and later life
In 1747, she was widowed and made regent of Anhalt-Zerbst in place of her minor son. She ruled until 1752. After this, Johanna Elisabeth went to live in ParisParis
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
.
She died on 30 May 1760 at age 47 at Paris, France.
Marriage and issue
She married on 8 November 1727 in VecheldeVechelde
Vechelde is a municipality in the district of Peine, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approx. 12 km southeast of Peine, and 10 km west of Braunschweig.- Municipal subdivisions :- Twinned cities :Vechelde is twinned with:...
. She had five children:
- Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst (2 May 1729 -17 November 1796), who later became Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.
- William Christian Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst (17 November 1730 - 27 August 1742) died young.
- Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstFrederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-ZerbstFrederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , was a German prince of the House of Ascania and the last ruler of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst....
(8 August 1734 - 3 March 1793) died without issue. - Auguste Christine Charlotte of Anhalt-Zerbst (10 November 1736 - 24 November 1736) died in infancy.
- Elisabeth Ulrike of Anhalt-Zerbst (17 December 1742 - 5 March 1745) died young.