Kaslo-Slocan was the name of a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia

British Columbia

British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...

 centred on the town of Kaslo

Kaslo, British Columbia

Kaslo is a village in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada, located on the west shore of Kootenay Lake. Known for its great natural beauty, it is a member municipality of the Central Kootenay Regional District...

 on Kootenay Lake

Kootenay Lake

Kootenay Lake is a lake located in British Columbia, Canada and is part of theKootenay River. The lake has been raised by the Corra Linn Dam and has a dike system at the southern end, which, along with industry in the 1950s-70s, has changed the ecosystem in and around the water...

 as well as the mining towns of the "Silvery Slocan"

Slocan

Slocan is the name of a river, lake and valley-region in the West Kootenay region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The name Slocan is derived from the Sinixt First Nations people's word meaning "to strike or pierce on head" and was derived from their practice of harpooning salmon...

. The riding first appeared in the 1924 election as the result of a merger of the former ridings of Kaslo

Kaslo (electoral district)

Kaslo was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It made its first appearance in the election of 1903 and its last in the general election of 1920...

 and Slocan

Slocan (electoral district)

Slocan was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It made its first appearance in the election of 1903 and its last in the general election of 1920...

, and lasted until the 1963 election

British Columbia general election, 1963

The British Columbia general election of 1963 was the 27th general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on August 22, 1963, and held on September 30, 1963...

.

For other ridings in the Kootenay region

Kootenays

The Kootenay Region comprises the southeastern portion of British Columbia. It takes its name from the Kootenay River, which in turn was named for the Ktunaxa First Nation first encountered by explorer David Thompson.-Boundaries:The Kootenays are more or less defined by the Kootenay Land...

, please see Kootenay (electoral districts)

Kootenay (electoral districts)

Kootenay is a name found in various provincial and federal electoral districts in the Canadian province of British Columbia. This page lists ridings with the name Kootenay in them, and also other ridings within the Kootenay region....

.

Demographics

Population, 1961
Population change, 1871–1961
Area (km²)
Population density (people per km²)

Electoral history

Note: Winners in each election are in bold.
|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary was an English-born lumberman and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kaslo-Slocan in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1924 to 1928 and from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal....

|align="right"|799
|align="right"|39.11%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|William Ernest Marshall
|align="right"|384
|align="right"|18.80%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Canadian Labour Party

Canadian Labour Party

The Canadian Labour Party was an early, unsuccessful attempt at creating a national labour party in Canada. Although it ran candidates in the federal elections of 1917, 1921, 1925 and 1926, it never succeeded in its goal of providing a national forum for the Canadian labour movement...

|George Faulds Stirling
|align="right"|260
|align="right"|12.73%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Provincial

Provincial Party of British Columbia

The Provincial Party of British Columbia was a political party in British Columbia, Canada.It was formed by a group of British Columbia Conservative Party dissidents known as the "Committee of 100", led and funded by the wealthy General Alexander McRae and political elements from the United...

|Joseph James Threlkeld
|align="right"|600
|align="right"|29.37%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,043
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}

|Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|James Fitzsimmons
|align="right"|1,169
|align="right"|51.23%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary was an English-born lumberman and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kaslo-Slocan in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1924 to 1928 and from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal....

|align="right"|1,113
|align="right"|48.77%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,282
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|69
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|NPIG

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|James Fitzsimmons
|align="right"|951
|align="right"|34.27%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary was an English-born lumberman and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kaslo-Slocan in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1924 to 1928 and from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal....

|align="right"|1,250
|align="right"|45.05%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|George Walton
|align="right"|574
|align="right"|20.68%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,775
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|31
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}

|Social Credit League of B.C.

British Columbia Social Credit Party

The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing political party of British Columbia, Canada, for more than 30 years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election...

|Amos Craven
|align="right"|30
|align="right"|31.10
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|James Fitzsimmons
|align="right"|715
|align="right"|26.11%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|Amos Craven
|align="right"|929
|align="right"|33.93%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary was an English-born lumberman and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kaslo-Slocan in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1924 to 1928 and from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal....

|align="right"|1,064
|align="right"|38.86 %
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|Thomas Alfred Love
|align="right"|703
|align="right"|40.82%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|BC Constructivist Party
|Anthony Whitehead
|align="right"|133
|align="right"|7.72%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,738
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|30
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|Arthur Ewart (John) Jukes
|align="right"|754
|align="right"|33.80%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary was an English-born lumberman and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kaslo-Slocan in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1924 to 1928 and from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal....

|align="right"|941
|align="right"|42.18%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Hugh Earl Nelson
|align="right"|536
|align="right"|24.03%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,231
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|27
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,098
|align="right"|53.12%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Coalition
|Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary

Charles Sidney Leary was an English-born lumberman and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kaslo-Slocan in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1924 to 1928 and from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal....

