Le Malade imaginaire
Encyclopedia
The Imaginary Invalid is a three-act comédie-ballet
by the French
playwright Molière
. It was first performed in 1673 and was the last work he wrote. In an ironic twist of fate, Molière
collapsed during his fourth performance as Argan on 17 February and died soon after. The original play included dance sequences and musical interludes that Marc-Antoine Charpentier
composed.
While he is out, Angelique takes the opportunity to talk to Toinette. We quickly find out that she has been talking almost non-stop about the qualities of a young man named Cleante since she met him at a play six days ago. She expects Cleante to ask her father if he can marry her within a few days.
Argan returns and expects to surprise his daughter when he tells her that someone has asked to marry her. He is shocked to find that she not only knows about it, but couldn’t be happier. Unfortunately, Angelique is thinking of Cleante, while her father has promised his daughter to Thomas Diaforious, the son of a respected Paris
doctor who is soon to be made a doctor himself.
Toinette asks him why, with all of his money, Argan would want a doctor for a son-in-law. He replies that since he is always ill, he thought it would be a good idea to have a doctor in the family. Then he could have Thomas Diaforious’ services as doctor all the time, not to mention his father and uncle’s services for free. Toinette will not take his hypochondria seriously and tells him that she knows Angelique will never agree to that marriage. More than that, Toinette downright forbids the union to happen. This is amazing gall for a servant, and
Argan becomes so incensed that he chases Toinette around the room threatening to kill her. Finally he stops, exhausted, and claims he is dying.
Hearing the disturbance Argans second wife Beline runs in. She soothes Argan talking to him as one would to a child throwing a fit. Once his new wife has calmed him, Argan asks if she has contacted a notary. He intends to change his will to include (and heavily favor) Beline. She dramatically begs him not to think of such things, but just happens to have the notary on-hand and available. She says she doesn't care about the money but double-checks the value all the same.
Meanwhile, outside the study, Toinette and Angelique have a chance to talk in private.
Toinette warns Angelique that her stepmother is plotting to get her inheritance, but Angelique does not care, so long as she is allowed to marry as she wishes. She begs Toinette to find a way to tell Cleante of the intended marriage.
substitute for Angelique's music teacher. Argan decides that he wants to watch the music lesson, spoiling everyone's plans. When Angelique comes in she is shocked to find Cleante there. She manages to cover her reaction. Then Argan invites Cleante to stay as a guest as Angelique is introduced to her fiancé, Thomas Diaforious.
When Mr. Diaforious and Thomas enter, Mr. Diaforious tells Thomas to begin. Thomas asks if he should start with the father and, once his father tells him to, he greets Argan with a florid prepared speech. Once finished, he asks his father if that was satisfactory and if he should continue. He has a fancy prepared speech ready for every member of the family.
Everyone has a seat and Argan praises Thomas. Mr. Diaforious says that he is very
pleased with his son. He says that as a child he was never very bright or exciting and he never has had any wit or liveliness, but he has sound judgement. Thomas may be dull and not particularly intelligent, but he is tenacious and careful and sound of judgement. What Mr. Diaforious is most happy about in his son, though, is that he blindly adheres to the ancient medical beliefs and refuses to believe the new modern ideas like "circulation of the blood."
Argan asks if Thomas is to become a doctor for the rich at court. Mr. Diaforious says he much prefers to treat the common people. He adds that with ordinary people he is less accountable to anybody and, as long as procedure is followed, there is no need to worry so much about the results; the rich are much more difficult since they actually seem to expect to be cured.
Argan then tells Cleante to help Angelique sing a song for the party. He gives her a scroll of music with no words and tells everyone that it is a short piece from an improvised opera. Cleante then sings his love and his questions to Angelique in the guise of this opera. She answers him in the same form, telling him that she really loves him and despises the man her father wants her to marry. Their song continues until Argan stops it, thinking it dreadfully inappropriate. He sends Cleante away.
Argan tells Angelique to pledge herself to Thomas, but she refuses. She suggests that they ought to get to know each other first. Argan, however, disagrees. He says that there will be plenty of time for getting to know each other once they are married. As for Thomas, it is enough for him that his father has instructed him to be in love with her. Angelique tries to argue the point with him, but the arguing proves useless.
Argan gets angry with Angelique's willfulness and everyone's failure to pay attention to him during the fight. He tells Angelique that she has four days to decide. Either she marries Thomas, or she goes into a convent.
