John Gerrard Keulemans
Encyclopedia
Johannes Gerardus Keulemans (J. G. Keulemans) (June 8, 1842, Rotterdam
- March 29, 1912, Ilford
, Essex
(now part of London
)) was a Dutch
bird
illustrator
.
from 1866. He regularly provided illustrations for The Ibis
and The Proceedings of the Zoological Society. He illustrated many important bird books, including Buller's A History of the Birds of New Zealand (1873, 1888), William Vincent Legge
's History of the Birds of Ceylon (1880), Daniel Giraud Elliot
's Monograph of the Bucerotidae (hornbills) (1887–1892), Richard Bowdler Sharpe
's Monograph of the Alcedinidae (kingfishers) (1868–1871), Henry Seebohm
's Monograph of the Turdidae (thrushes) (1902), Osbert Salvin
's Biologia Centrali-Americana (1879–1904), Edgar Leopold Layard
's Birds of South Africa (1887) and Henry Eeles Dresser
's History of the Birds of Europe (1871–1896), and a single illustration in The Journal of the Linnean Society.
One of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for Frederick Du Cane Godman's Monograph of the Petrels (1907–1910). He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde
and West Africa
.
He was married twice and had eight children with his first wife and seven children with his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. Keulemans also wrote topics on spirituality, and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons.
He is credited with describing a warbler, Calamodyta (Acrocephalus) brevipennis (Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 3, 1866; ex Dohrn.). This is a drab bird about 14–16 cm., light brown above and on its flanks, and buff below. He did not publish an illustration of it, but his plate for Acrocephalus brunnescens in George Henderson's Lahore to Yarkand (pl. XVI) is similar.
His notes and findings on the island of Principe
, along with those of his colleague Dr. H. Dohrn, would eventually become the basis for a later description of a rare ibis, Lampribis rothschildi Bannerman.
The only significant biography of him is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, Feathers to Brush, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree and notably appendices detailing his spiritualism and a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans which was recorded in the journal British Birds (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote Beyond the grave, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own grave stone. And finally Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to Feathers to Brush, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.
His work is characterised by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalisations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work (Lambourne, The Art of Bird Illustration). The nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries (Errol Fuller, Extinct Birds rev. ed.); his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.
In addition, Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, Contributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens (1867) and Een blik in Madagascar (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, Birds of Australia); he had rendered the images on stone well before publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser/Europe) and in folio (Seebohm/Turdidae and DuCane Godman/Petrels). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.
Most of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, life-like figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (Journal of the Linnean Society, 1878) were not intended to be coloured.
The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner that was similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe/Alcedinidae). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.
Keulemans has painted remarkable pictures of extinct birds, like the Choiseul Crested Pigeon
, Kangaroo Island Emu
, Huia
, Stephens Island Wren
, Hawaii Oo, Hawaii Mamo, Oahu Oo, Guadalupe Petrel, and the Laughing Owl
. All these paintings can be seen in the American Museum of Natural History
in New York.
Subsequently, Keulemans experienced further incidents increasing his belief in the supernatural, in particular which he claimed could be awakened via the painting of a bird's eye. Keulemans began an association with the Society for Psychical Research
; later he became disenchanted with the prevalence of fraud in spiritualist society, and used his scientific training to expose the trickery he saw performed by mediums.
Rotterdam
Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam on the Rotte river, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre...
- March 29, 1912, Ilford
Ilford
Ilford is a large cosmopolitan town in East London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It forms a significant commercial and retail...
, Essex
Essex
Essex is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west...
(now part of London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
)) was a Dutch
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
illustrator
Illustrator
An Illustrator is a narrative artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...
.
Biography and Work
Keulemans worked in EnglandEngland
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
from 1866. He regularly provided illustrations for The Ibis
Ibis (journal)
Ibis, subtitled the International Journal of Avian Science, is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the British Ornithologists' Union. Topics covered include ecology, conservation, behaviour, palaeontology, and taxonomy of birds. The editor-in-chief is Paul F. Donald. The journal is published by...
and The Proceedings of the Zoological Society. He illustrated many important bird books, including Buller's A History of the Birds of New Zealand (1873, 1888), William Vincent Legge
William Vincent Legge
Colonel William Vincent Legge was an Australian ornithologist.-Biography:Legge was born at Cullenswood, Tasmania . He was educated mainly in Britain, also in France and Germany, and became a proficient linguist. He was also educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich...
