John Kells Ingram
Encyclopedia
John Kells Ingram was an economist, Irish patriot and poet.
His intellectual energy shone in the fields of archaeology, the classics, economics, etymology, law, literature, mathematics. medieval manuscripts, poetry, religious speculation and Shakespearean criticism.
, County Donegal
and grew up in this small village in the northernmost county of Ireland, in a quiet rural area at the beginning of the 19th century.
Lieutenant Robert Boteler in 1834 wrote that "remarkable events of no kind are recorded as having taken place in this parish."
His ancestry was Scottish Presbyterian, but his grandparents had converted to Anglicanism.
His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a linen-mill and had a business as a linen-bleacher in Glennane (Lisdrumhure). He was active in the Volunteer Movement
and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as (Lisdrumhure Volunteers) or (Mountnorris Volunteers).
His father, Rev. William Ingram, a scholar at Trinity College Dublin, rector of the Church of Ireland
and curate of Templecarne Parish (Diocese of Clogher
), married Elizabeth Cooke in 1817.
At the age of six years (1829) his father died. His mother then moved with the family to Newry
, in order to guarantee the best possible education for her five children. Ingram first went to Mr. Lyons School in Newry
from 1829 to 1837.
The family lived at 35 Hill Street, Newry.
1840, at the age of sixteen he published sonnets in the Dublin University Magazine
.
(TDC), the most prestigious academic institution in Ireland in the 19th century.
He had a distinguished career there, spanning over fifty-five years, as a student, fellow and professor, successively of Oratory
, English Literature
, Jurisprudence
and Greek
(pupil of Dr. George Ferdinand Shaw
, LL.D, FTCD
), subsequently becoming the College Librarian
and ultimately its Vice Provost
.
His career at Trinity College:
Furthermore Ingram was :
led by the United Irishmen.
On this evening, he was in company of his like-minded friends John O'Regan, Thomas O'Regan and George Ferdinand Shaw
, all fellow Protestant students at TCD. They spent the evening arguing Irish politics and history. It was the night after a conversation about the 1798 Rebellion when briefly Catholics and Protestants (mainly Presbyterians and Methodists) united to try and overturn the Protestant Ascendancy
, in Ireland from which all of them were excluded. They were stirred by the lack of regard shown for the Irish rebels of ‘98’ by the contemporary nationalist movement, led by Daniel O’Connell.
The poem was published anonymously on the 1st April 1843 in Thomas Davis’s The Nation Newspaper
, though in fact his authorship was an open secret in Dublin. The Nation was the publication of the radical and bourgeois-radical wing of Ó Conaill’s movement for “repeal” of the Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Despite this poem Ingram showed no nationalist sympathies at any time, maintaining that Ireland was not ready for self-government. “ 'The Memory of the Dead' was my only contribution to the 'Nation' ", commented Ingram later. Nevertheless, before he died, Ingram made a manuscript copy of Ninety Eight, proclaiming that he would always defend brave men who opposed tyranny.
It was set to music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeSW-bKMuu8 for voice and piano in 1845 by John Edward Pigot
, before that it was sung to the melody of Auld Lang Syne
.
Ingram’s ballad was translated into Latin by Robert Yelverton Tyrrell
and into Irish by Dr. Douglas Hyde
. The song became a popular Irish nationalist anthem. It is one of the best-known of Irish Republican songs and often played by the piper at Republican funerals.
He achieved early popularity as a poet with this poem and this work became the greatest source of Ingram’s renown among his countrymen and this patriotic coming-out was of course not detrimental to his academic career.
and visited him 1855 in Paris.
, by the Rev J. Hamilton, assisted by Rev. M. Moriarty, Margaret Johnston Clark (or Madeline Johnston Clark), second daughter of James Johnston Clark
Esq., J.P.
, D.L.
, of Largantogher, county Londonderry and Frances Hall.”
His children:
According to his biographer Sean D. Barrett
:
"Between 1882 and 1888 he wrote the entries in the Encyclopedia Britannica on Pierre Leroux
, Cliffe Leslie
, John Ramsay McCulloch
, Georg Ludwig von Maurer
, William Petty
, Francois Quesnay
, Karl Rau
, David Ricardo
, Jean Baptiste Say, Adam Smith
, Jacques Turgot, and Arthur Young.
and economics
In his 1888 History of Political Economy he used the term "economic man" (Homo oeconomicus
) as a critical description of the human being as conceived by economic theory, and he may have coined the term.
.
He also wrote on labour and trade issues, and connects these two issues to the issue of slavery, including domestic slavery in Europe from ancient times onward.
, who meant that:
This book was extremely successful, being translated into eleven languages and serving as a textbook till the 1920s.
.
His portrait was painted by Sarah Purser
http://www.pettigo.com/Article_Details.aspx?article_id=14&tscategory_id=30
(Another portrait of JKI: http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2008/07/01/memory-dead)
Academic contributions
Ingram was remarkable for his versatility.His intellectual energy shone in the fields of archaeology, the classics, economics, etymology, law, literature, mathematics. medieval manuscripts, poetry, religious speculation and Shakespearean criticism.
- Economics
- He was not a trained economist per se, but rather a sociologist and his early economic writings dealt mainly with the Poor LawPoor LawThe English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief which existed in England and Wales that developed out of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws before being codified in 1587–98...
. - He was a spokesman for historical economics in Britain. Ingram influenced and was respected by many contemporary social and economic thinkers at that time in Great Britain; America und Europe. His attack on classical economics encompassed its methodology and its conclusions.
- He played an important role in the English MethodenstreitMethodenstreitMethodenstreit is a German term referring to an intellectual controversy or debate over epistemology, research methodology, or the way in which academic inquiry is framed or pursued...
(Battle of methods), (closely associated with the WerturteilsstreitWerturteilsstreitThe Werturteilsstreit describes a Methodenstreit, a quarrel in German sociology and economics around the question, whether or not the social sciences is a normative obligatory statement in politics and its measures applied in political actions, and whether or not their measures can be justified...
). It was a methodological debate between orthodox and historical economists, that took place 1865-1914, by articulating a Comtean variant of historists conceptual framework that earlier had been made popular by Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe Leslie , Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for debunking the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. A critic of Ricardian orthodoxy, he said that it had...
.
(Methodenstreit and Werturteilsstreit meant that social science should be value-free. In Germany, Gustav von SchmollerGustav von SchmollerGustav von Schmoller was the leader of the "younger" German historical school of economics.-Life:Schmoller was born in Heilbronn. His father was a Württemberg civil servant. Young Schmoller studied Staatswissenschaften at the University of Tübingen...
recognized explicitly the importance of responding to policy questions with the foundation of the Verein für SozialpolitikVerein für SocialpolitikThe Verein für Socialpolitik is an important society of economists in the German-speaking area. The Society, which covers all branches of economics was founded in 1873. Among its members were eminent economists like Gustav von Schmoller and Adolph Wagner.It annually awards the Gossen Prize to...
in 1872. (Social Policy Association in Great Britain in 1878).
- He was not a trained economist per se, but rather a sociologist and his early economic writings dealt mainly with the Poor Law
- Literature
- He wrote extensively on Shakespearean syntax.
- He did much useful work in advancing the science of classical etymology, notably in his Greek and Latin Etymology in England.
