Kaikohe
Encyclopedia
Kaikohe is the central service area for the Far North District
Far North District
The Far North District of New Zealand, as its name suggests, is the northernmost district within New Zealand, consisting of the northern tip of the North Island. The current mayor is Wayne Brown.-Geography:...

 of New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...

, about 260 km from Auckland
Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area , in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with residents, percent of the country's population. Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world...

, situated on State Highway 12
New Zealand State Highway network
The New Zealand State Highway network is the major national highway network in New Zealand. Just under 100 roads in both the North and South Islands are State Highways...

 at 35°24′S 173°48′E. It is the largest inland town and highest community above sea level in the Northland Region.

The 2006 census revealed the population of Kaikohe to be just over 4000 people, but it is the thriving shopping and service centre for an extensive farming district with a catchment
Catchment area (human geography)
In human geography, a catchment area is the area and population from which a city or individual service attracts visitors or customers. For example, a school catchment area is the geographic area from which students are eligible to attend a local school...

 of 28,000 people. It is often referred to as "the hub of the north"

Geography

The town is situated on the slopes of a volcanic hill and surrounded by many former
Pa (Maori)
The word pā can refer to any Māori village or settlement, but in traditional use it referred to hillforts fortified with palisades and defensive terraces and also to fortified villages. They first came into being about 1450. They are located mainly in the North Island north of lake Taupo...

 sites. The countryside is mainly undulating plain with volcanic soils, but on the western edge of town, Kaikohe Hill
Kaikohe Hill
Kaikohe Hill is a 282 m high basaltic scoria cone, in the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field in New Zealand. It is on the western edge of the town of Kaikohe.-References:*-External links:*...

 rises 300 m above sea level, allowing views of the imposing sand dunes on the Hokianga Harbour and farmlands to the east and south toward Mount Hikurangi
Mount Hikurangi, Northland
Although not as prominent as its eastern namesake, Northland's Mount Hikurangi is also of note. At 625 metres, this peak overlooks central Northland and is a prominent peak on the skyline at the Bay of Islands, the site of the first permanent European settlement in New Zealand.There is also a...

 (625 m).

To the north of the Putahi volcanic ridge is Lake Omapere
Lake Omapere
Lake Omapere is a small lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It is located just to the north of the town of Kaikohe.The lake is five km in length and covers 14 km², but only two to three metres deep at its deepest point...

, five km in length, but only two to three metres deep. Around five km to the east is the small village of Ngawha Springs
Ngawha Springs
Ngawha Springs is a small settlement approximately five kilometres east of the town of Kaikohe, Northland in New Zealand.It is the location of Ngawha Springs, a hot water spring that reputedly has therapeutic properties for those who bathe in its waters, and is the source of the steam used at the...

, where hot water springs rise to the surface from the Ngawha geothermal field
Ngawha geothermal field
The Ngawha geothermal field is a geothermal area in the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated approximately 5 km east of Kaikohe and is centred around the village of Ngawha Springs. The field covers an area of around 25 km² and as such, is much smaller than the only other geothermal...

, and where the Northland Region Corrections Facility is situated.

There are several volcanic scoria cones in the area, which are part of the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field
Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field
Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field is located in the Northland region of New Zealand, near Kaikohe. It contains around 12 small basaltic scoria cones, and a rhyolite dome, which erupted between 500,000 and 60,000 years ago.-List of volcanoes:...

.

Early History

Originally a Māori village called Opango, Kaikohe is recognised as being the very heart of the culture of the great Ngāpuhi
Ngapuhi
Ngāpuhi is a Māori iwi located in the Northland region of New Zealand, and centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands and Whāngārei.Ngāpuhi has the largest affiliation of any New Zealand iwi, with 122,214 people registered , and formed from 150 hapu, with 55 marae.-Foundations:The founding...

 iwi
Iwi
In New Zealand society, iwi form the largest everyday social units in Māori culture. The word iwi means "'peoples' or 'nations'. In "the work of European writers which treat iwi and hapū as parts of a hierarchical structure", it has been used to mean "tribe" , or confederation of tribes,...

. In the early 19th century a rival Māori tribe raided the village and fugitives subsisted among the Kohekohe
Kohekohe
Kohekohe is a medium-sized tree native to New Zealand. It is found in lowland and coastal forests throughout most of North Island and also occurs in the Marlborough Sounds in the north of the South Island. Mature trees grow up to 15m in height, with a trunk up to a metre in diameter...

 (a native tree) groves on Tokareireia (Kaikohe Hill). After the incident, the village became known as Kaikohekohe (kai meaning food) but was later shortened to Kaikohe.

