Juan Picasso González
Encyclopedia
Juan Picasso González was a Spanish
military
man and general
who participated in the Rif Wars with the Spanish Army of Africa
in late 19th century and early 20th century. He was a military investigation instructor known for "Expediente Picasso" (Picasso Files), an investigation report related to the historical defeat of the Spanish Army, some 20,000 soldiers and officers, of which some 8,000 were killed, against the Riffian rebels
at the Battle of Annual, 1 July 1921, known as The disaster of Annual.
He was the second-degree uncle of the world wide famous painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso
, a.k.a. Pablo Ruiz Picasso, (Málaga
, Spain
, 25 October 1881 - Mougins
, France
, 8 April 1973), through one of his Picasso family nieces .
Born at Málaga
, Spain
, in 1857 he entered the Academia de Estado Mayor, 1876, being number one of the school and an accomplished horse rider, participating in October 1893 in a military confront in the North African seaside town of Melilla
.
, located geographically in the African continent, was conquered by Pedro de Estopiñan in 1497, five years after the final conquest of the Nasri
Spanish Kingdom of Granada, circa 1035 - 1492 .
The town of Melilla was at that time ruled by the kingdom of Fes, under the first Fes kingdom Sultan of the Wattasid dynasty Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, (ruling 1472 - 1504), the succesor of the Spanish - Berber Zenata
dinasty of the Marinids. The Marinid dynasty (Arabic: مرينيون marîniyûn or بنو مرين banû marîn) was a Zenata
Berber dynasty, 1215 - 1465, ruling on of what are now parts of Morocco
, Algeria
and Tunisia
in North African Maghreb
being inmediately threatened with reconquest by the Wattaside dinasty Berbers.
In the Early Modern Age, the Ottoman Empire
neared to Fes
after the conquest of Oujda
in the 16th century. In 1554 the Wattasid Dynasty took Fes with the support of the Turks, and the city became a fairly loose vassal of the Ottomans, but the seaside town of Melilla remained , together with other further East Mediterranean strongholds conquered by the Spaniards going as far as Tripoli
in the actual Libya
under the military control of the Spaniards to block Ottoman expansion towards the West, the practice of piracy and slave trading and so on.
Even so, the Turks managed to conquest the inland town of Fes in 1579 under Ottoman Sultan Murad III
. Fes, capital of the Fes Sultanate to which Melilla had been attached till the Spanish conquest of 1497 was finally conquered it in 1579 under Ottoman Sultan Murad III
.
Melilla was besieged again in 1694–1696 under Ismail Ibn Sharif
(1634? or 1645?-1727, reigned 1672–1727), (Arabic: مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر) the second ruler of the Alaouite dynasty
, successor of his half-brother Al-Rashid of Morocco
, (Tafilalt
, Morocco
, 1631-ruler 1664-Marrakech
, Morocco
, 1672).
Between 1727 and 1745 there wre no less than 15 Sultans coming out of some bellicous and war mongering 10 children with different mothers fighting for pre-eminence out of several hundred childrens from luscious, and ferocious, Sultan Ismail. It was the son of Abdallah IV, a.k.a. Abdallah of Morocco
, (ruled 1745 - 1757), Mohammed ben Abdallah "al-Khatib" (c. 1710-1790) (Arabic: محمد الثالث بن عبد الله الخطيب) was Sultan of Morocco from 1757 to 1790 under the Alaouite dynasty the one who tried to reconquer Melilla again, to no avail.
Worse still, Sultan Mohammed IV
, (1802, Fes
-1873) (Arabic: محمد الرابع), Sultan of Morocco from 1859 to 1873 had to endure the Battle of Tétouan
, and the conquest of Tétouan, 6 February 1861, at the Rif
Northern mountains by the bellicous Spanish Army. The expeditionary Spanish force, which departed from Algeciras
, was componed of 36,000 men, 65 pieces of artillery, and 41 ships, which included steamships, sailboats, and smaller vessels while Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan, Prime Minister of Spain, personally took charge of the expedition. It was a highly punishing expedition making part of the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)
When Mohammed IV died in 1873, Morocco was ready to be "protected" from the covetous eyes of the Spaniards, great losers of the American territories in the 1820's and 1830's by the French
, conquerors of Algiers
in 1830 and expanding by then further and further South of the Sahara
. A forward thinking friend of the French interests could be then Hassan I of Morocco
, (Arabic: الحسن الأول) (b. 1836 - Sultan 1873- Marrakech
, 7 June 1894, buried at Rabat
), who was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894.