- He also wrote the entries on sumptuary laws and slaverySlaverySlavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
. - Furthermore he wrote effusive poems and some Gothic fictionGothic fictionGothic fiction, sometimes referred to as Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Gothicism's origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled "A Gothic Story"...
short storiesShort StoriesShort Stories may refer to:*A plural for Short story*Short Stories , an American pulp magazine published from 1890-1959*Short Stories, a 1954 collection by O. E...
, like The pirate's revenge ... or Amelia Somers ....
- Archaeology
- Ingram wrote papers on Mexican antiques.
- Mathematics
- He contributed many important papers to mathematical societies on differential calculusDifferential calculusIn mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus....
and geometrical analysisGeometric analysisGeometric analysis is a mathematical discipline at the interface of differential geometry and differential equations. It includes both the use of geometrical methods in the study of partial differential equations , and the application of the theory of partial differential equations to geometry...
.
- He contributed many important papers to mathematical societies on differential calculus
Political views
- First he was an advocate of Home RuleIrish Home Rule MovementThe Irish Home Rule Movement articulated a longstanding Irish desire for the repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 by a demand for self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The movement drew upon a legacy of patriotic thought that dated back at least to the late 17th...
for Ireland, though within the context of a more general devolution within the United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
.
Then he did not any longer support the movement, when William Ewart GladstoneWilliam Ewart GladstoneWilliam Ewart Gladstone FRS FSS was a British Liberal statesman. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times , more than any other person. Gladstone was also Britain's oldest Prime Minister, 84 years old when he resigned for the last time...
’s Liberal PartyLiberal Party (UK)The Liberal Party was one of the two major political parties of the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a third party of negligible importance throughout the latter half of the 20th Century, before merging with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the present day...
took over Home Rule as its policy for Ireland with the First Irish Home Rule Bill in 1886. The Home Rule LeagueHome Rule LeagueThe Home Rule League, sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was a political party which campaigned for home rule for the country of Ireland from 1873 to 1882, when it was replaced by the Irish Parliamentary Party.-Origins:...
had been already reorganised and renamed to Irish Parliamentary PartyIrish Parliamentary PartyThe Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament elected to the House of Commons at...
(IPP) in 1882.
Philosophical views
- He was a firm adherent of Auguste ComteAuguste ComteIsidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
. - He was also a PositivistPositivismPositivism is a a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information....
, also a Comtean idea. - Ingram was very much influenced by the German Historical SchoolGerman Historical SchoolThe German Historical School of Law is a 19th century intellectual movement in the study of German law. With Romanticism as its background, it emphasized the historical limitations of the law...
and, as such, an opponent of the materialismMaterialismIn philosophy, the theory of materialism holds that the only thing that exists is matter; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions. In other words, matter is the only substance...
, ideologyIdeologyAn ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things , as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies , or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to...
, and scientismScientismScientism refers to a belief in the universal applicability of the systematic methods and approach of science, especially the view that empirical science constitutes the most authoritative worldview or most valuable part of human learning to the exclusion of other viewpoints...
- the view that natural science has authority over all other interpretations of life and over other fields of inquiry, including the social sciences.
The leading members of the English historical school of economicsEnglish historical school of economicsThe English historical school of economics, although not nearly as famous as its German counterpart, sought a return of inductive methods in economics, following the triumph of the deductive approach of David Ricardo in the early 19th century...
were William Ashley, Walter BagehotWalter BagehotWalter Bagehot was an English businessman, essayist, and journalist who wrote extensively about literature, government, and economic affairs.-Early years:...
, William Cunningham, William HewinsWilliam HewinsWilliam Alfred Samuel Hewins was a British economist and Conservative politician.Hewins was the son of Samuel Hewins, an iron merchant, and was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School and Pembroke College, Oxford. He graduated with a degree in mathematics and later worked as a university...
, John Kells Ingram, Richard JonesRichard Jones (economist)Richard Jones was an English economist who criticised the theoretical views of David Ricardo and T. R. Malthus on economic rent and population....
, Thomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe Leslie , Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for debunking the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. A critic of Ricardian orthodoxy, he said that it had...
, Langford Lovell PriceLangford Lovell PriceLangford Lovell Price was an English economist, born in London. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1888 became fellow and treasurer of Oriel, and was Newmarch lecturer in statistics at University College, London in 1895-96...
, Thorold Rogers, Arnold ToynbeeArnold ToynbeeArnold Toynbee was a British economic historian also noted for his social commitment and desire to improve the living conditions of the working classes.-Biography:...
and William WhewellWilliam WhewellWilliam Whewell was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.-Life and career:Whewell was born in Lancaster...
.
Social engagement
- He spoke up for the access of female students to Trinity College.
- In his function as college librarian, he first opened Trinity College Library so that people in general could see the great Irish literary treasures such as the Book of KellsBook of KellsThe Book of Kells is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created by Celtic monks ca. 800 or slightly earlier...
.
Life circumstances
- Ingram was born of ScottishScotlandScotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
Presbyterian stock. The ideals of the French RevolutionFrench RevolutionThe French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
and the American War of Independence had a formative influence on the Irish Presbyterians at this time. - The aspiration of Ireland to independence of Great Britain also played an extremely important role in his life. Ingram's position in this strained relationship between UnionistsUnionism in IrelandUnionism in Ireland is an ideology that favours the continuation of some form of political union between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain...
and NationalistsIrish nationalismIrish nationalism manifests itself in political and social movements and in sentiment inspired by a love for Irish culture, language and history, and as a sense of pride in Ireland and in the Irish people...
was not quite clear. - In his lifetime fell a potato disease known as Late blight or Potato blight (Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestans is an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease known as late blight or potato blight. . Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish and 1846 Highland potato famines...
), which led to the Great Famine in Ireland (1845–1849), - and that changed Irish politics radically, killing hundreds of thousands by starvation and driving out vast numbers of famine-refugees.
1823 - The early years
Ingram was born on July 7, 1823 at the Rectory of Templecarne (Aghnahoo), south of PettigoPettigo
Pettigo is a small village on the border of County Donegal, Republic of Ireland and County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is bisected by the Termon River which is part of the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland...
, County Donegal
County Donegal
County Donegal is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is also located in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Donegal. Donegal County Council is the local authority for the county...
and grew up in this small village in the northernmost county of Ireland, in a quiet rural area at the beginning of the 19th century.
Lieutenant Robert Boteler in 1834 wrote that "remarkable events of no kind are recorded as having taken place in this parish."
His ancestry was Scottish Presbyterian, but his grandparents had converted to Anglicanism.
His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a linen-mill and had a business as a linen-bleacher in Glennane (Lisdrumhure). He was active in the Volunteer Movement
Irish Volunteers (18th century)
The Irish Volunteers were a militia in late 18th century Ireland. The Volunteers were founded in Belfast in 1778 to defend Ireland from the threat of foreign invasion when regular British soldiers were withdrawn from Ireland to fight across the globe during the American War of Independence...
and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as (Lisdrumhure Volunteers) or (Mountnorris Volunteers).