Angelique runs out and Beline decides to go to town for a while. Argan is left with the two doctors and begs them to examine him. It is very obvious they do not know what they are doing. However, they make up lies which are good enough to convince Argan the hypochondriac.
On her way out, Beline stops to tell Argan that she saw Angelique talking with a young man who ran away as soon as they were spotted. She tells him that his youngest daughter, Louison, saw everything. Argan calls Louison to him for an interrogation. After much coaxing and Louison faking her own death, she tells him that the man claiming to be Angelique's music teacher came to her window and told her over and over how he loved her.
Argan's brother, Beralde, who is a lawyer, comes to visit him. He is not impressed with Argan's claims about how sick he is. Beralde tells his brother that he has a match for Angelique. At the mention of his daughter's name, Argan flies into a rage and Beralde calms him by telling him about a dance troupe that has come to amuse him. There is a dance interlude as Gypsies dance and sing about the joys of young love and the pain when it proves false.
Now that they have both enjoyed the interlude, Beralde wants to have a chat with his brother, but Argan insists he must take a short walk first. Once Argan is gone, Toinette begs Beralde not to give up on helping his niece. He says that he will do everything he can. Toinette hints that she has a plan herself, but cannot tell what it is because her master has returned.
Now that Argan has returned, Beralde first asks his brother why he would want to send his daughter to a convent. Beralde points out that sending them to a convent was Beline's idea. He suggests that she might want the children out of the way for her own reasons, but Argan gets angry and leaps to her defense. Then he asks Argan why he would want to marry his daughter to a doctor so unsuited for her. He says that if the doctor is good enough for him, he is good enough for Angelique. Beralde wants to hear no more of this. He points out to Argan that he is one of the healthiest people he knows and that his infatuation with doctors and apothecaries is bad for him and everyone else. The doctors, he says, know nothing about the workings of the human body and therefore can do nothing to cure it. The doctors are only educated enough to give fancy Latin names to the things they do not comprehend. They will kill their patients with the best of intentions, but they will still be dead. Beralde believes that all one can do is rest and let nature take its course.
Mr. Purgon's assistant comes in with a new remedy for Argan. Beralde asks Argan not to take it and to put it off until tomorrow, but this makes Mr. Purgon's assistant, Fleurant, very angry. He runs off to tell the doctor about this interference. Beralde tries once again to get his brother to give up his addiction to doctors, but Argan claims to be too sick. Just then Mr. Purgon enters, having been told that his cure was sent back. He is furious and rages at Argan. He refuses to treat Argan any more and says that within a few days Argan will go from one horrible disease to another and finally die. With that, he storms out.
Left with Beralde again, Argan cries and says that he can already feel his system shutting down. Beralde thinks he is crazy and tells him so, but Argan won't listen. He is sure that he is already dying. Toinette comes in and says that a new doctor has arrived who wants to treat Argan. She doesn't know who the man is, but says that he looks exactly like her. Argan is desperate and consents to see him.
Toinette comes in dressed as a doctor and claims to be one of the world's greatest doctors who has come to see Argan: one of the world's most illustrious patients. He tells Argan that all of his previous doctors were idiots who have totally misdiagnosed him. Argan tells him everything that has been prescribed, and Toinette (as the doctor) contradicts every one, saying his doctors were ignorant. She goes on to make him realize that not everything doctors tell him is true; she blames his one arm for taking up all the nutrients, so he should have it amputated so as to make his other arm stronger. She also says that one of his eyes is taking up all the nutrients that go to it, so if he has it removed, his remaining eye will see much better.
Beralde then tries to convince his brother, since he has already fallen out with Purgon, that he should consider a different marriage for his daughter. But Argan wants her put into a convent as a punishment for her willfulness. Beralde suggests that the real reason is that Beline wants it. Argan begins to get angry again, but Toinette steps in and says she has a solution to prove to Beralde how much Beline loves her husband. She suggests that Argan lie down on the couch and pretend to be dead. Then everyone will see how she really feels about him by her grief. Everyone thinks this is an excellent plan.
Beralde hides as Beline comes in. She finds Toinette crying and Toinette tells her Argan is dead. Beline does not shed a tear, but is instead overjoyed that Argan is finally dead. She calls him horrible names, then asks Toinette to help her cover up his death until she can get his money. With that Argan gets up and surprises Beline. He shouts that he's glad to have found her out as she runs off. Just then they hear Angelique coming and Toinette suggests he do the same thing to find out how she feels.