The Northern Rif
mountains Berbers however did not pay much attention to these political concoctions pressurized by the Spanish presence in their lands. In the long run, this French future monitoring could be accomplished better and more cheaply, from the Southern Moroccan territories of tha Alaouite Sultans, rather ignored by the quarrelsome Berbers from the North, speaking Amazigh, perhaps further down the Rabat
, with a view to West African influence on goods supplies and buying of French manufactures from Paris.
When Hassan I of Morocco
died in 1894 his son and successor, Abdelaziz of Morocco
was only 16 years old . Abdelaziz of Morocco
(1878–Sultan 1894, aged 16-tutored Regency till 1900- deposed 1908, aged 30-1943, aged 65); Arabic: عبد العزيز الرابع), also known as Mulai Abd al-Aziz IV, served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1894 at the age of sixteen, only effective Sultan since 1900 until he was deposed in 1908.
It is with these limits and within these limits that joint Spanish-French "protectorate" of Morocco at the beginnings of the 20th Century should be examined in the opinion of some historians.
Spanish people
The Spanish are citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. Within Spain, there are also a number of vigorous nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the country's complex history....
military
Military
A military is an organization authorized by its greater society to use lethal force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or perceived threats. The military may have additional functions of use to its greater society, such as advancing a political agenda e.g...
man and general
General
A general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
who participated in the Rif Wars with the Spanish Army of Africa
Spanish Army of Africa
The Army of Africa was a Spanish field army that garrisoned Spanish Morocco from the early 20th century until Morocco's independence in 1956....
in late 19th century and early 20th century. He was a military investigation instructor known for "Expediente Picasso" (Picasso Files), an investigation report related to the historical defeat of the Spanish Army, some 20,000 soldiers and officers, of which some 8,000 were killed, against the Riffian rebels
Rif
The Rif or Riff is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, with some fertile plains, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Melwiyya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Wergha in the south.It is part of the...
at the Battle of Annual, 1 July 1921, known as The disaster of Annual.
He was the second-degree uncle of the world wide famous painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso was a Spanish expatriate painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer, one of the greatest and most influential artists of the...
, a.k.a. Pablo Ruiz Picasso, (Málaga
Málaga
Málaga is a city and a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. With a population of 568,507 in 2010, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the sixth largest in Spain. This is the southernmost large city in Europe...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, 25 October 1881 - Mougins
Mougins
Mougins is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.It is located on the heights of Cannes, in the district of Grasse. Mougins is a 15-minute drive from Cannes. The village is surrounded by forests, such as the Valmasque forest...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, 8 April 1973), through one of his Picasso family nieces .
Born at Málaga
Málaga
Málaga is a city and a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. With a population of 568,507 in 2010, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the sixth largest in Spain. This is the southernmost large city in Europe...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, in 1857 he entered the Academia de Estado Mayor, 1876, being number one of the school and an accomplished horse rider, participating in October 1893 in a military confront in the North African seaside town of Melilla
Melilla
Melilla is a autonomous city of Spain and an exclave on the north coast of Morocco. Melilla, along with the Spanish exclave Ceuta, is one of the two Spanish territories located in mainland Africa...
.
The 1893 military confront between the Kingdom of Spain and the Sultanate of Morocco on Melilla
The seaside town of MelillaMelilla
Melilla is a autonomous city of Spain and an exclave on the north coast of Morocco. Melilla, along with the Spanish exclave Ceuta, is one of the two Spanish territories located in mainland Africa...
, located geographically in the African continent, was conquered by Pedro de Estopiñan in 1497, five years after the final conquest of the Nasri
Nasri
Nasri meaning support or victory is an Arabic male given name, which also appears as a surname.-Given name:* Nasri Tony Atweh, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer* Nasri Maalouf , Lebanese politician...
Spanish Kingdom of Granada, circa 1035 - 1492 .
The town of Melilla was at that time ruled by the kingdom of Fes, under the first Fes kingdom Sultan of the Wattasid dynasty Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, (ruling 1472 - 1504), the succesor of the Spanish - Berber Zenata
Zenata
Zenata were an ethnic group of North Africa, who were technically an Eastern Berber group and who are found in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco....
dinasty of the Marinids. The Marinid dynasty (Arabic: مرينيون marîniyûn or بنو مرين banû marîn) was a Zenata
Zenata
Zenata were an ethnic group of North Africa, who were technically an Eastern Berber group and who are found in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco....
