Latvian football Cup - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Latvian Football Cup is the main "knockout

Single-elimination tournament

A single-elimination tournament, also called a knockout, cup or sudden death tournament, is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each match or bracket is immediately eliminated from winning the championship or first prize in the event...

" cup competition in Latvia

Latvia

Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...

n football

Football (soccer)

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball...

. It started in 1937 replacing the previous knockout tournament – Riga Football Cup

Riga Football Cup

Riga Football Cup was a knockout tournament held in Latvian football between 1925 and 1936. In 1937 it was replaced by the Latvian Football Cup. Clubs from other cities than Riga were allowed to participate in the tournament....

.

The competition is a knockout (single elimination) tournament.

During the USSR years (1940–1991), it served as a qualification tournament for the Soviet Cup

Soviet Cup

The Soviet Cup, or USSR Cup , was the premier football cup competition in the Soviet Union.-Finals:-Performance by club:-Performance by republic:-References:*, rsssf.com. Accessed on 16 May 2006....

Past Winners of the Cup

The results of the finals:

>

Year	Winner	Runner-up	Score
1937	RFK Rigas FK Riga FK was a Latvian football club which was founded December 14, 1923. It was the strongest and most popular Latvian football club in 1920s and 1930s, it was also the base team for Latvia national football team in its early years...	US	2 – 0
1938	Rīgas Vilki	ASK FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	3 – 1
1939	RFK Rigas FK Riga FK was a Latvian football club which was founded December 14, 1923. It was the strongest and most popular Latvian football club in 1920s and 1930s, it was also the base team for Latvia national football team in its early years...	Olimpija Liepāja Olimpija Liepaja Olimpija Liepāja was Latvian football club that in the 1920-1930s was one of the strongest in Latvia and with which played many Latvia national football team footballers. It was from the city of Liepāja.-History:...	5 – 1
1943	ASK FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	Olimpija Liepāja Olimpija Liepaja Olimpija Liepāja was Latvian football club that in the 1920-1930s was one of the strongest in Latvia and with which played many Latvia national football team footballers. It was from the city of Liepāja.-History:...	0 – 2; 4 – 2; 3 – 0
1946	Daugava Liepāja FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	VEF	4 – 2
1947	Daugava Liepāja FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Daugava Rīga	2 – 1
1948	Dinamo Liepāja FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Dinamo Ventspils	3 – 2
1949	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Spartaks Rīga Spartaks Riga Spartaks Rīga is a defunct Soviet Latvian football club. It was founded in 1945 and its manager was the popular Juris Redlihs .-Team history:...	4 – 0
1950	AVN FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	4 – 0
1951	AVN FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	6 – 2
1952	AVN FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	4 – 2
1953	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Dinamo Rīga	4 – 0
1954	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Darba Rezerves	2 – 2; 5 – 1
1955	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Darba Rezerves	1 – 1; 4 – 2
1956	VEF	RER	1 – 0
1957	Dinamo Rīga	Sarkanais Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	2 – 2; 3 – 2
1958	RER	Tosmare	1 – 1; 2 – 1
1959	ASK FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	Sloka	7 – 0
1960	ASK FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	VEF	1 – 0
1961	CSK Starts Broceni Starts Brocēni is a Latvian football club. Currently it plays in the 2nd Latvian league under the name Saldus FK/Brocēni . It was one of the leading Latvian clubs in 1960s-1970s.-CSK Brocēni:...	Daugavpils	2 – 1
1962	LMR Liepāja LMR Liepaja LMR Liepāja was a Latvian football club that in the early 1960s won the Latvian Cup two years in a row and was then disbanded because of a disciplinary decision.-Club history:...	Kompresors	1 – 0
1963	LMR Liepāja LMR Liepaja LMR Liepāja was a Latvian football club that in the early 1960s won the Latvian Cup two years in a row and was then disbanded because of a disciplinary decision.-Club history:...	RTP Torpedo Riga Torpedo Rīga was a football club that played in Riga. The club played in the Latvian league with good success from 1979 to 2000 when it merged with Policijas FK.-As Torpedo Rīga:...	2 – 0
1964	Vulkāns Kuldīga Vulkans Kuldiga Vulkāns Kuldīga was a Latvian football club from Kuldīga. It was one of the leading clubs in Latvian football in 1950s and 1960s.-History:A football club by the name of Vulkāns appeared in Kuldīga in the early 1930s as a football club of the Vulkāns factory...	Tosmare	5 – 2
1965	Baltika	Kompresors	2 – 1
1966	ASK FK ASK FK ASK Riga was a Latvian football club of the Latvian army, founded in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s it was one of the leading clubs in Latvia. In 1940s it was disbanded, a new football club of the Soviet army was created in Riga under the name FK AVN, later AVN was renamed to ASK...	Baltika	3 – 0
1967	Jūras Osta FK Venta Ventspils FK Venta was a Latvian football club based in Ventspils. They were established in 1964 and were named after the Venta River, in 1967, they won the Latvian cup. In 1969 they won the Latvian championship. In 2004 after earning promotion to Virslīga the club moved to Kuldīga...	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	2 – 0
