Karnataka Konkani
Encyclopedia
Karnataka Konkani refers to the various dialects of Konkani language
spoken in the state of Karnataka
,and some parts of Kerala
.
Konkani is spoken by a remarkable number of Goan migrants who have settled in North Kanara, Udupi, South Kanara and many other places in North
and south Karnataka for the last few centuries.Konkani families migrated to North Canara and South Canara during three separate occasions:
,and nearly half of them are from Ernakulam
district.
and Malayalam to some extent,thus showing Dravidian
influence on its syntax. According to the linguists Konkani in Karnataka has undergone a process of degenitivization,and is moving towards dativizationon the pattern of Dravidian languages.Degenitivization means the loss or replacement of the genitives
,and Dativization means replacement of the genitive in the donor language (ie.Konkani) by the dative case marker in the recipient language(ie.Kannada).
The phonetics
,sounds, nasalization
, grammar
,syntax and in turn vocabulary
obviously differs from Goan Konkani.
In Karnataka Konkani present continuous tense is strikingly observable which is not so prominent in Goan Konkani.
Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with present participle of the primary verb,and the auxiliary is partially dropped. The southern dialects when came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in dialects spoken in Karnataka whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.
eg: I eat and I am eating sound similar in Goan Konkani,due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech.hāv khātā correspondeds to I am eating.On the other hand in Karnataka Konkani;hāv khātā corresponds to I eat,and hāv khātoāsā or hāv khāter āsā means I am eating.
Konkani language
KonkaniKonkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called Konkan, on the west coast of India. This is, however, somewhat an over-generalisation. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the river Damanganga to the north...
spoken in the state of Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
,and some parts of Kerala
Kerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
.
Konkani is spoken by a remarkable number of Goan migrants who have settled in North Kanara, Udupi, South Kanara and many other places in North
North Karnataka
North Karnataka is an arid plateau from elevation in the Karnataka state of southwest India. It is drained by the Krishna River and its tributaries the Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra...
and south Karnataka for the last few centuries.Konkani families migrated to North Canara and South Canara during three separate occasions:
- Hindu exodus between 1312-1327 when General Malik KafurMalik KafurMalik Kafur, General , or Chand Ram as his name was originally, was a slave who became a head general in the army of Alauddin Khilji, ruler of the Delhi sultanate from 1296 to 1316 AD. He was originally seized by Alauddin's army after the army conquered the city of Khambhat...
of the Delhi SultansDelhi SultanateThe Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, of Turkic origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty...
Alauddin KhiljiAlauddin KhiljiAli Gurshap Khan better known by his titular name as Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji was the second ruler of the Turko-Afghan Khilji dynasty in India.He was a well and capable ruler. He belonged to the Afghanized Turkic tribe of the Khiljis...
and Muhammed bin TughlaqMuhammad bin TughluqMuhammad bin Tughluq was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq.He was born in Kotla Tolay Khan in Multan. His wife was daughter of the raja of Dipalpur...
destroyed Govapuri and the KadambasKadambasThe Kadamba Dynasty was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present day Uttara Kannada district. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires for over five hundred years during which time they... - Hindu exodus subsequent to 1470 when the Bahamani kingdom captured Goa, and subsequently in 1492 by Sultan Yusuf Adil ShahYusuf Adil ShahYusuf Adil Shah , referred as Adil Khan or Hidalcão by the Portuguese, was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur for nearly two centuries...
of Bijapur - Hindu exodus due to persecutionPersecution of HindusPersecution of Hindus refers to the religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus. Hindus have been historically persecuted during Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent and during the Goa Inquisition...
and proselytisationChristianization of GoaThe indigenous population of the erstwhile Portuguese colony of Goa underwent a large-scale conversion to Christianity after its conquest and occupation by the Portuguese Empire, which was led by the voyager and adventurer Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510. After conversion to Roman Catholicism, they...
of Hindus by Portuguese Jesuist and FranciscanFranciscanMost Franciscans are members of Roman Catholic religious orders founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Besides Roman Catholic communities, there are also Old Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, ecumenical and Non-denominational Franciscan communities....
missionaries subsequent to 1500 - Hindu, Muslim and Neo-Catholic Christian exodus during the InquisitionGoa InquisitionThe Goa Inquisition was the office of the Inquisition acting in the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. It was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774–1778, and finally abolished in 1812. The Goan Inquisition is considered a blot on the history of...
ordered by St. Francis Xavier which was established in 1560 and abolished in 1812
Demographics
According to census of India,1991 40.1% Konkani speakers hail from the state of Karnataka.In Karnataka over 80% of them are from the coastal districts of North and South Kanara,including Udupi.3.6% of the Konkani speakers are from KeralaKerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
,and nearly half of them are from Ernakulam
Ernakulam
Ernakulam refers to the downtown area or the western part of the mainland of Kochi city in Kerala, India. The city is the most urban part of Kochi and has lent its name to the Ernakulam district. Ernakulam is called the commercial capital of the state of Kerala and is a main nerve of business in...
district.