His father, Rev. William Ingram, a scholar at Trinity College Dublin, rector of the Church of Ireland
Church of Ireland
The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. The church operates in all parts of Ireland and is the second largest religious body on the island after the Roman Catholic Church...
and curate of Templecarne Parish (Diocese of Clogher
Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)
The Diocese of Clogher is a diocese of the Church of Ireland in the north of Ireland. It is in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh. It covers a rural area on the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland including much of south west Ulster, taking in most of counties Fermanagh...
), married Elizabeth Cooke in 1817.
At the age of six years (1829) his father died. His mother then moved with the family to Newry
Newry
Newry is a city in Northern Ireland. The River Clanrye, which runs through the city, formed the historic border between County Armagh and County Down. It is from Belfast and from Dublin. Newry had a population of 27,433 at the 2001 Census, while Newry and Mourne Council Area had a population...
, in order to guarantee the best possible education for her five children. Ingram first went to Mr. Lyons School in Newry
Newry
Newry is a city in Northern Ireland. The River Clanrye, which runs through the city, formed the historic border between County Armagh and County Down. It is from Belfast and from Dublin. Newry had a population of 27,433 at the 2001 Census, while Newry and Mourne Council Area had a population...
from 1829 to 1837.
The family lived at 35 Hill Street, Newry.
1840, at the age of sixteen he published sonnets in the Dublin University Magazine
Dublin University Magazine
The Dublin University Magazine was an independent literary cultural and political magazine published in Dublin from 1833 to 1882. It started out as a magazine of political commentary but increasingly became devoted to literature.-Early days:...
.
1837 - His career at TCD
At the age of 14, on October 13, 1837, he matriculated at Trinity College, DublinTrinity College, Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin , formally known as the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, was founded in 1592 by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I as the "mother of a university", Extracts from Letters Patent of Elizabeth I, 1592: "...we...found and...
(TDC), the most prestigious academic institution in Ireland in the 19th century.
He had a distinguished career there, spanning over fifty-five years, as a student, fellow and professor, successively of Oratory
Oratory
Oratory is a type of public speaking.Oratory may also refer to:* Oratory , a power metal band* Oratory , a place of worship* a religious order such as** Oratory of Saint Philip Neri ** Oratory of Jesus...
, English Literature
English literature
English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was Polish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, J....
, Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists , hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions...
and Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
(pupil of Dr. George Ferdinand Shaw
George Ferdinand Shaw
George Ferdinand Shaw was an Irish journalist and Professor of Greek. He served as a Senior Fellow at Trinity College Dublin, the first editor of The Irish Times and an editor on Saunder's News Letter, and wrote for The Nation and Evening Mail.* Regius Professor of Greek* Sizar, Fellow, Junior...
, LL.D, FTCD
Fellow
A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...
), subsequently becoming the College Librarian
Librarian
A librarian is an information professional trained in library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials for those with information needs...
and ultimately its Vice Provost
Provost (education)
A provost is the senior academic administrator at many institutions of higher education in the United States, Canada and Australia, the equivalent of a pro-vice-chancellor at some institutions in the United Kingdom and Ireland....
.
His career at Trinity College:
- 1838 SizarSizarAt Trinity College, Dublin and the University of Cambridge, a sizar is a student who receives some form of assistance such as meals, lower fees or lodging during his or her period of study, in some cases in return for doing a defined job....
ship - 1840 Senior moderatorship in MathematicsMathematicsMathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
- 1842 ScholarshipScholarshipA scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further education. Scholarships are awarded on various criteria usually reflecting the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award.-Types:...
- 1843 B.A.Bachelor of ArtsA Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
degree - 1846 FellowFellowA fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...
(FTCDFellowA fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...
, SFTCD) - 1852 Professor of OratoryOratoryOratory is a type of public speaking.Oratory may also refer to:* Oratory , a power metal band* Oratory , a place of worship* a religious order such as** Oratory of Saint Philip Neri ** Oratory of Jesus...
(1852–1866) - 1855 Professor of English LiteratureEnglish literatureEnglish literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was Polish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, J....
(1852–1866) - 1866 Regius ProfessorRegius ProfessorRegius Professorships are "royal" professorships at the ancient universities of the United Kingdom and Ireland - namely Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Dublin. Each of the chairs was created by a monarch, and each appointment, save those at Dublin, is approved by the...
of Greek (1866–1877) - 1879 College Lecturer (1879–1887)
- 1886 Senior LecturerSenior lecturerSenior lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a faculty position at a university or similar institution. Especially in research-intensive universities, lecturers lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- 1891 D.Litt.
- 1893 LL.D., University of GlasgowUniversity of GlasgowThe University of Glasgow is the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's four ancient universities. Located in Glasgow, the university was founded in 1451 and is presently one of seventeen British higher education institutions ranked amongst the top 100 of the...
- 1893 RegistrarRegistrar (academic)In education outside the United Kingdom, a registrar or registrary is an official in an academic institution who handles student records. Typically, a registrar processes registration requests, schedules classes and maintains class lists, enforces the rules for entering or leaving classes, and...
- 1898 Vice ProvostProvost (education)A provost is the senior academic administrator at many institutions of higher education in the United States, Canada and Australia, the equivalent of a pro-vice-chancellor at some institutions in the United Kingdom and Ireland....
(1898–1899)
Furthermore Ingram was :
- President of the Library Association of Great Britain
- Co-founder of the National Library of IrelandNational Library of IrelandThe National Library of Ireland is Ireland's national library located in Dublin, in a building designed by Thomas Newenham Deane. The Minister for Arts, Sport & Tourism is the member of the Irish Government responsible for the library....
, National Library trustee (1881) - Vice-president of the Library Association of IrelandLibrary Association of IrelandThe Library Association of Ireland is a professional body representing librarians that was founded in 1928.-External links:*...
- Member of the Royal Irish AcademyRoyal Irish AcademyThe Royal Irish Academy , based in Dublin, is an all-Ireland, independent, academic body that promotes study and excellence in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is one of Ireland's premier learned societies and cultural institutions and currently has around 420 Members, elected in...
(MRIA). (Since 1847, secretary for 3 years, vice-president for 8 years, president from 1892 to 1896). - Co-founder of the Dublin Statistical Society (Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland (SSISI)) (1847)
- Honorary member of the American Economic AssociationAmerican Economic AssociationThe American Economic Association, or AEA, is a learned society in the field of economics, headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. It publishes one of the most prestigious academic journals in economics: the American Economic Review...
- Member of the English historical school of economicsEnglish historical school of economicsThe English historical school of economics, although not nearly as famous as its German counterpart, sought a return of inductive methods in economics, following the triumph of the deductive approach of David Ricardo in the early 19th century...
(EHS) - Co-founder of the Hermathena publication (1874)
1843 - "The Memory of the Dead"
On an evening in March 1843, when he was nineteen, Ingram wrote the quickly dashed off poem for which he is best remembered, a political ballad called The Memory of the Dead, (better known as: Who Fears to Speak of ’98’; or Ninety Eight), in honour of the Irish Rebellion of 1798Irish Rebellion of 1798
The Irish Rebellion of 1798 , also known as the United Irishmen Rebellion , was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against British rule in Ireland...
led by the United Irishmen.
On this evening, he was in company of his like-minded friends John O'Regan, Thomas O'Regan and George Ferdinand Shaw
George Ferdinand Shaw
George Ferdinand Shaw was an Irish journalist and Professor of Greek. He served as a Senior Fellow at Trinity College Dublin, the first editor of The Irish Times and an editor on Saunder's News Letter, and wrote for The Nation and Evening Mail.* Regius Professor of Greek* Sizar, Fellow, Junior...