When Angelique hears that her father is dead she is inconsolable. She cries and says that she has lost the dearest thing in the world to her. She is even more upset because she has lost him when he was still angry with her. Cleante comes in to comfort her, but it is no good. She tells Cleante that they can never get married now. Since her father's last wishes were that she be a nun, that is what she will do.
With that, Argan gets up and hugs his daughter. She and Cleante are both delighted that he is alive. Argan agrees to their marriage, saying that she and Cleante can marry as long as Cleante becomes a doctor. He agrees, but Beralde stops him. He suggests that Argan should just become a doctor himself. Argan approves of the idea and Beralde says he knows a number of people who can make him a doctor that very night.
He invites the gypsy dancers back and they perform a ceremony in song and dance that, they claim, makes Argan a doctor (in the translation by John Wood, Argan suffers a heart attack during the dance and dies, whereupon the dancers stop dancing and assume deaths-head masks).
Comédie-ballet
Comédie-ballet is a genre of French drama which mixes a spoken play with interludes containing music and dance.-History:The first example of the genre is considered to be Les fâcheux, with words by Molière, performed in honour of Louis XIV at Vaux-le-Vicomte, the residence of Nicolas Fouquet, in...
by the French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
playwright Molière
Molière
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière, was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature...
. It was first performed in 1673 and was the last work he wrote. In an ironic twist of fate, Molière
Molière
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière, was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature...
collapsed during his fourth performance as Argan on 17 February and died soon after. The original play included dance sequences and musical interludes that Marc-Antoine Charpentier
Marc-Antoine Charpentier
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, , was a French composer of the Baroque era.Exceptionally prolific and versatile, he produced compositions of the highest quality in several genres...
composed.
Act one
The play opens with Argan, a severe hypochondriac, going through the bill from his apothecary (the pharmacist) item-by-item. He only pays out about half of what is on the bill. That done, he calls for his maid, Toinette. When she fails to appear immediately he shouts and calls her name until she arrives. Toinette is not interested in putting up with Argan’s temper, so she mocks his rage. Eventually he gives up trying to scold her and asks her to call in his daughter, Angelique. Angelique is ready to talk to him, but Argan must leave the room for a short whileWhile he is out, Angelique takes the opportunity to talk to Toinette. We quickly find out that she has been talking almost non-stop about the qualities of a young man named Cleante since she met him at a play six days ago. She expects Cleante to ask her father if he can marry her within a few days.
Argan returns and expects to surprise his daughter when he tells her that someone has asked to marry her. He is shocked to find that she not only knows about it, but couldn’t be happier. Unfortunately, Angelique is thinking of Cleante, while her father has promised his daughter to Thomas Diaforious, the son of a respected Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
doctor who is soon to be made a doctor himself.
Toinette asks him why, with all of his money, Argan would want a doctor for a son-in-law. He replies that since he is always ill, he thought it would be a good idea to have a doctor in the family. Then he could have Thomas Diaforious’ services as doctor all the time, not to mention his father and uncle’s services for free. Toinette will not take his hypochondria seriously and tells him that she knows Angelique will never agree to that marriage. More than that, Toinette downright forbids the union to happen. This is amazing gall for a servant, and
Argan becomes so incensed that he chases Toinette around the room threatening to kill her. Finally he stops, exhausted, and claims he is dying.
Hearing the disturbance Argans second wife Beline runs in. She soothes Argan talking to him as one would to a child throwing a fit. Once his new wife has calmed him, Argan asks if she has contacted a notary. He intends to change his will to include (and heavily favor) Beline. She dramatically begs him not to think of such things, but just happens to have the notary on-hand and available. She says she doesn't care about the money but double-checks the value all the same.
Meanwhile, outside the study, Toinette and Angelique have a chance to talk in private.
Toinette warns Angelique that her stepmother is plotting to get her inheritance, but Angelique does not care, so long as she is allowed to marry as she wishes. She begs Toinette to find a way to tell Cleante of the intended marriage.
Act two
Cleante shows up at the door, surprising Toinette. He has come pretending to be asubstitute for Angelique's music teacher. Argan decides that he wants to watch the music lesson, spoiling everyone's plans. When Angelique comes in she is shocked to find Cleante there. She manages to cover her reaction. Then Argan invites Cleante to stay as a guest as Angelique is introduced to her fiancé, Thomas Diaforious.
When Mr. Diaforious and Thomas enter, Mr. Diaforious tells Thomas to begin. Thomas asks if he should start with the father and, once his father tells him to, he greets Argan with a florid prepared speech. Once finished, he asks his father if that was satisfactory and if he should continue. He has a fancy prepared speech ready for every member of the family.