Description
Konkani in Karnataka has been in contact with Kannada, TuluTulu language
The Tulu language |?]]]) is a Dravidian language spoken by 1.95 million native speakers mainly in the southwest part of Indian state Karnataka known as Tulu Nadu. In India, 1.72 million people speak it as their mother tongue , increased by 10 percent over the 1991 census...
and Malayalam to some extent,thus showing Dravidian
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian language family includes approximately 85 genetically related languages, spoken by about 217 million people. They are mainly spoken in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, and...
influence on its syntax. According to the linguists Konkani in Karnataka has undergone a process of degenitivization,and is moving towards dativizationon the pattern of Dravidian languages.Degenitivization means the loss or replacement of the genitives
Genitive case
In grammar, genitive is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun...
,and Dativization means replacement of the genitive in the donor language (ie.Konkani) by the dative case marker in the recipient language(ie.Kannada).
The phonetics
Phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs : their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory...
,sounds, nasalization
Nasalization
In phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth...
, grammar
Grammar
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,...
,syntax and in turn vocabulary
Vocabulary
A person's vocabulary is the set of words within a language that are familiar to that person. A vocabulary usually develops with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge...
obviously differs from Goan Konkani.
In Karnataka Konkani present continuous tense is strikingly observable which is not so prominent in Goan Konkani.
Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with present participle of the primary verb,and the auxiliary is partially dropped. The southern dialects when came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in dialects spoken in Karnataka whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.
eg: I eat and I am eating sound similar in Goan Konkani,due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech.hāv khātā correspondeds to I am eating.On the other hand in Karnataka Konkani;hāv khātā corresponds to I eat,and hāv khātoāsā or hāv khāter āsā means I am eating.
Konkani speaking communities in Karnataka and Kerala
- Sarasvat Brahmin subcastes
- DaivadnyaDaivadnya*दाते पंचांग,गोत्रावळी "Gotravali" published by "Date Panchang", Date's Almanac Pvt Ltd, Solapur,India **"Genetics of Castes and Tribes of India:Indian Population Milieu" by M. K. Bhasin, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India...
s. - Chitrapur Saraswats
- Konkan MarathaKonkan MarathaKonkan Maratha or Konkana are Konkani-speaking Hindus claiming Kshatriya status, with their ancestral homes in Karwar, Ankola, and Goa with surnames such as Shinde/Kadams,Naik/Nayak, Rane, Kadam, Powar/Pawar, Savant/Sawant, Khalwadekar, Gaonkar, Khanvilkar, Salunke, Desai/Dessai, Phal, Sail,...
s and BhandariBhandariFor other uses, see Bhandari .Bhandari caste is among the sea-faring warrior castes of ancient and medieval India. They migrated southward from Rajputana in early 1100 and subsequently spread over different parts of India...
s
- Vaishya VaniVaishya VaniVaishya Vani, is a trader/merchant community hailing from the western coast of India, residing in the Konkan division of Maharashtra, Goa,some parts of coastal and central Karnataka, and Kerala. This community commonly known as Vanis and sometimes Kudali Vanis...
s
- Mangalorean Catholics
- Navayaths
- SiddiSiddiThe Siddi, Siddhi, or Sheedi , also known as Habshi, are an Indian and Pakistani ethnic group of Afro-Arab and/or Black African descent. The Siddi population is currently estimated to be 20,000–55,000, with Gujarat and Hyderabad in India the main population centre. Siddis are mainly Sufi Muslims,...
s
- KudumbiKudumbiKudumbi also referred to as Kunubis, Kurumbi, Kunbi are traditionally a Konkani speaking farming community residing in Kerala, India who belong to the Shudra varna . The majority of the group are farmers, labourers and petty workers settled across central and southern Kerala...
s
- Gabits,KharvisKharviKharvi and Gabit are fishermen and boatman communities found in Goa and the rest of the Konkan.They speak the Konkani language. They were once employed in the navy of Shivaji....
- ChitpavanChitpavanThe Chitpavan or Chitpawan, also known as Konkanastha Brahmins , are a Smarta Brahmin community of Konkan, the coastal region of western Maharashtra in India....
and Karhade Brahmin sub-castes