, all fellow Protestant students at TCD. They spent the evening arguing Irish politics and history. It was the night after a conversation about the 1798 Rebellion when briefly Catholics and Protestants (mainly Presbyterians and Methodists) united to try and overturn the Protestant Ascendancy
Protestant Ascendancy
The Protestant Ascendancy, usually known in Ireland simply as the Ascendancy, is a phrase used when referring to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by a minority of great landowners, Protestant clergy, and professionals, all members of the Established Church during the 17th...
, in Ireland from which all of them were excluded. They were stirred by the lack of regard shown for the Irish rebels of ‘98’ by the contemporary nationalist movement, led by Daniel O’Connell.
The poem was published anonymously on the 1st April 1843 in Thomas Davis’s The Nation Newspaper
The Nation (Irish newspaper)
The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly newspaper, published in the 19th century. The Nation was printed first at 12 Trinity Street, Dublin, on 15 October 1842, until 6 January 1844...
, though in fact his authorship was an open secret in Dublin. The Nation was the publication of the radical and bourgeois-radical wing of Ó Conaill’s movement for “repeal” of the Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Despite this poem Ingram showed no nationalist sympathies at any time, maintaining that Ireland was not ready for self-government. “ 'The Memory of the Dead' was my only contribution to the 'Nation' ", commented Ingram later. Nevertheless, before he died, Ingram made a manuscript copy of Ninety Eight, proclaiming that he would always defend brave men who opposed tyranny.
It was set to music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeSW-bKMuu8 for voice and piano in 1845 by John Edward Pigot
John Edward Pigot
John Edward Pigot was an Irish music collector.Pigot was born in Kilworth, Co. Cork and became friendly with Thomas Davis of the Young Ireland movement. They published advertisements in The Nation asking those who had Irish tunes to send them in. This started the Pigot Collection. He studied...
, before that it was sung to the melody of Auld Lang Syne
Auld Lang Syne
"Auld Lang Syne" is a Scots poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to the tune of a traditional folk song . It is well known in many countries, especially in the English-speaking world; its traditional use being to celebrate the start of the New Year at the stroke of midnight...
.
Ingram’s ballad was translated into Latin by Robert Yelverton Tyrrell
Robert Yelverton Tyrrell
Robert Yelverton Tyrrell was an Irish classical scholar who was Regius Professor of Greek at Trinity College, Dublin.-Biography:...
and into Irish by Dr. Douglas Hyde
Douglas Hyde
Douglas Hyde , known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn , was an Irish scholar of the Irish language who served as the first President of Ireland from 1938 to 1945...
. The song became a popular Irish nationalist anthem. It is one of the best-known of Irish Republican songs and often played by the piper at Republican funerals.
He achieved early popularity as a poet with this poem and this work became the greatest source of Ingram’s renown among his countrymen and this patriotic coming-out was of course not detrimental to his academic career.
1846
He published Amelia Somers, the orphan, or, The buried alive1855 - Ingram and Auguste Comte
Ingram was an adherent of Auguste ComteAuguste Comte
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
and visited him 1855 in Paris.
1862 - His family life
“John Kells Ingram Esq., LL.D., eldest son of the late Rev. William Ingram, married at 23 July 1862 at Maghera Church, county LondonderryCounty Londonderry
The place name Derry is an anglicisation of the old Irish Daire meaning oak-grove or oak-wood. As with the city, its name is subject to the Derry/Londonderry name dispute, with the form Derry preferred by nationalists and Londonderry preferred by unionists...
, by the Rev J. Hamilton, assisted by Rev. M. Moriarty, Margaret Johnston Clark (or Madeline Johnston Clark), second daughter of James Johnston Clark
James Johnston Clark
James Johnston Clark was a Unionist politician in Ireland.Clark lived in Largantogher House, Maghera, County Londonderry and was a Unionist Member of Parliament for County Londonderry from 9 March 1857 until 1859. He was a member of the Carlton Club, London.His son, Sir William Ovens Clark, was...
Esq., J.P.
Justice of the Peace
A justice of the peace is a puisne judicial officer elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. Depending on the jurisdiction, they might dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions...
, D.L.
Doctor of Letters
Doctor of Letters is a university academic degree, often a higher doctorate which is frequently awarded as an honorary degree in recognition of outstanding scholarship or other merits.-Commonwealth:...
, of Largantogher, county Londonderry and Frances Hall.”
His children:
- Francis Ernest Ingram (son, died 1866)
- Florence Beatrice Ingram (daughter, died 1918)
- John Kells Ingram junior (son, died in Southafrica)
- Madeline Townley Balfour (daughter, died 1955)
- Thomas Dunbar Ingram (son, died in Southafrica at the age of twenty-five, after a distinguished career in Trinity College, Dublin)
1863
In 1863, Ingram delivered a talk on Shakespeare in Dublin, as part of a series of Afternoon Lectures on English Literature1878
In 1878 he wrote a significant presidential address to the economics and statistics section of the British Association for Advancement of Science.1882 - Encyclopedia Britannica
Ingram was one of the scholars selected to write entries for two of the most famous editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica, namely the "scholars" of the ninth edition and the eleventh edition.According to his biographer Sean D. Barrett
Sean D. Barrett
Sean D. Barrett is a Senior Lecturer in Trinity College, Dublin's Economics Department and was a successful candidate in the 2011 Seanad Éireann elections for the University of Dublin constituency.Barrett is a Senior Lecturer in the Economics Department of Trinity College and has enjoyed a...
:
"Between 1882 and 1888 he wrote the entries in the Encyclopedia Britannica on Pierre Leroux
Pierre Leroux
Pierre Henri Leroux , French philosopher and political economist, was born at Bercy, now a part of Paris, the son of an artisan.- Life :...
, Cliffe Leslie
Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie
Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie , Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for debunking the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. A critic of Ricardian orthodoxy, he said that it had...
, John Ramsay McCulloch
John Ramsay McCulloch
John Ramsey McCulloch , a Scottish economist, author and editor, is widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823. He was appointed the first professor of political economy at University College London in 1828...
, Georg Ludwig von Maurer
Georg Ludwig von Maurer
Georg Ludwig Maurer, since 1831 Georg Ludwig von Maurer was a German statesman and legal historian.-Biography:Maurer was born at Erpolzheim, near Dürkheim as the son of a Protestant pastor....
, William Petty
William Petty
Sir William Petty FRS was an English economist, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers...
, Francois Quesnay
François Quesnay
François Quesnay was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. He is known for publishing the "Tableau économique" in 1758, which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats...
, Karl Rau
Karl Heinrich Rau
Karl Heinrich Rau was a German political economist.-Early career:Rau was born at Erlangen, Bavaria. He studied from 1808 to 1812 at the University of Erlangen, where he afterwards remained as a Privatdozent...
, David Ricardo
David Ricardo
David Ricardo was an English political economist, often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill. He was also a member of Parliament, businessman, financier and speculator,...
, Jean Baptiste Say, Adam Smith
Adam Smith
Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
, Jacques Turgot, and Arthur Young.
