La Galatea
Encyclopedia
La Galatea was Miguel de Cervantes
’ first book, published in 1585.
Under the guise of pastoral characters, it is an examination of love and contains many allusions to contemporary literary figures.
It enjoyed a modest success, but was not soon reprinted; its promised sequel was never published, and presumably never written.
, and shows an even greater resemblance to Gil Polo's continuation of the Diana. Next to Don Quixote and the Novelas exemplares, his pastoral romance is considered particularly notable because it predicts the poetic direction in which Cervantes would go for the rest of his career. It possesses little originality, but is highly reminiscent of its models, and particularly of the Diana of Gil Polo.
In composing this pastoral romance, Cervantes seems to have intended to use the tale merely as an excuse for a rich collection of poems in the old Spanish and Italian styles. The story is merely the thread, which holds the beautiful garland together; the poems are the portion most deserving of attention. They are many and various, and uphold Cervantes' claim to rank among the most eminent poets, whether in reference to verse or to prose. Should his originality in versified composition be called in question, a close study of Galatea must banish all doubt.
Contemporaries of Cervantes claimed that he was incapable of writing poetry, and that he could compose only beautiful prose; but that observation referred solely to his dramatic works. Every critic sufficiently acquainted with his lyrical compositions has rendered justice to their merit. From the romance of Galatea, it is obvious that Cervantes composed in all the various kinds of syllabic measure used in his time. He even occasionally adopted the old dactylic stanza
. He appears to have experienced some difficulty in the metrical form of the sonnet
, but his poems in Italian octaves display great facility. Among these, the song of Caliope, in the last book of the Galatea, stands out.
In the same manner as Gil Polo in his Diana, he makes the river Turia
pronounce the praises of the celebrated Valencians. The poetic fancy of Cervantes summons the muse Calliope
before the shepherds and shepherdesses, to render solemn homage to those contemporaries whom he esteems worthy of distinction as poets. The most beautiful poems in the Galatea are a few in the cancion
style, some of which are iambics
, and some in trochaic
or Old Spanish verse. Cervantes has here and there indulged in those antiquated and fantastic plays of wit, which at a subsequent period he himself ridiculed.
The novel opens with her and her best friend, Florisa, bathing, talking of love.
Erastro and Elicio reveal to each other their desire for Galatea, but agree not to let it come betwixt their friendship.
Eventually, all four of them begin their journey to the wedding of Darania and Silveria, along which, in the pastoral tradition, they encounter other characters who tell their own stories and often join the traveling group.
The vast majority of the characters in the book are involved primarily in minor story lines.
Lisandro loses his love, Leonida, when Crisalvo mistakenly kills her instead of his former love Silvia.
Lisandro avenges Crisalvo in the presence of the main party.
Astor, under the pseudonym Silerio, feigns attraction for Nísida’s sister Blanca in order to avoid the scorn of Nísida’s lover Timbrio, who dies following the confusion present after a successful duel against his rival Pransiles.
Astor’s grief thrusts him into hermitage, waiting to hear from Nísida.
Arsindo holds a poetry competition betwixt Francenio y Lauso, which is judged by Tirsi and Damón, lauded by many within the novel as some of the most famous poets of Spain, and is determined to have no single winner.
The wedding has controversy as Mireno is deeply in love with Silveria, yet Daranio’s wealth guaranteed him the hand of Silveria.
These stories sometimes have characters that cross over, resulting in the sub-plots being intertwined at times.
For example, Teolinda, whose sister Leonida played in an integral role in separating Teolinda from her lover Artidoro, finds Leonida much later with a group of soldiers.
The fame of Tirsi and Damón instantly connects them with the hired wedding bards, Orompo, Crisio, Marsilio, and Orfenio, as well as the teacher Arsindo.