Battles during the Flagstaff War
Flagstaff War
The Flagstaff War – also known as Hone Heke's Rebellion, the Northern War and erroneously as the First Māori War – was fought between 11 March 1845 and 11 January 1846 in and around the Bay of Islands, New Zealand...

 (also known as 'Hone Heke's Rebellion') were fought around Kaikohe: at Hone Heke
Hone Heke
Hone Wiremu Heke Pokai was a Māori rangatira and war leader in Northern New Zealand and a nephew of Hongi Hika, an earlier war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi. Hone Heke is considered the principal instigator of the Flagstaff War....

's Pā at Puketutu on the shores of Lake Omapere
Lake Omapere
Lake Omapere is a small lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It is located just to the north of the town of Kaikohe.The lake is five km in length and covers 14 km², but only two to three metres deep at its deepest point...

; followed by a battle at Te Ahuahu
Te Ahuahu
Te Ahuahu is a 373 m high basaltic scoria cone, in the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field in New Zealand.It was the site of Hone Heke's pā that was the scene of the Battle of Te Ahuahu during the Flagstaff War of 1845-46.-References:*...

; with the warriors of Te Ruki Kawiti  fighting the Battle of Ohaeawai
Battle of Ohaeawai
The Battle of Ohaeawai was fought between British forces and local Māori during the Flagstaff War in July 1845 at Ohaeawai in the North Island of New Zealand...

. St. Michael's Anglican Church in nearby Ngawha Springs
Ngawha Springs
Ngawha Springs is a small settlement approximately five kilometres east of the town of Kaikohe, Northland in New Zealand.It is the location of Ngawha Springs, a hot water spring that reputedly has therapeutic properties for those who bathe in its waters, and is the source of the steam used at the...

 was built on the site of the pā at which the battle took place. The warrior chief Hone Heke
Hone Heke
Hone Wiremu Heke Pokai was a Māori rangatira and war leader in Northern New Zealand and a nephew of Hongi Hika, an earlier war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi. Hone Heke is considered the principal instigator of the Flagstaff War....

 settled in Kaikohe after fighting ceased, and died there in 1850. His grand-nephew Hone Heke Ngapua, MP
Parliament of New Zealand
The Parliament of New Zealand consists of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives and, until 1951, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The House of Representatives is often referred to as "Parliament".The House of Representatives usually consists of 120 Members of...

 for Northern Maori
Northern Maori
Northern Maori was one of the four original New Zealand Parliamentary Māori electorates, from 1868 to 1996.-Population centres:The electorate includes the following population centres: Auckland, Whangarei.-Tribal Areas:...

, also lived in Kaikohe. In April 1911, a monument to him was unveiled on Kaikohe Hill by Sir Tui Carroll, acting Prime Minister
Prime Minister of New Zealand
The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the Parliament of New Zealand...

. A park in the town is dedicated to Rawiri Taiwhanga who has a very strong claim to being New Zealand's first commercial dairy farmer
Dairy farming
Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, or an animal husbandry, enterprise, for long-term production of milk, usually from dairy cows but also from goats and sheep, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy factory for processing and eventual retail sale.Most dairy farms...

. He milked a herd of cows and sold butter
Butter
Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. It is generally used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications, such as baking, sauce making, and pan frying...

  in 1834.

To the west of the town is the Aperahama Anglican Church, named after Aperahama Te Awa. It was opened in 1885, a year after his death, and he is buried in the churchyard. It is on the site of an earlier church, built in 1837, and the existing memorial gates were erected and dedicated for that earlier church. The building is registered as a place ".... of special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance or value...." by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust
New Zealand Historic Places Trust
The New Zealand Historic Places Trust is a non-profit trust that advocates for the protection of ancestral sites and heritage buildings in New Zealand...

.

Also in the town is a Pioneer Village, a 19th century Northland community recreated with all its colourful atmosphere, history and detail.

Railway links

Kaikohe was linked to the national rail network
Rail transport in New Zealand
Rail transport in New Zealand consists of a network of gauge railway lines in both the North and South Islands. Rail services are focused primarily on freight, particularly bulk freight, with limited passenger services on some lines...

 with the arrival of a branch line
Branch line
A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line...

 railway being built from Otiria
Otiria
Otiria is a rural locality in the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It neighbours Moerewa to the east, with the nearest major town, Kawakawa a few kilometres further eastwards. Other nearby localities include Pokapu to the south, Orauta to the west, and Hupara to the north.-...

 on the North Auckland Line to Kaitaia
Kaitaia
Kaitaia is a town in the far north region of New Zealand, at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula which is about 160 km northwest of Whangarei. It is the last major settlement on the main road north to the capes and bays on the peninsula...