's History of the Birds of Ceylon (1880), Daniel Giraud Elliot
Daniel Giraud Elliot
Daniel Giraud Elliot was an American zoologist.Elliot was one of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the American Ornithologists' Union. He was also curator of zoology at the Field Museum in Chicago.Elliot used his wealth to publish a series of sumptuous...
's Monograph of the Bucerotidae (hornbills) (1887–1892), Richard Bowdler Sharpe
Richard Bowdler Sharpe
Richard Bowdler Sharpe was an English zoologist.-Biography:Sharpe was born in London and studied at Brighton College, The King's School, Peterborough and Loughborough Grammar School. At the age of sixteen he went to work for Smith & Sons in London...
's Monograph of the Alcedinidae (kingfishers) (1868–1871), Henry Seebohm
Henry Seebohm
Henry Seebohm was an English steel manufacturer, and amateur ornithologist, oologist and traveller.Seebohm was born in Bradford. His interest in natural history led him to travel widely, in Greece, Scandinavia, Turkey, and South Africa...
's Monograph of the Turdidae (thrushes) (1902), Osbert Salvin
Osbert Salvin
Osbert Salvin FRS was an English naturalist, best known for co-authoring Biologia Centrali-Americana with Frederick DuCane Godman. This was a 52 volume encyclopedia on the natural history of Central America....
's Biologia Centrali-Americana (1879–1904), Edgar Leopold Layard
Edgar Leopold Layard
Edgar Leopold Layard CMG, FZS, MBOU was a British naturalist mainly interested in ornithology. Born in Florence, Italy, to a family of Huguenot descent, he was the sixth son of Henry Peter John Layard of the Ceylon Civil Service with his wife Marianne,...
's Birds of South Africa (1887) and Henry Eeles Dresser
Henry Eeles Dresser
Henry Eeles Dresser was an English businessman and ornithologist.Henry Dresser was born in Thirsk where his father was the manager of the bank which had been set up by his grandfather...
's History of the Birds of Europe (1871–1896), and a single illustration in The Journal of the Linnean Society.
One of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for Frederick Du Cane Godman's Monograph of the Petrels (1907–1910). He also spent some time collecting birds in Cape Verde
Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa...
and West Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
.
He was married twice and had eight children with his first wife and seven children with his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. Keulemans also wrote topics on spirituality, and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons.
His notes and findings on the island of Principe
Príncipe
Príncipe is the northern and smaller of the two major islands of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe lying off the west coast of Africa. It has an area of 136 km² and a population of approximately 5,000. The island is a heavily eroded volcano over three million years old, surrounded by other...
, along with those of his colleague Dr. H. Dohrn, would eventually become the basis for a later description of a rare ibis, Lampribis rothschildi Bannerman.
The only significant biography of him is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans, Feathers to Brush, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree and notably appendices detailing his spiritualism and a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans which was recorded in the journal British Birds (1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote Beyond the grave, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own grave stone. And finally Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to Feathers to Brush, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.
His work is characterised by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalisations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work (Lambourne, The Art of Bird Illustration). The nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries (Errol Fuller, Extinct Birds rev. ed.); his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.
In addition, Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by Francois Pollen, Contributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens (1867) and Een blik in Madagascar (1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews, Birds of Australia); he had rendered the images on stone well before publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser/Europe) and in folio (Seebohm/Turdidae and DuCane Godman/Petrels). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.
Most of the illustrations by Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, life-like figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W. Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (Journal of the Linnean Society, 1878) were not intended to be coloured.
The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner that was similar to stenciling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe/Alcedinidae). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.
Keulemans has painted remarkable pictures of extinct birds, like the Choiseul Crested Pigeon
Choiseul Crested Pigeon
The Choiseul Crested Pigeon is a presumedly extinct pigeon which was only known on the Solomon island of Choiseul in the Pacific. This species was first described by Walter Rothschild in 1904 and named in honour of Albert Stewart Meek. The Choiseul islanders called that species kukuru-ni-lua which...