1968	Starts Brocēni Starts Broceni Starts Brocēni is a Latvian football club. Currently it plays in the 2nd Latvian league under the name Saldus FK/Brocēni . It was one of the leading Latvian clubs in 1960s-1970s.-CSK Brocēni:...	Venta FK Venta Ventspils FK Venta was a Latvian football club based in Ventspils. They were established in 1964 and were named after the Venta River, in 1967, they won the Latvian cup. In 1969 they won the Latvian championship. In 2004 after earning promotion to Virslīga the club moved to Kuldīga...	3 – 2
1969	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	Venta FK Venta Ventspils FK Venta was a Latvian football club based in Ventspils. They were established in 1964 and were named after the Venta River, in 1967, they won the Latvian cup. In 1969 they won the Latvian championship. In 2004 after earning promotion to Virslīga the club moved to Kuldīga...	1 – 1; 3 – 1
1970	FK Jūrnieks FK Jurnieks FK Jūrnieks was a Latvian football club based in Riga. It became defunct in 1997.-History:Most of football clubs in the Soviet Union were attached to factories and the footballers were officially factory workers...	VEF	1 – 0
1971	VEF	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	1 – 0
1972	FK Jūrnieks FK Jurnieks FK Jūrnieks was a Latvian football club based in Riga. It became defunct in 1997.-History:Most of football clubs in the Soviet Union were attached to factories and the footballers were officially factory workers...	Pilots	1 – 0
1973	Pilots	Starts Brocēni Starts Broceni Starts Brocēni is a Latvian football club. Currently it plays in the 2nd Latvian league under the name Saldus FK/Brocēni . It was one of the leading Latvian clubs in 1960s-1970s.-CSK Brocēni:...	3 – 2
1974	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	VEF	1 – 0
1975	Lielupe	VEF	2 – 1
1976	Ķīmiķis	Lielupe	1 – 0
1977	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	VEF	1 – 0
1978	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	Radiotehniķis	3 – 0
1979	Ķīmiķis	RPI	4 – 2
1980	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	Enerģija	2 – 1
1981	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	Ķīmiķis	1 – 0
1982	Enerģija	Torpedo Rīga Torpedo Riga Torpedo Rīga was a football club that played in Riga. The club played in the Latvian league with good success from 1979 to 2000 when it merged with Policijas FK.-As Torpedo Rīga:...	2 – 1
1983	Elektrons Elektrons Riga Elektrons Rīga was a Latvian football club from Riga that was one of the leading clubs in the Latvian league in 1970s and 1980s.-History:...	Enerģija	1 – 0
1984	Celtnieks Rīga Celtnieks Riga Celtnieks Rīga was a Latvian football club that won the Latvian Cup 3 times.-History:Celtnieks made its debut in the Latvian league in 1978. In the 1980s it was one of the strongest clubs in the Latvian league as it finished second in the league in four seasons and for three years in a row it won...	VEF	3 – 1
1985	Celtnieks Rīga Celtnieks Riga Celtnieks Rīga was a Latvian football club that won the Latvian Cup 3 times.-History:Celtnieks made its debut in the Latvian league in 1978. In the 1980s it was one of the strongest clubs in the Latvian league as it finished second in the league in four seasons and for three years in a row it won...	VEF	3 – 0
1986	Celtnieks Rīga Celtnieks Riga Celtnieks Rīga was a Latvian football club that won the Latvian Cup 3 times.-History:Celtnieks made its debut in the Latvian league in 1978. In the 1980s it was one of the strongest clubs in the Latvian league as it finished second in the league in four seasons and for three years in a row it won...	Gauja Valmiera Gauja Valmiera Gauja Valmiera was a Latvian football from Valmiera that played in the top Latvian league from 1979 to 1993.It was named after the river Gauja. In the 1990s another Valmiera football club - FK Valmiera - was renamed to Gauja.-History:...	6 – 0
1987	VEF	Torpedo Rīga Torpedo Riga Torpedo Rīga was a football club that played in Riga. The club played in the Latvian league with good success from 1979 to 2000 when it merged with Policijas FK.-As Torpedo Rīga:...	0 – 0, 3 – 2 (pen)
1988	RAF Jelgava	Gauja Valmiera Gauja Valmiera Gauja Valmiera was a Latvian football from Valmiera that played in the top Latvian league from 1979 to 1993.It was named after the river Gauja. In the 1990s another Valmiera football club - FK Valmiera - was renamed to Gauja.-History:...	1 – 0
1989	Torpedo Rīga Torpedo Riga Torpedo Rīga was a football club that played in Riga. The club played in the Latvian league with good success from 1979 to 2000 when it merged with Policijas FK.-As Torpedo Rīga:...	Celtnieks Daugavpils Dinaburg FC Dinaburg FC was a Latvian football club, playing in the city of Daugavpils. In 2009 it merged with FK Daugava. The club plays at the Daugava Stadium . In October 2009 the club was eliminated from Virsliga and also from The Baltic League, because of suspicion about totalizator playing at the club...	1 – 0
1990	Daugava Rīga	Apgaismes Tehnika	0 – 0; 4 – 2 (pen)
1991	Celtnieks Daugavpils Dinaburg FC Dinaburg FC was a Latvian football club, playing in the city of Daugavpils. In 2009 it merged with FK Daugava. The club plays at the Daugava Stadium . In October 2009 the club was eliminated from Virsliga and also from The Baltic League, because of suspicion about totalizator playing at the club...	Forums Skonto Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	0 – 0; 3 – 1 (pen)
