Kumyk language
Encyclopedia
Kumyk (Къумукъ тили) is a Turkic language
, spoken by about 365,000 speakers (the Kumyks
) in the Dagestan
republic of Russian Federation.
Yırçı Qazaq (born 1839) is usually considered to be a founder of Kumyk literature. Kumyk was written using Arabic script
until 1928, using Latin script
from 1928–1938, and using Cyrillic
since then.
The first regular newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917-18. Currently, the newspaper Ёлдаш (Yoldash
, Companion), the successor of the Soviet-era Ленин ёлу (Lenin yolu, Lenin's Path), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times a week.
It has been strongly influenced by Azeri and Dargwa
, as well as by Russian
during last century.
A Cyrillic based alphabet has been used since 1937.
Latin alphabet (alternate version)
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Turkic languages are spoken...
, spoken by about 365,000 speakers (the Kumyks
Kumyks
Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea. They comprise 14% of the population of the Russian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Kumyk language...
) in the Dagestan
Dagestan
The Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region. Its capital and the largest city is Makhachkala, located at the center of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea...
republic of Russian Federation.
Yırçı Qazaq (born 1839) is usually considered to be a founder of Kumyk literature. Kumyk was written using Arabic script
Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad.-Consonants:The Arabic alphabet has...
until 1928, using Latin script
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...
from 1928–1938, and using Cyrillic
Cyrillic alphabet
The Cyrillic script or azbuka is an alphabetic writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School...
since then.
The first regular newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917-18. Currently, the newspaper Ёлдаш (Yoldash
Yoldash
Yoldash is the main Kumyk language newspaper. It is the successor of the Soviet era Lenin yolu ....
, Companion), the successor of the Soviet-era Ленин ёлу (Lenin yolu, Lenin's Path), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times a week.
It has been strongly influenced by Azeri and Dargwa
Dargwa language
The Dargwa or Dargin language is spoken by the Dargin people of Dagestan. It is the literary and main dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages. The four other languages in this dialect continuum are often considered variants of Dargwa...
, as well as by Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
during last century.
Orthography
A Latin based alphabet was used from 1927–1937.| A a | B в | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g |
| H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | |
| Ŋ ŋ | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | |
| T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z | |
| Ь ь |
A Cyrillic based alphabet has been used since 1937.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Е е |
| Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ | Л л |
| М м | Н н | Нг нг | О о | Оь оь | П п | Р р | С с |
| Т т | У у | Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш |
| Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Latin alphabet (alternate version)
| A a | B b | V v | G g | G‘ g‘ | Gy gy | D d | Ye ye |
| Yo yo | J j | Z z | I i | Y y | K k | Q q | L l |
| M m | N n | Ng ng | O o | O‘ o‘ | P p | R r | S s |
| T t | U u | U‘ u‘ | F f | X x | Ts ts | Ch ch | Sh sh |
| Shch shch | ' ' | I i | ‘ ‘ | E e | Yu yu | Ya ya |