, Kangaroo Island Emu
Kangaroo Island Emu
Kangaroo Island Emu or Dwarf Emu is an extinct member of the bird family Casuariidae. It was restricted to Kangaroo Island, South Australia, which was known as Ile Decrés by the members of the Baudin expedition. It differed from the mainland Emu mainly in its smaller size...
, Huia
Huia
The Huia was the largest species of New Zealand wattlebird and was endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. Its extinction in the early 20th century had two primary causes. The first was rampant overhunting to procure Huia skins for mounted specimens, which were in worldwide demand by...
, Stephens Island Wren
Stephens Island Wren
The Stephens Island Wren or Lyall's Wren was a nocturnal, flightless, insectivorous passerine.-Habitat:...
, Hawaii Oo, Hawaii Mamo, Oahu Oo, Guadalupe Petrel, and the Laughing Owl
Laughing Owl
The Laughing Owl , also known as Whēkau or the White-faced Owl, was an endemic owl found in New Zealand, but is now extinct. It was plentiful when European settlers arrived in New Zealand in 1840. Specimens were sent to the British Museum, where a scientific description was published in 1845...
. All these paintings can be seen in the American Museum of Natural History
American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History , located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world...
in New York.
Interest in Spiritualism
According to the authors of Keulemans' biography "Feathers to Brush", the artist's interest in spiritualism began with a premonition of his son Isidore's death. In an article in the Bristol Mercury and Daily Post of March 3rd, 1883 Keulemans tells how he and his family were living in Paris in December 1880 when there was an outbreak of smallpox. The parents sent three of their children to London to live with their grandparents; one of the children was his favorite son Isidore, aged four. In the morning of January 24th, 1881, Keulemans woke up and heard Isidore's voice and saw his face. The apparition returned the next day, which made Keulemans very uneasy. A few days later he received a letter from London to tell him Isidore was ill, when in fact he had died exactly on the day of the first appearance of Isidore in John Gerrard's dream.Subsequently, Keulemans experienced further incidents increasing his belief in the supernatural, in particular which he claimed could be awakened via the painting of a bird's eye. Keulemans began an association with the Society for Psychical Research
Society for Psychical Research
The Society for Psychical Research is a non-profit organisation in the United Kingdom. Its stated purpose is to understand "events and abilities commonly described as psychic or paranormal by promoting and supporting important research in this area" and to "examine allegedly paranormal phenomena...
; later he became disenchanted with the prevalence of fraud in spiritualist society, and used his scientific training to expose the trickery he saw performed by mediums.
Keulemans claimed to have visited nearly 400 seances and gave some examples of the alleged trickery in support of his criticisms. He seems not to have been opposed to Spiritualism in its philosophical or metaphysical bases, but against its pretensions as a science based on demonstrable fact.
List of major works to which Keulemans contributed
The following are cited in Keulemans & Coldewey's Feathers to Brush (unless noted with an asterisk).- Annales des Sciences Naturelles. (one volume)
- Annali del Museo Civico, Series 2, Volume 4 [1887].*
- AquilaAquila (journal)Aquila is an ornithological journal established by Ottó Herman, Budapest, Hungary, in 1894. It publishes peer reviewed articles and research notes focusing on birds, mostly − though not exclusively − on the avifauna of the Carpathian Basin. Recent issues are bilingual, coming in English and in...
(two volumes) - Bird Notes. (Volume 4).
- *Bulletin of the Liverpool Museum, vol. II.
- Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum
- The Emu. (three volumes, 1907--1910)
- The Ibis, [1869--1909]
- Journal fur Ornithologie [1895]
- Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (two volumes)*
- Journal of the Linnean Society (one volume)*
- Mittheilungen aus dem K[oniglichen] Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden. Heft III, 1878.
- Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelles.
- Novitates Zoologicae [1894--1909, 1911]
- Proceedings and Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, vol. VI.*
- Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
- Quarterly Magazine of the High Wycombe Natural History Society. (one volume)
- Stray Feathers; Volume X, 1887.