|align="right"|969
|align="right"|46.88%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,067
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|34
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,633
|align="right"|53.19%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Coalition
|Thomas Melville Leask
|align="right"|1,437
|align="right"|46.81%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|3,070
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|38
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|B.C. Social Credit League

British Columbia Social Credit Party

The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing political party of British Columbia, Canada, for more than 30 years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election...

|Edward Wilbert Bourque
|align="right"|597
|align="right"|18.97
|align="right"| -
|align="right"| -.- %
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,411
|align="right"|44.84%
|align="right"|1,792
|align="right"|64.18%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Thomas Melville Leask
|align="right"|617
|align="right"|19.61%
|align="right"|1,000
|align="right"|35.82%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|Howard Milward Parker
|align="right"|522
|align="right"|16.59%
|align="right"| -
|align="right"| - %
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|3,147
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|2,792
!align="right"| - %
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|82
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=7|² Preferential ballot. First and final counts of three (3) shown only.
|}

|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,481
|align="right"|47.17%
|align="right"|1,692
|align="right"|59.22%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Social Credit

British Columbia Social Credit Party

The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing political party of British Columbia, Canada, for more than 30 years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election...

|Alexander Bradshaw Jacobs
|align="right"|867
|align="right"|27.61%
|align="right"|1,165
|align="right"|40.78%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Bessie Florence Leary
|align="right"|792
|align="right"|25.22%
|align="right"| -
|align="right"| -.- %
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|3,140
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|2,027
!align="right"| - %
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|108
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=7|³ Preferential ballot. First and final counts of two (2) shown only.
|}

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Frank Harold Abey
|align="right"|297
|align="right"|10.67%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,512
|align="right"|54.31%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Social Credit

British Columbia Social Credit Party

The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing political party of British Columbia, Canada, for more than 30 years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election...

|Michael Ernest Moran
|align="right"|975
|align="right"|35.02%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,784
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|50
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|Co-operative Commonwealth Fed.

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,298
|align="right"|50.35 %
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Progressive Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|John Verdner Humphries
|align="right"|244
|align="right"|9.46%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Thomas Melville Leask
|align="right"|303
|align="right"|11.75%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Social Credit

British Columbia Social Credit Party

The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing political party of British Columbia, Canada, for more than 30 years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election...

|Henry Edgar Parkyn
|align="right"|733
|align="right"|28.43%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,578
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|23
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}
|Social Credit

British Columbia Social Credit Party

The British Columbia Social Credit Party, whose members are known as Socreds, was the governing political party of British Columbia, Canada, for more than 30 years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election...

|Burton Peter Campbell
|align="right"|1,093
|align="right"|39.66%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|New Democrat

New Democratic Party of British Columbia

The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social-democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party currently forms the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party following the 2009 provincial election in British Columbia.The BC NDP is the provincial...

|Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding

Randolph Harding was a Canadian politician.Born in Silverton, British Columbia, he was a teacher and a member of the Silverton municipal council...

|align="right"|1,242
|align="right"|45.07%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Liberal

British Columbia Liberal Party

The British Columbia Liberal Party is the governing political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected for government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party for the 1975 election...

|Onni Matt Maja
|align="right"|301
|align="right"|10.92%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown

|Progressive Conservative

British Columbia Conservative Party

The British Columbia Conservative Party is a political party in British Columbia, Canada. First elected as the government in 1903, the party went into decline after 1933...

|Donald Walter Williams
|align="right"|120
|align="right"|4.35%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|unknown
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total valid votes
!align="right"|2,756
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total rejected ballots
!align="right"|27
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}

The area was redistributed

Redistribution (election)

Redistribution , called redistricting in the United States, is the process of changing of political borders. This is a form of boundary delimitation that changes electoral district boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results that cause malportionment of representation...

 after the 1963 election

British Columbia general election, 1963

The British Columbia general election of 1963 was the 27th general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on August 22, 1963, and held on September 30, 1963...

. For the 1966 election

British Columbia general election, 1966

The British Columbia general election of 1966 was the 28th general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on August 5, 1966 and held on September 12, 1966...

, the Slocan area became part of Revelstoke-Slocan

Revelstoke-Slocan

Revelstoke-Slocan was the name of a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia from 1966 to 1986. The riding was formed from a merger of the Revelstoke riding with the Slocan riding...

, while the Kaslo area became part of Nelson-Creston

Nelson-Creston

Nelson-Creston is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. It made its first appearance on the hustings in the general election of 1933 following a redistribution of the earlier Nelson riding....

. The original riding name of Kootenay

Kootenay (provincial electoral district)

Kootenay was a provincial electoral district in the province of British Columbia, Canada, from 1871 to 1890. It was originally a two-member riding until the 1875 election; from 1878, it was a one-member seat until its partition for the 1890 election into East Kootenay and West Kootenay...

was re-established in this redistribution, but the new electoral district by that name was limited to the East Kootenay.

Source

• Elections BC Historical Returns 1871-1986

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.