1992	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	Daugava-Kompar Olimpija Riga Olimpija Rīga was a Latvian football club that played in the Latvian Virslīga from 1992 to 1995.-History:The club was founded in 1992 as Kompar-Daugava . In its debut season in Virslīga it finished in the 5th place in the league...	1 – 0 (aet)
1993	RAF Jelgava	Pārdaugava FK Daugava Riga Previously FK Daugava 90 is a Latvian football club located in Riga and currently playing in Latvian First League. Formerly under the name Daugava the team was the headliner of Latvian football where played most of the countries top players but with the collapse of the Soviet Union the team ceased...	1 – 0
1994	Olimpija Rīga Olimpija Riga Olimpija Rīga was a Latvian football club that played in the Latvian Virslīga from 1992 to 1995.-History:The club was founded in 1992 as Kompar-Daugava . In its debut season in Virslīga it finished in the 5th place in the league...	DAG Riga	2 – 0
1995	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	DAG Liepāja FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	3 – 0
1996	RAF Jelgava	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	2 – 1 (aet)
1997	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	Dinaburg FC Dinaburg FC Dinaburg FC was a Latvian football club, playing in the city of Daugavpils. In 2009 it merged with FK Daugava. The club plays at the Daugava Stadium . In October 2009 the club was eliminated from Virsliga and also from The Baltic League, because of suspicion about totalizator playing at the club...	2 – 1
1998	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	FHK Liepājas Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	1 – 0
1999	FK Rīga FK Riga FK Rīga was a Latvian football club based in Riga. They played in the Virslīga, the top division in Latvian football. They played their home games at Latvijas Universitates Stadions. In 1999, its first year of existence, the club won the Latvian Cup, beating Skonto at the final. The club also...	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	1 – 1; 6 – 5 (pen)
2000	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	FHK Liepājas Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	4 – 1
2001	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	Dinaburg FC Dinaburg FC Dinaburg FC was a Latvian football club, playing in the city of Daugavpils. In 2009 it merged with FK Daugava. The club plays at the Daugava Stadium . In October 2009 the club was eliminated from Virsliga and also from The Baltic League, because of suspicion about totalizator playing at the club...	2 – 0
2002	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	FHK Liepājas Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	3 – 0
2003	FK Ventspils FK Ventspils FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. FK Ventspils plays in the Latvian Virsliga. They are the current champions of the tournament....	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	4 – 0
2004	FK Ventspils FK Ventspils FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. FK Ventspils plays in the Latvian Virsliga. They are the current champions of the tournament....	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	2 – 1
2005	FK Ventspils FK Ventspils FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. FK Ventspils plays in the Latvian Virsliga. They are the current champions of the tournament....	FHK Liepājas Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	2 – 1 (aet)
2006	FHK Liepājas Metalurgs FHK Liepajas Metalurgs FK Liepājas Metalurgs is a Latvian football club, based in the city of Liepāja and playing in the Virslīga. They play at the Daugava Stadium...	Skonto FC Skonto FC Skonto FC is a Latvian football club, founded in 1991. The club plays at the Skonto Stadium in Riga. Skonto won the Virsliga in the first 14 seasons of the league's existence , and often provides the core of the Latvia national football team...	2 – 1 (aet)
2007	FK Ventspils FK Ventspils FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. FK Ventspils plays in the Latvian Virsliga. They are the current champions of the tournament....	JFC Olimps	3 – 0
2008	FK Daugava Daugavpils FK Daugava Daugavpils FC Daugava is a Latvian football club from the city of Daugavpils. In 2007 they renamed from FC Ditton to FC Daugava....	FK Ventspils FK Ventspils FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. FK Ventspils plays in the Latvian Virsliga. They are the current champions of the tournament....	1 – 1 ; 3 – 0 (pen)
2009–10 2009–10 Latvian Football Cup Latvian Football Cup 2009–10 was the sixty-eighth season of the Latvian annual football knock-out competition. For the first time the cup season switched from calendar year to fall/spring season...	FK Jelgava FK Jelgava FK Jelgava is a Latvian football club that is based in Jelgava. Its best results came when the team was named RAF Jelgava.-Automobīlists Jelgava:...	FK Jūrmala-VV	2 – 2 ; 6 – 5 (pen)
2010–11 2010–11 Latvian Football Cup Latvian Football Cup 2010–11 is the sixty-ninth season of the Latvian annual football knock-out competition. The winners will qualify for the second qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League 2011-12.-First round:-Second round:...	FK Ventspils FK Ventspils FK Ventspils is a Latvian football club, based at Ventspils Olimpiskais Stadions in Ventspils city and is one of the most popular football clubs in the country. FK Ventspils plays in the Latvian Virsliga. They are the current champions of the tournament....	FK Liepājas Metalurgs	3 – 1

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