- Transactions of the Linnean Society (three volumes)
- Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
- Anderson, John. Anatomical and zoological researches: comprising an account of the zoological results of the two expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875 and a monograph of the two cetacean genera, Platanista and Orcella. 1878 (Aves, Mammalia)
- Blanford, William ThomasWilliam Thomas BlanfordWilliam Thomas Blanford was an English geologist and naturalist. He is best remembered as the editor of a major series on The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma.-Biography:Blanford was born in London...
. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, made during the progress of the British Expedition to that country in 1867--68. 1870. - Blanford, William ThomasWilliam Thomas BlanfordWilliam Thomas Blanford was an English geologist and naturalist. He is best remembered as the editor of a major series on The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma.-Biography:Blanford was born in London...
. Eastern Persia: An Account of the Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870--71--72. Vol. II; The Zoology and Geology. Volume II (1876). - Blanford, William ThomasWilliam Thomas BlanfordWilliam Thomas Blanford was an English geologist and naturalist. He is best remembered as the editor of a major series on The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma.-Biography:Blanford was born in London...
, and Sharpe, R(ichard) B(owdler)Richard Bowdler SharpeRichard Bowdler Sharpe was an English zoologist.-Biography:Sharpe was born in London and studied at Brighton College, The King's School, Peterborough and Loughborough Grammar School. At the age of sixteen he went to work for Smith & Sons in London...
, Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission. (Mammalia, 1879; Aves, 1891). - Barboza du Bocage, J(ose) V(icente). Ornithologie d'Angola. 2 volumes, 1877--1881.
- Buller, Walter Lawry. History of the birds of New Zealand. 1873 (premier edition).
- Buller, Walter Lawry. History of the birds of New Zealand: Second Edition Supplement. 1905--1906
- Crawshay, Richard. The Birds of Tierra del Fuego. 1907.
- Dixon, CharlesCharles Dixon (ornithologist)Charles Dixon was an English ornithologist, born in London. He discovered the St Kilda Wren and a new species in North Africa. He collaborated with Henry Seebohm on his great work on British Birds, in the second volume of which he summarized and modified A. R. Wallace's theory of the relation...
. Our Rarer Birds. 1888. - Dresser, Henry EelesHenry Eeles DresserHenry Eeles Dresser was an English businessman and ornithologist.Henry Dresser was born in Thirsk where his father was the manager of the bank which had been set up by his grandfather...
. History of the Birds of Europe. 1871—1881. 8v. - Dresser, Henry EelesHenry Eeles DresserHenry Eeles Dresser was an English businessman and ornithologist.Henry Dresser was born in Thirsk where his father was the manager of the bank which had been set up by his grandfather...
. History of the Birds of Europe: Supplement (1895—1896). - Dresser, Henry EelesHenry Eeles DresserHenry Eeles Dresser was an English businessman and ornithologist.Henry Dresser was born in Thirsk where his father was the manager of the bank which had been set up by his grandfather...
. Monograph of the Coraciidae. - Dresser, Henry EelesHenry Eeles DresserHenry Eeles Dresser was an English businessman and ornithologist.Henry Dresser was born in Thirsk where his father was the manager of the bank which had been set up by his grandfather...
. Monograph of the Meropidae. - Elliot, Daniel GiraudDaniel Giraud ElliotDaniel Giraud Elliot was an American zoologist.Elliot was one of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the American Ornithologists' Union. He was also curator of zoology at the Field Museum in Chicago.Elliot used his wealth to publish a series of sumptuous...
. Monograph of the Bucerotidae. - Elliot, Daniel GiraudDaniel Giraud ElliotDaniel Giraud Elliot was an American zoologist.Elliot was one of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the American Ornithologists' Union. He was also curator of zoology at the Field Museum in Chicago.Elliot used his wealth to publish a series of sumptuous...
. Monograph of the Phasianidae. - Elliot, Daniel GiraudDaniel Giraud ElliotDaniel Giraud Elliot was an American zoologist.Elliot was one of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the American Ornithologists' Union. He was also curator of zoology at the Field Museum in Chicago.Elliot used his wealth to publish a series of sumptuous...