Friendship
Love, affection, and desire
Cervantes indicated on numerous occasions during his life he planned to publish a second part, even in the ending of the first part:
El fin deste amoroso cuento y historia [...] con otras cosas sucedidas a los pastores hasta aquí nombrados, en la segunda parte desta historia se prometen, la cual, si con apacibles voluntades esta primera viene rescibida, tendrá atrevimiento a salir con brevedad a ser vista de los ojos y entendimiento de las gentes (The end of this amorous story and history [...] with other things succeeded to the pastors named here, in the second part of this story promise in such, if with apace will this first comes received, to boldly come out in brevity to be seen by the eyes and understanding of the people.)
In Cervantes' later novel, Don Quixote, La Galatea appears in the book burning scene. It's worth is measured as satisfactory in itself, but both the Barber and Curate agree the plot matters little without a Second Part.
The Galatea enjoyed moderate success, but any work that Cervantes may have begun on a conclusion was lost to history following his death.
Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written...
’ first book, published in 1585.
Under the guise of pastoral characters, it is an examination of love and contains many allusions to contemporary literary figures.
It enjoyed a modest success, but was not soon reprinted; its promised sequel was never published, and presumably never written.
The Work
La Galatea is an imitation of the Diana of Jorge de MontemayorJorge de Montemayor
Jorge de Montemayor was a Portuguese novelist and poet, who wrote almost exclusively in Spanish.-Biography:He was born at Montemor-o-Velho , whence he derived his name, the Spanish form of which is Montemayor....
, and shows an even greater resemblance to Gil Polo's continuation of the Diana. Next to Don Quixote and the Novelas exemplares, his pastoral romance is considered particularly notable because it predicts the poetic direction in which Cervantes would go for the rest of his career. It possesses little originality, but is highly reminiscent of its models, and particularly of the Diana of Gil Polo.
In composing this pastoral romance, Cervantes seems to have intended to use the tale merely as an excuse for a rich collection of poems in the old Spanish and Italian styles. The story is merely the thread, which holds the beautiful garland together; the poems are the portion most deserving of attention. They are many and various, and uphold Cervantes' claim to rank among the most eminent poets, whether in reference to verse or to prose. Should his originality in versified composition be called in question, a close study of Galatea must banish all doubt.
Contemporaries of Cervantes claimed that he was incapable of writing poetry, and that he could compose only beautiful prose; but that observation referred solely to his dramatic works. Every critic sufficiently acquainted with his lyrical compositions has rendered justice to their merit. From the romance of Galatea, it is obvious that Cervantes composed in all the various kinds of syllabic measure used in his time. He even occasionally adopted the old dactylic stanza
Stanza
In poetry, a stanza is a unit within a larger poem. In modern poetry, the term is often equivalent with strophe; in popular vocal music, a stanza is typically referred to as a "verse"...
. He appears to have experienced some difficulty in the metrical form of the sonnet
Sonnet
A sonnet is one of several forms of poetry that originate in Europe, mainly Provence and Italy. A sonnet commonly has 14 lines. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song" or "little sound"...
, but his poems in Italian octaves display great facility. Among these, the song of Caliope, in the last book of the Galatea, stands out.
In the same manner as Gil Polo in his Diana, he makes the river Turia
Turia
Turia can refer to:*Turia , a river in southeastern Spain*Turía , a small river in northern Spain*Turía , a small Web development company in india*Turia Valley, a valley in northern Spain...
pronounce the praises of the celebrated Valencians. The poetic fancy of Cervantes summons the muse Calliope
Calliope
In Greek mythology, Calliope was the muse of epic poetry, daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and is now best known as Homer's muse, the inspiration for the Odyssey and the Iliad....
before the shepherds and shepherdesses, to render solemn homage to those contemporaries whom he esteems worthy of distinction as poets. The most beautiful poems in the Galatea are a few in the cancion
Canción
Canción is a popular genre of Latin American music, particularly in Cuba, where many of the compositions originate. Its roots lie in Spanish popular song forms, including tiranas, polos and boleros; also in Italian light operetta, French romanza, and the slow waltz...
style, some of which are iambics
Iambus (genre)
Iambus was a genre of ancient Greek poetry that included but was not restricted to the iambic meter and whose origins modern scholars have traced to the cults of Demeter and Dionysus. The genre featured insulting and obscene language...