Berber dynasty, 1215 - 1465, ruling on of what are now parts of Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, Algeria
Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
and Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
in North African Maghreb
Maghreb
The Maghreb is the region of Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. It includes five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara...
being inmediately threatened with reconquest by the Wattaside dinasty Berbers.
In the Early Modern Age, the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
neared to Fes
Fes
Fes or Fez is the second largest city of Morocco, after Casablanca, with a population of approximately 1 million . It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane region....
after the conquest of Oujda
Oujda
Oujda is a city in eastern Morocco with an estimated population of 1 million. The city is located about 15 kilometers west of Algeria and about 60 kilometers south of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the Oriental Region of Morocco and the birthplace of the current Algerian president,...
in the 16th century. In 1554 the Wattasid Dynasty took Fes with the support of the Turks, and the city became a fairly loose vassal of the Ottomans, but the seaside town of Melilla remained , together with other further East Mediterranean strongholds conquered by the Spaniards going as far as Tripoli
Tripoli
Tripoli is the capital and largest city in Libya. It is also known as Western Tripoli , to distinguish it from Tripoli, Lebanon. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean , describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings. Tripoli is a Greek name that means "Three...
in the actual Libya
Libya
Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
under the military control of the Spaniards to block Ottoman expansion towards the West, the practice of piracy and slave trading and so on.
Even so, the Turks managed to conquest the inland town of Fes in 1579 under Ottoman Sultan Murad III
Murad III
Murad III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death.-Biography:...
. Fes, capital of the Fes Sultanate to which Melilla had been attached till the Spanish conquest of 1497 was finally conquered it in 1579 under Ottoman Sultan Murad III
Murad III
Murad III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death.-Biography:...
.
Melilla was besieged again in 1694–1696 under Ismail Ibn Sharif
Ismail Ibn Sharif
Moulay Ismaïl Ibn Sharif was the second ruler of the Moroccan Alaouite dynasty. Like others of the dynasty, Ismaïl claimed to be a descendant of Muhammad through his roots to Hassan ibn Ali...
(1634? or 1645?-1727, reigned 1672–1727), (Arabic: مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر) the second ruler of the Alaouite dynasty
Alaouite Dynasty
The Alaouite Dynasty is the name of the current Moroccan royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the ‘Alī of its founder Moulay Ali Cherif who became Prince of Tafilalt in 1631. His son Mulay r-Rshid was able to unite and pacify the country...
, successor of his half-brother Al-Rashid of Morocco
Al-Rashid of Morocco
Moulay al-Rashid was Sultan of Morocco from 1666 to 1672. He has been called the founder of the Alaouite Dynasty.It was his father Moulay Ali Cherif who took power in Tafilalt around 1630. In 1635 al-Rashid's brother Moulay Mohammed ould Moulay Cherif succeeded their still living father...
, (Tafilalt
Tafilalt
Tafilalt or Tafilet is a region and the most important oasis of the Moroccan Sahara; it is also considered one of the largest oases in the world, the oasis is entirely located along the Ziz River. The oasis is ten days' journey south of Fez, across the Atlas Mountains...
, Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, 1631-ruler 1664-Marrakech
Marrakech
Marrakech or Marrakesh , known as the "Ochre city", is the most important former imperial city in Morocco's history...
, Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, 1672).
Between 1727 and 1745 there wre no less than 15 Sultans coming out of some bellicous and war mongering 10 children with different mothers fighting for pre-eminence out of several hundred childrens from luscious, and ferocious, Sultan Ismail. It was the son of Abdallah IV, a.k.a. Abdallah of Morocco
Abdallah of Morocco
Sultan 'Abu Abbas Mulay 'Abdu'llah bin Ismail as-Samin was the Sultan of Morocco 1729-1734, 1736, 1740–1741, 1741–1742, 1743-1747* and 1748-1757.He was born after 1678 as a son of Ismail Ibn SharifHe ascended the throne numerous times,fighting his brothers...
