Keith Campbell (biologist)
Encyclopedia
Keith H. S. Campbell is an English
biologist
who was a member of the team that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset
lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells.
Campbell grew up in Birmingham
in England
and Perth
, Scotland
. He obtained his bachelor's degree in microbiology from the University of London
and his doctoral degree from the University of Sussex
(Brighton, UK).
Campbell's interest in cloning mammals was inspired by work done by Karl Illmensee and John Gurdon
.
Working at the Roslin Institute since 1991, Campbell became involved with the cloning efforts led by Ian Wilmut
. In July 1995 Keith Campell and Bill Ritchie succeeded in producing a pair of lambs, Megan and Morag from embryonic cells, which had differentiated in culture. Then, in 1996, a team led by Ian Wilmut with Keith Campbell as the main (66% of the credit) contributor utilised the same technique and shocked the world by successfully cloning a sheep from adult mammary cells. Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, named after the singer Dolly Parton
, was born in 1996 and lived to be 6 years old (dying from a viral infection and not old age, as has been suggested). Campbell has been attributed a key role because he had the crucial idea of co-ordinating the stages of the "cell cycle" of the donor somatic cells and the recipient eggs and using diploid quiscent or 'G0' arrested somatic cells as nuclear donors.
In 1998 Ritchie and Campbell in collaboration with PPL (Pharmaceutical Proteins Limited) created another sheep named 'Polly' . She was made from genetically altered skin cells containing a human gene.
In 2000, after joining PPL Ltd, Campbell and his PPL team (based in North America) were successful in producing the world's first piglets by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the so called cloning technique. Furthermore, the PPL teams based in Roslin, Scotland and Blacksburg (USA) used the technique to produce the first gene targeted domestic animals as well as a range of animals producing human therapeutic proteins in their milk.
Since November 1999 Campbell has held the post of Professor of Animal Development, Division of Animal Physiology, School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham
where he continues to study embryo growth and differentiation. He supports the use of SCNT for the production of personalised stem cell therapies and for the study of human diseases and the use of cybrid embryo production to overcome the lack of human eggs available for research. Although stem cells can be isolated from embryonic, foetal and adult derived material and more recently by overexpression of certain genes for the production of so called induced pluripotent cells (iPS), he feels that at the present all potential stem cell populations should be used for both basic and applied research which may provide basic scientific knowledge and lead to the development of cell therapies.
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
biologist
Biologist
A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of life. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work...
who was a member of the team that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset
Finnish Dorset (sheep)
A Finnish Dorset is a crossed-breed sheep, half Finnsheep, and half Dorset breed.Dolly the sheep, first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, was a Finnish Dorset....
lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells.
Campbell grew up in Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 , and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a...
in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
and Perth
Perth, Scotland
Perth is a town and former city and royal burgh in central Scotland. Located on the banks of the River Tay, it is the administrative centre of Perth and Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire...
, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
. He obtained his bachelor's degree in microbiology from the University of London
University of London
-20th century:Shortly after 6 Burlington Gardens was vacated, the University went through a period of rapid expansion. Bedford College, Royal Holloway and the London School of Economics all joined in 1900, Regent's Park College, which had affiliated in 1841 became an official divinity school of the...
and his doctoral degree from the University of Sussex
University of Sussex
The University of Sussex is an English public research university situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, within the city of Brighton and Hove. The University received its Royal Charter in August 1961....
(Brighton, UK).
Campbell's interest in cloning mammals was inspired by work done by Karl Illmensee and John Gurdon
John Gurdon
Sir John Bertrand Gurdon , FRS is a British developmental biologist. He is best known for his pioneering research in nuclear transplantation and cloning. He was recently awarded the Lasker Award.-Career:...
.
Working at the Roslin Institute since 1991, Campbell became involved with the cloning efforts led by Ian Wilmut
Ian Wilmut
Sir Ian Wilmut, OBE FRS FMedSci FRSE is an English embryologist and is currently Director of the Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic...
. In July 1995 Keith Campell and Bill Ritchie succeeded in producing a pair of lambs, Megan and Morag from embryonic cells, which had differentiated in culture. Then, in 1996, a team led by Ian Wilmut with Keith Campbell as the main (66% of the credit) contributor utilised the same technique and shocked the world by successfully cloning a sheep from adult mammary cells. Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, named after the singer Dolly Parton
Dolly Parton
Dolly Rebecca Parton is an American singer-songwriter, author, multi-instrumentalist, actress and philanthropist, best known for her work in country music. Dolly Parton has appeared in movies like 9 to 5, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Steel Magnolias and Straight Talk...
, was born in 1996 and lived to be 6 years old (dying from a viral infection and not old age, as has been suggested). Campbell has been attributed a key role because he had the crucial idea of co-ordinating the stages of the "cell cycle" of the donor somatic cells and the recipient eggs and using diploid quiscent or 'G0' arrested somatic cells as nuclear donors.
In 1998 Ritchie and Campbell in collaboration with PPL (Pharmaceutical Proteins Limited) created another sheep named 'Polly' . She was made from genetically altered skin cells containing a human gene.
In 2000, after joining PPL Ltd, Campbell and his PPL team (based in North America) were successful in producing the world's first piglets by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the so called cloning technique. Furthermore, the PPL teams based in Roslin, Scotland and Blacksburg (USA) used the technique to produce the first gene targeted domestic animals as well as a range of animals producing human therapeutic proteins in their milk.
Since November 1999 Campbell has held the post of Professor of Animal Development, Division of Animal Physiology, School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham
University of Nottingham
The University of Nottingham is a public research university based in Nottingham, United Kingdom, with further campuses in Ningbo, China and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia...
where he continues to study embryo growth and differentiation. He supports the use of SCNT for the production of personalised stem cell therapies and for the study of human diseases and the use of cybrid embryo production to overcome the lack of human eggs available for research. Although stem cells can be isolated from embryonic, foetal and adult derived material and more recently by overexpression of certain genes for the production of so called induced pluripotent cells (iPS), he feels that at the present all potential stem cell populations should be used for both basic and applied research which may provide basic scientific knowledge and lead to the development of cell therapies.
Selected publications
- Keith H. S. Campbell. (1999). Cloning farm Animal Species. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10:245-252.
- Campbell K.H.S. & Wilmut, I. (1998) Nuclear Transfer. In Animal Breeding: Technology for the 21st Century. Ed: A.J. Clark (Harwood Academic Publishers). P47-62
- Campbell, K. H. S. (1998). Cloning Dolly:Implications for Human Medicine. In ‘Fertility and Reproductive Medicine’ (Eds: R. D. Kempers, J. Cohen, A. F. Haney, and J. B. Younger) pp3–11. (Excerpta Medica: International Congress series 1183).