1888
In his later career he became interested in the nascent disciplines of sociologySociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
and economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
In his 1888 History of Political Economy he used the term "economic man" (Homo oeconomicus
Homo Oeconomicus
Homo Oeconomicus is an interdisciplinary peer reviewed academic journal publishing studies in classical and neoclassical economics, public choice and social choice theory, law and economics, and philosophy of economics....
) as a critical description of the human being as conceived by economic theory, and he may have coined the term.
1891
From 1891 to 1896 Ingram wrote entries in Palgrave's Dictionary of EconomicsThe New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition, is an eight-volume reference work, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. It contains 5.8 million words and spans 7,680 pages with 1,872 articles. Included are 1057 new articles and, from earlier, 80 essays that are designated as...
.
He also wrote on labour and trade issues, and connects these two issues to the issue of slavery, including domestic slavery in Europe from ancient times onward.
1895 - A History of Slavery and Serfdom
His book, A History of Slavery and Serfdom was based on his entry on slavery which began with the view of French political economist and journalist Charles DunoyerCharles Dunoyer
Barthélemy-Charles-Pierre-Joseph Dunoyer de Segonzac was a French liberal economist....
, who meant that:
- "... the economic regime of every society which has recently become sedentary is founded on the slavery of the industrial professions."
This book was extremely successful, being translated into eleven languages and serving as a textbook till the 1920s.
Death
Ingram died 1907 in his house, 38 Upper Mount Street, Dublin, where he lived since 1884 and is buried in Mount Jerome CemeteryMount Jerome Cemetery
Mount Jerome Cemetery is situated in Harold's Cross on the south side of Dublin, Ireland. Since its foundation in 1836, it has witnessed over 300,000 burials...
.
His portrait was painted by Sarah Purser
Sarah Purser
-Early life:She was born in Kingstown in County Dublin, and raised in Dungarvan, County Waterford. She was educated in Switzerland and afterwards studied at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin and in Paris at the Académie Julian.-Artist:...
http://www.pettigo.com/Article_Details.aspx?article_id=14&tscategory_id=30
(Another portrait of JKI: http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2008/07/01/memory-dead)
Posthumous recognition
- In 1998 the influence of positivismPositivismPositivism is a a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information....
and Auguste ComteAuguste ComteIsidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
is discussed in an economic paper prepared at Trinity College to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of the "Memory of the Dead" which again Ingram authored.
- John Kells Ingram's influence on economics is depicted by Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityThe Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States...
and University of Wisconsin economist Richard Theodore ElyRichard T. ElyRichard Theodore Ely was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention in order to reform what they perceived as the injustices of capitalism, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor...
as follows:- "A more humane and genial spirit has taken the place of the old dryness and hardness which once repelled so many of the best minds from the study of Economics and won for it the name of 'the dismal science'. In particular, the problem of the Proletariat, of the condition and future of the working classes- has taken a powerful hold on the feelings, as well as the intellect, of Society, and is studied in a more earnest and sympathetic spirit than at any former time."
- Donagh MacDonaghDonagh MacDonaghDonagh MacDonagh was an Irish writer, judge, presenter, broadcaster, and playwright.-His private life:He was born in Dublin and was still a young child when his father Thomas MacDonagh, an Irish nationalist and poet, was executed in 1916.Tragedy struck again when his mother died of a heart attack...
, editor of - The Golden Treasury of Irish Verse - (1930) includes this Note (p. 326):- "I have been requested to publish the following note on “The Memory of the Dead”: ‘The poem entitled “The Memory of the Dead” was published in the Nation newspaper in April 1843 when I was in my twentieth year [...] Some persons have believed, or affected to believe, that I am asharned of having written it, and would gladly, if I could, disown its authorship. Those who know me do not need to told that this idea is without foundation. I think the Irish race should be grateful to men who, in evil times, however mistaken may have been their policy, gave their lives for their country. But I have no sympathy with those who preach sedition in our own day, when all the circumstances are radically altered. In my opinion no real popular interest can now be furthered by violence.’ John K. Ingram. Dublin, 1900."
Important people in his world of ideas
- Adam SmithAdam SmithAdam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
(1723–1790), the "Father of Economics" - Auguste ComteAuguste ComteIsidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
(1798–1857), Ingram was a firm adherent of him - David RicardoDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo was an English political economist, often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill. He was also a member of Parliament, businessman, financier and speculator,...
(1772–1823), an ideological opponent - John Elliott CairnesJohn Elliott CairnesJohn Elliott Cairnes was an Irish economist. He is often described as the "last of the classical economists".-Biography:...
(1823–1875), one of the last of the classical economists - François QuesnayFrançois QuesnayFrançois Quesnay was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. He is known for publishing the "Tableau économique" in 1758, which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats...
(1694–1774), a French economist - Jean Claude Marie Vincent de GournayJean Claude Marie Vincent de GournayJean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay was a French economist and intendant of commerce, one of the creators of the laissez faire, laissez passer economic philosophy...
(1712–1759), a French economist - Pierre LerouxPierre LerouxPierre Henri Leroux , French philosopher and political economist, was born at Bercy, now a part of Paris, the son of an artisan.- Life :...
(1797–1871), French philosopher and political economist - Cliffe Leslie (1826–1882), Irish economist
- John Ramsay McCullochJohn Ramsay McCullochJohn Ramsey McCulloch , a Scottish economist, author and editor, is widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823. He was appointed the first professor of political economy at University College London in 1828...
(1789–1864), a Scottish economist, leader of the Ricardian school - Georg Ludwig von MaurerGeorg Ludwig von MaurerGeorg Ludwig Maurer, since 1831 Georg Ludwig von Maurer was a German statesman and legal historian.-Biography:Maurer was born at Erpolzheim, near Dürkheim as the son of a Protestant pastor....
(1790–1872), a German historian - William PettyWilliam PettySir William Petty FRS was an English economist, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers...
(1623–1687), an English economist, scientist and philosopher - Karl RauKarl Heinrich RauKarl Heinrich Rau was a German political economist.-Early career:Rau was born at Erlangen, Bavaria. He studied from 1808 to 1812 at the University of Erlangen, where he afterwards remained as a Privatdozent...
(1792–1870), a German political economist - George Ferdinand ShawGeorge Ferdinand ShawGeorge Ferdinand Shaw was an Irish journalist and Professor of Greek. He served as a Senior Fellow at Trinity College Dublin, the first editor of The Irish Times and an editor on Saunder's News Letter, and wrote for The Nation and Evening Mail.* Regius Professor of Greek* Sizar, Fellow, Junior...
(1821–1899), an Irish journalist and Professor of Greek and Latin - Jacques Turgot (1727–1781), a French economist
- Arthur Young (1741–1820), an English writer on agriculture, economics and social statistics
Poetry and Fiction
- 1840 - Sonnets -, Dublin University Magazine
- 1843 - The Memory of the Dead
- 1845 - The pirate's revenge, or, A tale of Don Pedro and Miss Lois Maynard -, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1845
(3 editions published in 1845 in English and held by 74 libraries worldwide) - 1846 - Amelia Somers, the orphan, or, The buried alive -, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1846
(7 editions published in 1846 in English and held by 94 libraries worldwide) - 1897 - Love and Sorrow, priv., Dublin 1897
- 1900 - Sonnets and Other Poems, Adam & Charles Black, London 1900
Non-fiction books
- 1843 - Geometrical properties of certain surfaces -, Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Vol. I, pp. 57–63, 1843
- 1843 - On chordal envelopes -, Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Vol. I, pp. 156–158, 1843
- 1843 - On the properties of inverse curves and surfaces' -, Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Vol. I, pp. 159–162, 1843
- 1844 - XXVIII. New properties of surfaces of the second degree. To the editors of the Philosophical Magazine and Journal -, Philosophical MagazinePhilosophical MagazineThe Philosophical Magazine is one of the oldest scientific journals published in English. Initiated by Alexander Tilloch in 1798, in 1822 Richard Taylor became joint editor and it has been published continuously by Taylor & Francis ever since; it was the journal of choice for such luminaries as...