. Monograph of the Pittidae. - Godman, Frederick Du CaneFrederick DuCane GodmanFrederick DuCane Godman D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., M.R.I., F.R.H.S., M.B.O.U. was an English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist....
. Monograph of the Petrels. 5 fascicles, 1907—1910. - Godman, Frederick Du CaneFrederick DuCane GodmanFrederick DuCane Godman D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., M.R.I., F.R.H.S., M.B.O.U. was an English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist....
. Biologia Central-Americana. (Aves, Mammalia). - Guillemard, Cruise of the Marchesa, 2v. 1 plate in each.
- Harvie-Brown, J. A. A Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherland.
- Henderson, George, and Hume, Allan O(ctavian)Allan Octavian HumeAllan Octavian Hume was a civil servant, political reformer and amateur ornithologist in British India. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, a political party that was later to lead the Indian independence movement...
. Lahore to Yarkand. Incidents of the route and Natural History of the countries traversed by the expedition of 1870, under T. D. Forsyth, Esq., C.B. 1873. - James, Frank LinslyFrank Linsly JamesFrank Linsly James was an English explorer.James explored in Sudan, Somalia, India and Mexico. He wrote Wild Tribes of the Sudan and The Unknown Horn of Africa...
. The Unknown Horn of Africa. 1888. - Keulemans, John Gerrard. Onze Vogels in huis en tuin.
- Keulemans, John Gerrard. Natural History of the Cage-Birds. 1871.
- Koslow, Piotr Kuz'mich, and Bianchi V(alentin). Mongoliia i Kam : trudy Ekspeditsii Imperatorskago Russkago geograficheskago obshchestva, sovershennoi v. Volume V, 1907.
- Layard, Edgar LeopoldEdgar Leopold LayardEdgar Leopold Layard CMG, FZS, MBOU was a British naturalist mainly interested in ornithology. Born in Florence, Italy, to a family of Huguenot descent, he was the sixth son of Henry Peter John Layard of the Ceylon Civil Service with his wife Marianne,...
. Birds of South Africa, revised edn. - Legge, W(illiam) V(incent)William Vincent LeggeColonel William Vincent Legge was an Australian ornithologist.-Biography:Legge was born at Cullenswood, Tasmania . He was educated mainly in Britain, also in France and Germany, and became a proficient linguist. He was also educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich...
, History of the birds of Ceylon. 1880. - Macpherson, H. A. Birds of Cumberland.
- Marshall, C(harles) H(enry) T(illson), and Marshall, G(eorge) F(rederick) L(eycester). Monograph of the Capitonidae. 1870--1871.
- Mathews, Gregory M(acalister)Gregory MathewsGregory Macalister Mathews CBE was an Australian amateur ornithologist.Mathews made his fortune in mining shares, and moved to England around 1900....
. Birds of Australia (vols. 1—4). - Melliss, John CharlesJohn Charles Melliss-Details:He was born on the island of St Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. His father, Lieutenant G.W. Melliss, was an officer of the St Helena Artillery. After training as an engineer, and serving as an officer in the Royal Engineers, he was appointed as government surveyor in St Helena from...
. St. Helena: A Physical, Historical, and Topographical Description of the Island, Including Its Geology, Fauna, Flora, and Meteorology. 1875. - Milne-Edwards, AlphonseAlphonse Milne-EdwardsAlphonse Milne-Edwards was a French mammalologist, ornithologist and carcinologist. He was English in origin, the son of Henri Milne-Edwards and grandson of Bryan Edwards, a Jamaican planter who settled at Bruges .Milne-Edwards obtained a medical degree in 1859 and became assistant to his father...
. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn; Mammiferes. 1891. - Mitchell, F(rederick) S(haw). The Birds of Lancashire. 1885 (premier edn.)
- Mivart, George St. Jackson. Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes. 1890.
- Mivart, George St. Jackson. Monograph of the Lories. 1893.
- Oates, C. G. Matabele land and the Victoria Falls : a naturalist's wanderings in the interior of South Africa. 1881 (premier edition).
- Oustalet, Emile. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn; Aves. 1891.