, which opened to Kaikohe on 1 May 1914. The line continued north to Okaihau
Okaihau
Okaihau is a small town in the Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island, just north of Kaikohe. State Highway 1 passes through the town. The 2006 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings recorded Okaihau's population as 717, an increase of 30 people since the 2001 census.- Transport...

, opening on 29 October 1923 and eventually reached Rangiahua
Rangiahua
Rangiahua is a small locality near the Hokianga Harbour in the Northland Region of New Zealand. State Highway 1 passes through it. Umawera is to the west, and Okaihau to the east.Rangiahua nearly became New Zealand's most northern railway terminus...

, although the section between Okaihau and Rangiahua was never handed over to the New Zealand Railways Department
New Zealand Railways Department
The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway system. The Department was created in 1880 and was reformed in 1981 into the New...

 for operation and the line never reached Kaitaia. The line between Okaihau and Rangiahua was operated for a short time by the Public Works Department
New Zealand Ministry of Works
The New Zealand Ministry of Works, formerly the Department of Public Works and sometimes referred to as the Public Works Department or PWD, was founded in 1876 and disestablished and privatised in 1988...

 before being closed and dismantled during World War II. The railway through Kaikohe thus became known as the Okaihau Branch
Okaihau Branch
The Okaihau Branch, sometimes known as the Kaikohe Branch and rarely the Rangiahua Branch, was a branch line railway that joined the North Auckland Line of the national rail network of New Zealand at Otiria. It was the most northerly line in New Zealand and was intended to run all the way to Kaitaia...

.

Although Kaikohe became the service centre of the Far North, it failed to generate much rail traffic in the early years of the line. During the first ten months of existence, just 1,500 tons of inbound freight was carried, with roughly half that carried outbound, and the decline continued to the point where in 1918 Kaikohe lost its stationmaster. Minimal services were offered, and although losses increased up to 1930, fortunes had somewhat improved by 1940, and by 1950 there was sufficient traffic to justify six trains each way a week. Two carried only freight, while four were mixed goods/passenger trains
Mixed train
A mixed train is a train that hauls both passenger and freight cars or wagons. In the early days of railways they were quite common, but by the 20th century they were largely confined to branch lines with little traffic. As the trains provided passengers with very slow service, mixed trains have...

. At that time, a full complement of staff was again employed at Kaikohe.

When railcar
Railcar
A railcar, in British English and Australian English, is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. The term "railcar" is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single coach , with a driver's cab at one or both ends. Some railways, e.g., the Great Western...

s were introduced on services north of Auckland
Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area , in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with residents, percent of the country's population. Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world...

 in November 1956, they ran through Kaikohe all the way to Okaihau. Previously, a carriage train known as the Northland Express
Northland Express
The Northland Express, also known as the Opua Express, was an express passenger train operated by the New Zealand Railways Department between 1925 and 1956. It ran from Auckland via Whangarei to Opua in the Bay of Islands.-Operation:...

 had run from Auckland to Opua with connections to Kaikohe and Okaihau via the mixed trains, but with the change of the northern terminus to Okaihau, the branch increased in importance. This proved to be short-lived; in July 1967 the very popular railcar service was withdrawn due to mechanical problems plaguing the railcars. Passengers had to use the mixed trains, with significantly older rolling stock on a slower schedule. Demand decreased and the branch closed to passengers on 21 June 1976.

In 1977, a relaxation of road transport laws led to a decline in freight traffic on the line and forestry proposals that would have required a railway service failed to eventuate. Scheduled trains were cancelled on 12 August 1983, and for a little over four years the line was shunted when required. The branch closed on 1 November 1987 and the track has been lifted. The rail corridor through Kaikohe is still owned by the New Zealand Railways Corporation (ONTRACK
OnTrack
OnTrack was a regional rail line that operated in Syracuse, New York from 1994 to 2007. During its operation, Syracuse was the smallest city in the United States to have regional train service. The line ran from Colvin Street on the city's south side via Syracuse University and Armory Square to the...

), being retained in case any forestry proposals come to fruition and the railway is again required.

Attractions

Kaikohe is the geographical centre of the Far North. Within a 50 km radius are the famous Bay of Islands
Bay of Islands
The Bay of Islands is an area in the Northland Region of the North Island of New Zealand. Located 60 km north-west of Whangarei, it is close to the northern tip of the country....

 and the Waipoua
Waipoua Forest
Waipoua Forest preserves some of the best examples of kauri forest remaining in New Zealand. It is notable for having two of the largest living kauri trees, Tane Mahuta and Te Matua Ngahere.The forest was declared a sanctuary in 1952....