Series 3, Volume 25, Issue 165 September 1844, pages 188-192 - 1861 - On the opus majus of Roger Bacon -, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Ser. 1, Vol. VII, pp. 9–15, 1857–61
- 1864 - Considerations on the State of Ireland, Edward Ponsonby, Dublin 1864
- 1874 - Greek and Latin etymology in England -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. I, No. II, pp. 407–440, 1874
- 1863 - Notes on Shakespeare's historical plays -, Trinity College Library, Ms. I. 6. 40
- 1863 - A paper on the chronological order of Shakespeare's plays -, Trinity College Library, Ms. I. 6. 34
- 1863 - Latin etymological notes, by John Kells Ingram -, Dublin: National Library of Ireland, Ms. 253
- 1864 - A comparison between the English and Irish poor laws with respect to the conditions of relief -, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. IV, pp. 43–61, May, 1864
- 1873 - Miscellaneous notes -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 247–250, 1873
- 1875 - Commonplace book of J. K. Ingram, 1880-1. Address by Ingram to the Dublin Shakespearean Society, Dec. 10, 1875 -, Trinity College Library, Mss. I. 6. 36-37
- 1875 - On thama and thamakis in Pindar -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. III, pp. 217–227, 1875
- 1875 - Address at the opening of the twenty-ninth session; the organization of charity and the education of the children of the state -, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. VI, pp. 449–473, December, 1875
- 1876 - Bishop Butler and Mr. Matthew Arnold, a note -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. IV, pp. 505–506, 1876
- 1876 - Greek and Latin etymology in England, No. II. -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. IV, pp. 428–442, 1876
- 1876 - Additional facts and arguments on the boarding-out of pauper children -, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. VI, pp. 503–523, February, 1876
(Later published as: - Additional facts and arguments on the boarding-out of pauper children: being a paper read before the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland on Tuesday, 18th January, Dublin -, Edward Ponsonby, Dublin 1876) - 1876 - Address of the President of Section F of the British Association, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, August 1876
- 1879 - The Present Position and Prospects of Political Economy -, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1879
- 1880 - Work and the workman : being an address to the Trades Union Congress in Dublin, September, 1880 -, Eason & Son, Dublin 1928
- 1881 - Report of Council on Mr. Jephson's suggestions as to Census for 1881 -, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1881
- 1881 - Etymological notes on Liddell and Scott's lexicon -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. IV, No. VII, pp. 105–120, 1881
- 1881 - Work and the workman: an address to the Trades' Union Congress -, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. VIII, pp. 106–123, January, 1881
- 1882 - On Two Collections of Mediaeval Moralized Tales -, Dublin 1882
- 1883 - Notes on Latin lexicography -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol, IV, No, VIII, pp. 310–316, 1882, No. IX, pp. 402–412, 1883
- 1896 - An address delivered before the Royal Irish Academy on February 24th, 1896 -, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 1896
- 1888 - A correction -,Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. VI, No. XIV, pp. 366–367, 1888
- 1888 - On a fragment of an ante-Hieronymian version of the Gospels, in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin. See also Ser.2, Vol. III, Pp. 374-5, 1845-7 -, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Polite Literature and AntiquitiesSer. 2, Vol. II, pp. 22–23, 1879–88
- 1888 - A History of Political Economy Edinburgh, Adam & Charles Black, London 1888; Macmillan, New York 1894; McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, number ingram1888 (on line), Dodo Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-40995-901-5
(55 editions published between 1886 and 2008 in 8 languages and held by 621 libraries worldwide) - 1888 - Essays in Political Economy -
- 1889 - Memoir of the late William Neilson Hancock -, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. IX, pp. 384–393, August, 1889
- 1889 - Memoir of the late William Neilson Hancock, LL.D., Q.C -, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1881 - http://hdl.handle.net/2262/6303
- 1891 - Presidential Address reviewing the affairs of the Academy since its foundation -, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Ser. 3, Vol. II, (Appendix) pp. 107–28, 1891-3
- 1892 - The past and present work of the Royal Irish Academy : an address delivered at the stated meeting of that body, November 30th, 1892 -, Ponsonby & Weldrick, Dublin 1892
- 1893 - Etymological notes on Lewis and Short's Latin dictionary' -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. VIII, No. XIX, pp. 326–343, 1893
- 1893 - English translation of the first three books of Thomas à KempisThomas à KempisThomas à Kempis was a late Medieval Catholic monk and the probable author of The Imitation of Christ, which is one of the best known Christian books on devotion. His name means, "Thomas of Kempen", his home town and in German he is known as Thomas von Kempen...
- De imitatione Christi - by JKI
(16 editions published between 1893 and 1987 in English, held by 331 libraries worldwide) - 1893 - Etymological notes on Lewis and Short's Latin dictionary -
- 1895 - A History of Slavery and Serfdom, Adam & Charles Black, London 1895; Macmillan, New York 1895, (reprinted Lightning Source (2007), ISBN 1-4304-4390-1
(11 editions published between 1895 and 2003 in English and held by 146 libraries worldwide) - 1901 -
(2 editions published in 1901 in English and held by 37 libraries worldwide)- 1900 - Outlines of history of religion, London 1900, General Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0-217-26725-0
(3 editions published in 1900 in English and held by 40 libraries worldwide) - 1904 - Practical Morals. A Treatise on Universal Education, London 1904
(2 editions published in 1904 in English and held by 39 libraries worldwide) - 1905 - The Final Transition. A Sociological Study -, London 1905
Other publications
- Contributions to Encyclopædia Britannica (9th and 11th edition)
- In his entry on slavery in the famed eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica Ingram also cited earlier than many William Edward Burghardt Du Bois' Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States. Du Bois' book is cited as one of the major works on slavery between the eighteenth and early twentieth century in the bibliography of this entry.
- In his entry on slavery in the ninth and eleventh editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Ingram, a follower of Auguste ComteAuguste ComteIsidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
, stated that Auguste Comte and Hume provided the best philosophy of slavery. "The largest and most philosophical views on slavery generally will be found in Hume’s essay "On the populousness of Antient Nations," and in Comte’s Philosophie Positive, volume V., and Politique Positive, volume III". He also stated therein that "For the economic effects, when it is regarded as an organization of labour, reference may be had to Adam SmithAdam SmithAdam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
’s Wealth of Nations, book III, chapter 2, J. S. Mill’s 'Political EconomyPolitical economyPolitical economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process. Political economy originated in moral philosophy...