- Pidsley, William E(lias) H(elman). The Birds of Devonshire. 1891.
- Rothschild, Lionel. Avifauna of Laysan. 1893.
- Rowley, George Dawson. Ornithological Miscellany. 1876--1878, three volumes.
- Sclater, Philip Lutley. Monograph of the Jacamars and Puff-birds. 1881.
- Sclater, Philip Lutley, and Hudson, Henry. Argentine Ornithology. 1888--1889, two volumes.
- Seebohm, HenryHenry SeebohmHenry Seebohm was an English steel manufacturer, and amateur ornithologist, oologist and traveller.Seebohm was born in Bradford. His interest in natural history led him to travel widely, in Greece, Scandinavia, Turkey, and South Africa...
. Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriidae. 1888. - Seebohm, HenryHenry SeebohmHenry Seebohm was an English steel manufacturer, and amateur ornithologist, oologist and traveller.Seebohm was born in Bradford. His interest in natural history led him to travel widely, in Greece, Scandinavia, Turkey, and South Africa...
, and Sharpe, R. B.Richard Bowdler SharpeRichard Bowdler Sharpe was an English zoologist.-Biography:Sharpe was born in London and studied at Brighton College, The King's School, Peterborough and Loughborough Grammar School. At the age of sixteen he went to work for Smith & Sons in London...
Monograph of the Turdidae. 2vols. - Sharpe, Richard BowdlerRichard Bowdler SharpeRichard Bowdler Sharpe was an English zoologist.-Biography:Sharpe was born in London and studied at Brighton College, The King's School, Peterborough and Loughborough Grammar School. At the age of sixteen he went to work for Smith & Sons in London...
. Monograph of the Alcedinidae. 1868—1871. - Sharpe, Richard BowdlerRichard Bowdler SharpeRichard Bowdler Sharpe was an English zoologist.-Biography:Sharpe was born in London and studied at Brighton College, The King's School, Peterborough and Loughborough Grammar School. At the age of sixteen he went to work for Smith & Sons in London...
. Monograph of the Paradiseidae. 1891--1898. - Shelley, George ErnestGeorge Ernest ShelleyCaptain George Ernest Shelley was an English geologist and ornithologist. He was a nephew of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley....
. Handbook of the Birds of Egypt. 1872. - Shelley, George ErnestGeorge Ernest ShelleyCaptain George Ernest Shelley was an English geologist and ornithologist. He was a nephew of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley....
. Monograph of the Nectariniidae. (originally titled, Monograph of the Cinnyridae). - Snelleman, Joh. F. (ed.). Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Fauna van Midden-Sumatra. (Deel IV/I {Fauna} in Veth, P. J., ed.: Midden-Sumatra. Reizen en onderzoekingen der Sumatra-Expeditie, mitgerust door het (Aardrijkskundig) Gennotschap, 1877—1879, beschreven door de leden der Expeditie, onder tiezicht van Prof. P. J. Veth.) 1887.
- Suchetet, Andre. Historie du Bimaculated Duck de Pennant. 1895.
- Tweeddale, Marquess of [(Hay, Arthur, formerly Viscount Walden)Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of TweeddaleColonel Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale , known before 1862 as Lord Arthur Hay and between 1862 and 1876 as Viscount Walden, was a Scottish soldier and ornithologist. He was born at Yester, Gifford, East Lothian. He served as a soldier in India and the Crimea. He succeeded his father to the...
]. The Ornithological Works of Arthur, Ninth Marquess of Tweeddale. 1881.* - Woodward, R. B., and Woodward, J. D. S. Natal Birds. 1899.
Further reading
- Keulemans, J. G. A Natural History of Cage Birds. London: John van Voorst, 1871.
- Keulemans, Tony, and Jan Coldewey. Feathers to Brush: The Victorian Bird Artist, John Gerrard Keulemans, 1842-1912. Epse, The Netherlands: C.J. Coldewey; Melbourne: T. Keulemans, 1982. ISBN 0959394303
- Keulemans, Tony. Beyond the Grave: A Short Sequel to Feathers to Brush. Sydney, 2005.
- Keulemans, Tony. Errata on Feathers to Brush. Sydney, 2010.