, and some in trochaic
Trochee
A trochee or choree, choreus, is a metrical foot used in formal poetry consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one...
or Old Spanish verse. Cervantes has here and there indulged in those antiquated and fantastic plays of wit, which at a subsequent period he himself ridiculed.
Plot
The main characters of the Galatea are Elicio and Erastro, best friends and enamoured with Galatea.The novel opens with her and her best friend, Florisa, bathing, talking of love.
Erastro and Elicio reveal to each other their desire for Galatea, but agree not to let it come betwixt their friendship.
Eventually, all four of them begin their journey to the wedding of Darania and Silveria, along which, in the pastoral tradition, they encounter other characters who tell their own stories and often join the traveling group.
The vast majority of the characters in the book are involved primarily in minor story lines.
Lisandro loses his love, Leonida, when Crisalvo mistakenly kills her instead of his former love Silvia.
Lisandro avenges Crisalvo in the presence of the main party.
Astor, under the pseudonym Silerio, feigns attraction for Nísida’s sister Blanca in order to avoid the scorn of Nísida’s lover Timbrio, who dies following the confusion present after a successful duel against his rival Pransiles.
Astor’s grief thrusts him into hermitage, waiting to hear from Nísida.
Arsindo holds a poetry competition betwixt Francenio y Lauso, which is judged by Tirsi and Damón, lauded by many within the novel as some of the most famous poets of Spain, and is determined to have no single winner.
The wedding has controversy as Mireno is deeply in love with Silveria, yet Daranio’s wealth guaranteed him the hand of Silveria.
These stories sometimes have characters that cross over, resulting in the sub-plots being intertwined at times.
For example, Teolinda, whose sister Leonida played in an integral role in separating Teolinda from her lover Artidoro, finds Leonida much later with a group of soldiers.
The fame of Tirsi and Damón instantly connects them with the hired wedding bards, Orompo, Crisio, Marsilio, and Orfenio, as well as the teacher Arsindo.
Themes
Upbringings and lifestyles- One of the primary treatments in the Galatea, and most evident in the contrast betwixt Elicio and Erastro, is the perception of rural and city folk and their lives. Elicio, a cultured shephard, and Erastro, a rústico ganadero (rustic herdsman) are an odd pair of friends, and throughout the novel their differing views come out in conversations with other characters. Erastro, though from the rural parts of Spain, is very eloquent in speech — a trait that surprises many. However, because of his background, Erastro feels disadvantaged in his desire for Galatea, who had a very cultured upbringing similar to Elicio’s. A similar discussion ensues when a group of soldiers meets the group and one of them, Darinto, describes his view of pastoral (or rural) life as being a simple one, without all the complications, formalities and expenses of city life. Damón replies that the rural life is not as glorious or desirable as Darinto imagines: there are just as many chores and other things to do in country life as in city life, and so is not the relaxing simple life described.
Friendship
Love, affection, and desire
Second Part
The original title published with the work now simply known as the Galatea was La primera parte de la Galatea (The First Part of the Galatea).Cervantes indicated on numerous occasions during his life he planned to publish a second part, even in the ending of the first part:
El fin deste amoroso cuento y historia [...] con otras cosas sucedidas a los pastores hasta aquí nombrados, en la segunda parte desta historia se prometen, la cual, si con apacibles voluntades esta primera viene rescibida, tendrá atrevimiento a salir con brevedad a ser vista de los ojos y entendimiento de las gentes (The end of this amorous story and history [...] with other things succeeded to the pastors named here, in the second part of this story promise in such, if with apace will this first comes received, to boldly come out in brevity to be seen by the eyes and understanding of the people.)
In Cervantes' later novel, Don Quixote, La Galatea appears in the book burning scene. It's worth is measured as satisfactory in itself, but both the Barber and Curate agree the plot matters little without a Second Part.
The Galatea enjoyed moderate success, but any work that Cervantes may have begun on a conclusion was lost to history following his death.