, Puketi and Omahuta kauri forests
Agathis
The genus Agathis, commonly known as kauri or dammar, is a relatively small genus of 21 species of evergreen tree. The genus is part of the ancient Araucariaceae family of conifers, a group once widespread during the Jurassic period, but now largely restricted to the Southern Hemisphere except for...

. Also not far away are the Whangaroa and Hokianga
Hokianga
Hokianga is an area surrounding the Hokianga Harbour, also known as The Hokianga River, a long estuarine drowned valley on the west coast in the north of the North Island of New Zealand....

 harbours, the Waiomio limestone caves, many beautiful beaches and secluded bays, and historic Kerikeri
Kerikeri
Kerikeri, the largest town in the Northland Region of New Zealand, is a popular tourist destination about three hours drive north of Auckland, and 80 km north of Whangarei...

 which is Northland's largest town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...

. It is also the home of the Kaikohe Demolition Derby which featured in the "Kaikohe Demolition" movie filmed by Florian Habicht.

Notable residents

Former New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange
David Lange
David Russell Lange, ONZ, CH , served as the 32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989. He headed New Zealand's fourth Labour Government, one of the most reforming administrations in his country's history, but one which did not always conform to traditional expectations of a...

 lived in Kaikohe for a time. Former New Zealand First
New Zealand First
New Zealand First is a political party in New Zealand that was founded in 1993, following party founder Winston Peters' resignation from the National Party in 1992...

 Member of Parliament and brother of Winston Peters
Winston Peters
Winston Raymond Peters is a New Zealand politician and leader of New Zealand First, a political party he founded in 1993. Peters has had a turbulent political career since entering Parliament in 1978. He served as Minister of Maori Affairs in the Bolger National Party Government before being...

, Jim Peters, is a current resident. Christian Huriwai
Christian Huriwai
Christian Huriwai is a street/flat extreme unicyclist from Kaikohe, New Zealand. He is the current street unicycling world champion after taking the title from Adrien Delecroix during UNICON XV, in Wellington, New Zealand in 2009–10.-References:...

, winner of the street unicycling
Street unicycling
Street unicycling is one of the latest developments in unicycling. The aim of the sport is to use natural/urban/specially made obstacles such as ledges, handrails and stairs in a given area to perform tricks that look good. The emphasis falls on technical proficiency, style and creativity...

 competition at the 2010 World Championships in Wellington
Wellington
Wellington is the capital city and third most populous urban area of New Zealand, although it is likely to have surpassed Christchurch due to the exodus following the Canterbury Earthquake. It is at the southwestern tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range...

, is a current resident.

Education

Northland College
Northland College (Kaikohe)
Northland College is a small co-educational Secondary School in Kaikohe. Northland College has a large block of farm land and forestry. The school was opened in 1947 and was originally called the Northland Agricultural and Technical College.-Notable alumni:...

 is a secondary (years 9-15) school with a roll of 454. It was founded in 1947 on the site of a former American army camp. The school incorporates a working farm and forestry block.

Kaikohe Intermediate is an intermediate (years 7-8) school with a roll of 199. It was established in 1969, taking over the grounds of the former Kaikohe Primary School.

Kaikohe East School and Kaikohe West School are contributing primary (years 1-6) schools with rolls of 228 and 367, respectively. Kaikohe West School opened in 1882 as Kaikohe Native School. The name changed to Kaikohe Maori School in the mid 1950s, and to the current name in 1969. Kaikohe East School has a Maori unit offering bilingual and total immersion classes.

Te Kura Kaupapa Maori o Kaikohe is a composite (years 1-15) school with a roll of 222. It is a Kura Kaupapa Māori
Kura Kaupapa Maori
Kura Kaupapa Māori are Māori-language immersion schools where the philosophy and practice reflect Māori cultural values with the aim of revitalising Māori language, knowledge and culture...

 school which teaches fully in the Māori language
Maori language
Māori or te reo Māori , commonly te reo , is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Māori. It has the status of an official language in New Zealand...

 up until year 7. The school originated in the early 1990s and opened on its present site about 2003.

Kaikohe Christian School is a Christian state-integrated composite school (years 1-13) with a decile rating
Socio-Economic Decile
Decile, Socio-Economic Decile or Socio-Economic Decile Band is a widely used measure in education in New Zealand used to target funding and support to more needy schools....

 of 4 and a roll of 184. It opened in 1985.

All these schools are coeducational and all but the Kaikohe Christian School have a decile rating of 1.

NorthTec
NorthTec
NorthTec is the largest tertiary education provider in northern New Zealand. NorthTec is the only Northland-based Tertiary Education Institute that provides programmes ranging from foundation, certificate, diploma and degree levels....

polytechnic also has a campus in Kaikohe.

External links



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