, book II. Chapter 5. and J. E. Cairnes’ Slave PowerSlave powerThe Slave Power was a term used in the Northern United States to characterize the political power of the slaveholding class of the South....
', chapter 2. (J. K. I.)" - Entry about Pierre LerouxPierre LerouxPierre Henri Leroux , French philosopher and political economist, was born at Bercy, now a part of Paris, the son of an artisan.- Life :...
- Entry about Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe Leslie , Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for debunking the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. A critic of Ricardian orthodoxy, he said that it had...
- Entry about John Ramsay McCullochJohn Ramsay McCullochJohn Ramsey McCulloch , a Scottish economist, author and editor, is widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823. He was appointed the first professor of political economy at University College London in 1828...
- Entry about Georg Ludwig von MaurerGeorg Ludwig von MaurerGeorg Ludwig Maurer, since 1831 Georg Ludwig von Maurer was a German statesman and legal historian.-Biography:Maurer was born at Erpolzheim, near Dürkheim as the son of a Protestant pastor....
- Entry about William PettyWilliam PettySir William Petty FRS was an English economist, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers...
- Entry about Francois QuesnayFrançois QuesnayFrançois Quesnay was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. He is known for publishing the "Tableau économique" in 1758, which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats...
- Entry about Karl RauKarl Heinrich RauKarl Heinrich Rau was a German political economist.-Early career:Rau was born at Erlangen, Bavaria. He studied from 1808 to 1812 at the University of Erlangen, where he afterwards remained as a Privatdozent...
- Entry about David RicardoDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo was an English political economist, often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill. He was also a member of Parliament, businessman, financier and speculator,...
- Entry about Jean Baptiste Say - 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica / Say, Jean Baptiste
- Entry about Adam SmithAdam SmithAdam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
- Entry about Jacques Turgot
- Entry about Arthur Young
- Contributions to Palgrave's Dictionary of EconomicsThe New Palgrave Dictionary of EconomicsThe New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition, is an eight-volume reference work, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. It contains 5.8 million words and spans 7,680 pages with 1,872 articles. Included are 1057 new articles and, from earlier, 80 essays that are designated as...
- Entry about Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe Leslie , Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for debunking the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. A critic of Ricardian orthodoxy, he said that it had...
- Entry about Friedrich ListFriedrich ListGeorg Friedrich List was a leading 19th century German economist who developed the "National System" or what some would call today the National System of Innovation...
- Entry about Karl MarxKarl MarxKarl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...
- Entry about Cliffe Leslie
Correspondence
Correspondents- Richard CongreveRichard CongreveRichard Congreve was one of the leading figures in the specifically religious interpretation of Auguste Comte's form of positivism. In that capacity he founded the London Positivist Society in 1867 and the Comtist Church of Humanity in 1878...
, six letters (and c.150 of Congreve’s to Ingram), 1861-1899. (BL Add. MSS. 45228, 45233). - Richard Theodore ElyRichard T. ElyRichard Theodore Ely was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention in order to reform what they perceived as the injustices of capitalism, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor...
, four letters, 1880s. (Ely papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison). - William Ewart GladstoneWilliam Ewart GladstoneWilliam Ewart Gladstone FRS FSS was a British Liberal statesman. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times , more than any other person. Gladstone was also Britain's oldest Prime Minister, 84 years old when he resigned for the last time...
, nine letters, 1873. (B. M. Add. MSS. 44437-44438). - William Stanley JevonsWilliam Stanley JevonsWilliam Stanley Jevons was a British economist and logician.Irving Fisher described his book The Theory of Political Economy as beginning the mathematical method in economics. It made the case that economics as a science concerned with quantities is necessarily mathematical...
, two letters, 1881. (Jevons papers, Manchester JRUL) - Thomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe LeslieThomas Edward Cliffe Leslie , Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for debunking the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. A critic of Ricardian orthodoxy, he said that it had...
, one letter, 1878. (London UL, AL 63). - Henry S. Salt, one letter, 1892
Secondary literature
- Philip Abrams - The Origin of British Sociology, 1834-1914 -, Chicago 1968
- K. C. Bailey - A History of Trinity College Dublin 1892-1945 -, University Press, Dublin 1947
- Sean D. BarrettSean D. BarrettSean D. Barrett is a Senior Lecturer in Trinity College, Dublin's Economics Department and was a successful candidate in the 2011 Seanad Éireann elections for the University of Dublin constituency.Barrett is a Senior Lecturer in the Economics Department of Trinity College and has enjoyed a...
- John Kells Ingram (1823–1907) - Douglas Bennett - The Silver Connection -, TCD 1988
- Robert Dennis Collison Black - Centenary History of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland -, Dublin 1947
- Robert Botelier - Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland -, Dublin 1834
- Thomas A. Boylan & Timothy P. Foley - Political Economy and Colonial Ireland, the Propagation and Ideological Function of Economic Discourses in the 19th Century - , p. 190., Routledge, London 1992
- Auguste ComteAuguste ComteIsidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
& John Kells Ingram - Passages from the Letters of Auguste Comte -, Bibliobazaar, 2008, ISBN 978-0-554-88013-6 - Declan Budd & Ross Hinds - The Hist and Edmund Burke's Club -, Lilliput Press, Dublin 1997
- Mary DalyMary DalyMary Daly was an American radical feminist philosopher, academic, and theologian. Daly, who described herself as a "radical lesbian feminist", taught at Boston College, a Jesuit-run institution, for 33 years. Daly retired in 1999, after violating university policy by refusing to allow male...
- The Spirit of Ernest Inquiry. The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland 1847-1997 -, Dublin 1997 - Dominic Daly - The Young Douglas Hyde, chapter IV; n.6, p. 209, 1974
- J. F. Deane - Irish Poetry of Faith and Doubt -, Introduction, p. 12., Wolfhound Press, Dublin 1991
- Seamus DeaneSeamus DeaneSeamus Deane is an Irish poet, novelist, and critic.Born in Derry, Northern Ireland, Deane was born into a Catholic nationalist family. He attended St. Columb's College in Derry, Queen's University Belfast and Pembroke College, Cambridge University . At St...
- Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing -, Derry 1991 - Richard Theodore ElyRichard T. ElyRichard Theodore Ely was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention in order to reform what they perceived as the injustices of capitalism, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor...
- Introduction to Ingram -, 1915 - Caesar Litton Falkiner - Memoir of John Kells Ingram -, Sealy, Bryers and Walker, Dublin 1907
- Caesar Litton Falkiner - A Memoir of the Late John Kells Ingram LL.D. - sometime President of the Society -, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, part 88, pages 105-123, Dublin, 1907
- Tadhg Foley - Praties, Professors, and Political Economy, pp. 6–7, Irish Reporter, Third Quarter 1995
- Michael Richard Daniell FootMichael Richard Daniell FootMichael Richard Daniell Foot TD — known as M. R. D. Foot — is a prolific British military historian and former British Army intelligence officer and special operations operative during World War II.-Biography:...