, (ruled 1745 - 1757), Mohammed ben Abdallah "al-Khatib" (c. 1710-1790) (Arabic: محمد الثالث بن عبد الله الخطيب) was Sultan of Morocco from 1757 to 1790 under the Alaouite dynasty the one who tried to reconquer Melilla again, to no avail.
Worse still, Sultan Mohammed IV
Mohammed IV
Mohammed IV may refer to:*Mehmed IV Giray , khan of the Crimean Khanate*Ottoman Great Sultan Mehmed IV *Sultan Mohammed IV of Morocco *Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen IV of the Maldives...
, (1802, Fes
Fes
Fes or Fez is the second largest city of Morocco, after Casablanca, with a population of approximately 1 million . It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane region....
-1873) (Arabic: محمد الرابع), Sultan of Morocco from 1859 to 1873 had to endure the Battle of Tétouan
Battle of Tétouan
The Battle of Tétouan was a battle fought near Tétouan, Morocco between the Spanish Army of Africa and the Moroccan Army in 1860. The battle was part of the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-1860....
, and the conquest of Tétouan, 6 February 1861, at the Rif
Rif
The Rif or Riff is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, with some fertile plains, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Melwiyya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Wergha in the south.It is part of the...
Northern mountains by the bellicous Spanish Army. The expeditionary Spanish force, which departed from Algeciras
Algeciras
Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar . Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and in the world in three categories: container,...
, was componed of 36,000 men, 65 pieces of artillery, and 41 ships, which included steamships, sailboats, and smaller vessels while Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan, Prime Minister of Spain, personally took charge of the expedition. It was a highly punishing expedition making part of the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)
When Mohammed IV died in 1873, Morocco was ready to be "protected" from the covetous eyes of the Spaniards, great losers of the American territories in the 1820's and 1830's by the French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, conquerors of Algiers
Algiers
' is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000...
in 1830 and expanding by then further and further South of the Sahara
Sahara
The Sahara is the world's second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean...
. A forward thinking friend of the French interests could be then Hassan I of Morocco
Hassan I of Morocco
Hassan I of Morocco was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894.-Biography:He was a member of the Alaouite dynasty. Mulay Hassan was among the most successful sultans...
, (Arabic: الحسن الأول) (b. 1836 - Sultan 1873- Marrakech
Marrakech
Marrakech or Marrakesh , known as the "Ochre city", is the most important former imperial city in Morocco's history...
, 7 June 1894, buried at Rabat
Rabat
Rabat , is the capital and third largest city of the Kingdom of Morocco with a population of approximately 650,000...
), who was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894.
The Northern Rif
Rif
The Rif or Riff is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, with some fertile plains, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Melwiyya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Wergha in the south.It is part of the...
mountains Berbers however did not pay much attention to these political concoctions pressurized by the Spanish presence in their lands. In the long run, this French future monitoring could be accomplished better and more cheaply, from the Southern Moroccan territories of tha Alaouite Sultans, rather ignored by the quarrelsome Berbers from the North, speaking Amazigh, perhaps further down the Rabat
Rabat
Rabat , is the capital and third largest city of the Kingdom of Morocco with a population of approximately 650,000...
, with a view to West African influence on goods supplies and buying of French manufactures from Paris.
When Hassan I of Morocco
Hassan I of Morocco
Hassan I of Morocco was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894.-Biography:He was a member of the Alaouite dynasty. Mulay Hassan was among the most successful sultans...
died in 1894 his son and successor, Abdelaziz of Morocco
Abdelaziz of Morocco
Abdelaziz of Morocco , also known as Mulai Abd al-Aziz IV, served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1894 at the age of sixteen until he was deposed in 1908. He succeeded his father Hassan I of Morocco...
was only 16 years old . Abdelaziz of Morocco
Abdelaziz of Morocco
Abdelaziz of Morocco , also known as Mulai Abd al-Aziz IV, served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1894 at the age of sixteen until he was deposed in 1908. He succeeded his father Hassan I of Morocco...
(1878–Sultan 1894, aged 16-tutored Regency till 1900- deposed 1908, aged 30-1943, aged 65); Arabic: عبد العزيز الرابع), also known as Mulai Abd al-Aziz IV, served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1894 at the age of sixteen, only effective Sultan since 1900 until he was deposed in 1908.
It is with these limits and within these limits that joint Spanish-French "protectorate" of Morocco at the beginnings of the 20th Century should be examined in the opinion of some historians.