& H. C. G. Matthews - The Gladstone Diaries - - J. P. Gannon - To John Kells Ingram, LL. D., on reading his defence of Positivism: a poem beginning "Bright spirit muffled in the mist of earth" -, The New Ireland review, Vol. XVII, pp. 101–102, April, 1902
- J. T. Gibbs - Literary distinction: re John Kells Ingram and "The Memory of the Dead", quoting his reference to it in 1900 -, The Irish book lover, Vol. XVII, p. 117, September–October, 1929
- C. Gide & C. Rist - A History of Economic Doctrines, London 1964
- Oliver Goldsmith - Destitution of niece. Letter from J. K. Ingram. -, The Irish builder, Vol. XVII, no. 374, p. 201, July 15, 1875
- H. A. Hickson - Dublin Verses by Members of Trinity College -, London 1895
- Gordon L. Herries Davies - Hosce meos filios -, Amsterdam 1991
- C. C. Holland - Trinity College Dublin and the Idea of a University -, Dublin 1991
- Bruce L. Kinzer - England’s Disgrace: J. S. Mills and the Irish Question -, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2001
- John Victor Luce - Trinity College Dublin. The First 400 Years. -, Dublin 1992
- Thomas William LysterThomas William LysterThomas William Lyster was director of the National Library of Ireland in Dublin between 1895 and his retirement in 1920. He joined the library in 1878 and translated Dunster’s Life of Goethe in 1883...
- Bibliography of the Writings of John Kells Ingram, Dublin 1908 - Thomas William LysterThomas William LysterThomas William Lyster was director of the National Library of Ireland in Dublin between 1895 and his retirement in 1920. He joined the library in 1878 and translated Dunster’s Life of Goethe in 1883...
- J. K. Ingram: A Bibliography -, in An Leabharlann: journal of the Library Association of Ireland, volume III, no. 1, June, 1909, 46pp. [var. 1907-08].
- J. G. Swift MacNeillJ. G. Swift MacNeillJohn Gordon Swift MacNeill was an Irish Protestant nationalist politician and MP, in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for South Donegal from 1887 until 1918, Professor of Constitutional and Criminal Law at the King's Inns, Dublin, 1882–88, and Professor of...
- What I Have Seen and Heard, Boston 1925 - Justin McCarthy - Irish Literature -, p. 2,166., Catholic University of America, Washington 1904
- Robert Brendan McDowellR. B. McDowellRobert Brendan McDowell MA, PhD, Litt.D, LLD, MRIA, FTCD, was an Irish historian. He was a Fellow Emeritus and a former Associate Professor of History at Trinity College, Dublin. He was born in Belfast...
& D. A. Webb - Trinity College 1592-1952 -, Cambridge 1982 - Brian McKennaBrian McKennaBrian McKenna is an award winning Canadian documentary filmmaker.He has been a frequent collaborator with his brother Terence McKenna, also an award winning filmmaker, in particular on The Valour and the Horror, a film about strategic bombing during World War 2.-References:...
- Irish Literature, 1800-1875: A Guide to Information Sources - Gale Research Co., Detroit 1978) (He cites Thomas W. Lyster, ‘W. K. Ingram: A Bibliography’ (Dublin: Cumann na Leabharlann 1907-08), p. 203.) - S. Shannon Millin - Our society: its aims and achievements (1847-1919) -, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1919 -
- Gregory C. Moore - Nicholson Versus Ingram on the History of Political Economy and a Charge of Plagiarism -, Journal of the History of Economic Thought , volume 22 (4), p. 433-460
- Gregory C. Moore – John Kells Ingram, the Comtean Movement, and the English MethodenstreitMethodenstreitMethodenstreit is a German term referring to an intellectual controversy or debate over epistemology, research methodology, or the way in which academic inquiry is framed or pursued...
- - Sean MoranSean MoranSean Farrell Moran was an American football defensive lineman in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills, St. Louis Rams, and the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at Colorado State University. Moran attended Overland High School.-External links:...
- Ingram and Ireland: the problem of the poem on "Ninety-Eight" (quoting Sean T. O'Kelly) -, journal article in The Catholic bulletin, volume XXVI, pp. 221–226, March, 1936 - Canon John MurphyJohn Murphy-In politics:*John Murphy , American Democratic Governor and Congressman from Alabama*John Murphy , Member of the UK Parliament for East Kerry, 1900–1910*John W...
- Two Irish Parliaments: A Contrast -, 1909 - J. A. T. Noble - Dear Ireland when you're free -
- Frederick Apthorp PaleyFrederick Apthorp PaleyFrederick Apthorp Paley , was an English classical scholar.Born at Easingwold in Yorkshire, he was the grandson of William Paley, and was educated at Shrewsbury School and St John's College, Cambridge...
- "Greek and Latin etymology in England" (a reply to J. K. Ingram) -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. IV, pp. 377–386, 1876 - M. O'Riordan - Dr. Ingram's "Outlines of the history of religion", reviewed by Rev. M. O'Riordan -, The New Ireland review, Vol. XIII, pp. 200–217, June, 1900
- Cyril Pearl - Three Lives of Charles Gavan Duffy, pp. 29, 230, O’Brien Press, Dublin 1979
- Gary K. Peatling - Who fears to speak of politics?: John Kells Ingram and Hypothetical Nationalism -, in Irish Historical Studies, Volume 31, No. 122 (November 1998)
- William Bedell StanfordWilliam Bedell StanfordWilliam Bedell Stanford was an Irish classical scholar and senator. He was Regius Professor of Greek at Trinity College, Dublin between 1940 and 1980 and served as the twenty-second Chancellor of the University between 1982 and 1984.He was born in Belfast, the son of a Dublin-born Church of...
- Ireland and the Classical Tradition -, p. 116 (IAP 1976; 1984) - Eric RollEric RollEric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden CB KCMG was an academic economist, public servant and banker. He was made a life peer in 1977....
- A History of Economic Thought -, London 1938 - Edmund Clarence StedmanEdmund Clarence StedmanEdmund Clarence Stedman , American poet, critic, and essayist was born at Hartford, Connecticut, United States.-Biography:...
- A Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895- , 1895 - Robert Yelverton TyrrellRobert Yelverton TyrrellRobert Yelverton Tyrrell was an Irish classical scholar who was Regius Professor of Greek at Trinity College, Dublin.-Biography:...
- The Memory of the Dead - D. A. Webb & R. B. McDowellR. B. McDowellRobert Brendan McDowell MA, PhD, Litt.D, LLD, MRIA, FTCD, was an Irish historian. He was a Fellow Emeritus and a former Associate Professor of History at Trinity College, Dublin. He was born in Belfast...
- Trinity College Dublin, 1592-1952: An academic history -, Cambridge 1982 - T. T. West - The Bold Collegians -, Lilliput Press, Dublin 1991
- Michel S. Zouboulakis - Contesting the autonomy of political economy: The early positivist criticism of economic knowledge -, The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, volume 15, issue 1, pages 85–103, March 2008
External links
- Biography of Ingram by S. D. Barrett, with emphasis on the origins of "The Memory of the Dead" and Ingram's contribution to Trinity College
- Text of A history of political economy at McMaster University
- Portrait of John Kells Ingram by Sarah PurserSarah Purser-Early life:She was born in Kingstown in County Dublin, and raised in Dungarvan, County Waterford. She was educated in Switzerland and afterwards studied at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin and in Paris at the Académie Julian.-Artist:...
: pettigo.com - Another portrait of JKI
- Declan Hunt: Memory of the Dead (Song sample)
- 1900 - Outlines of history of religion, London 1900, General Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0-217-26725-0