Everyone has a seat and Argan praises Thomas. Mr. Diaforious says that he is very
pleased with his son. He says that as a child he was never very bright or exciting and he never has had any wit or liveliness, but he has sound judgement. Thomas may be dull and not particularly intelligent, but he is tenacious and careful and sound of judgement. What Mr. Diaforious is most happy about in his son, though, is that he blindly adheres to the ancient medical beliefs and refuses to believe the new modern ideas like "circulation of the blood."
Argan asks if Thomas is to become a doctor for the rich at court. Mr. Diaforious says he much prefers to treat the common people. He adds that with ordinary people he is less accountable to anybody and, as long as procedure is followed, there is no need to worry so much about the results; the rich are much more difficult since they actually seem to expect to be cured.
Argan then tells Cleante to help Angelique sing a song for the party. He gives her a scroll of music with no words and tells everyone that it is a short piece from an improvised opera. Cleante then sings his love and his questions to Angelique in the guise of this opera. She answers him in the same form, telling him that she really loves him and despises the man her father wants her to marry. Their song continues until Argan stops it, thinking it dreadfully inappropriate. He sends Cleante away.
Argan tells Angelique to pledge herself to Thomas, but she refuses. She suggests that they ought to get to know each other first. Argan, however, disagrees. He says that there will be plenty of time for getting to know each other once they are married. As for Thomas, it is enough for him that his father has instructed him to be in love with her. Angelique tries to argue the point with him, but the arguing proves useless.
Argan gets angry with Angelique's willfulness and everyone's failure to pay attention to him during the fight. He tells Angelique that she has four days to decide. Either she marries Thomas, or she goes into a convent.
Angelique runs out and Beline decides to go to town for a while. Argan is left with the two doctors and begs them to examine him. It is very obvious they do not know what they are doing. However, they make up lies which are good enough to convince Argan the hypochondriac.
On her way out, Beline stops to tell Argan that she saw Angelique talking with a young man who ran away as soon as they were spotted. She tells him that his youngest daughter, Louison, saw everything. Argan calls Louison to him for an interrogation. After much coaxing and Louison faking her own death, she tells him that the man claiming to be Angelique's music teacher came to her window and told her over and over how he loved her.
Argan's brother, Beralde, who is a lawyer, comes to visit him. He is not impressed with Argan's claims about how sick he is. Beralde tells his brother that he has a match for Angelique. At the mention of his daughter's name, Argan flies into a rage and Beralde calms him by telling him about a dance troupe that has come to amuse him. There is a dance interlude as Gypsies dance and sing about the joys of young love and the pain when it proves false.
Act three
Now that Argan has returned, Beralde first asks his brother why he would want to send his daughter to a convent. Beralde points out that sending them to a convent was Beline's idea. He suggests that she might want the children out of the way for her own reasons, but Argan gets angry and leaps to her defense. Then he asks Argan why he would want to marry his daughter to a doctor so unsuited for her. He says that if the doctor is good enough for him, he is good enough for Angelique. Beralde wants to hear no more of this. He points out to Argan that he is one of the healthiest people he knows and that his infatuation with doctors and apothecaries is bad for him and everyone else. The doctors, he says, know nothing about the workings of the human body and therefore can do nothing to cure it. The doctors are only educated enough to give fancy Latin names to the things they do not comprehend. They will kill their patients with the best of intentions, but they will still be dead. Beralde believes that all one can do is rest and let nature take its course.
Mr. Purgon's assistant comes in with a new remedy for Argan. Beralde asks Argan not to take it and to put it off until tomorrow, but this makes Mr. Purgon's assistant, Fleurant, very angry. He runs off to tell the doctor about this interference. Beralde tries once again to get his brother to give up his addiction to doctors, but Argan claims to be too sick. Just then Mr. Purgon enters, having been told that his cure was sent back. He is furious and rages at Argan. He refuses to treat Argan any more and says that within a few days Argan will go from one horrible disease to another and finally die. With that, he storms out.
Left with Beralde again, Argan cries and says that he can already feel his system shutting down. Beralde thinks he is crazy and tells him so, but Argan won't listen. He is sure that he is already dying. Toinette comes in and says that a new doctor has arrived who wants to treat Argan. She doesn't know who the man is, but says that he looks exactly like her. Argan is desperate and consents to see him.
Toinette comes in dressed as a doctor and claims to be one of the world's greatest doctors who has come to see Argan: one of the world's most illustrious patients. He tells Argan that all of his previous doctors were idiots who have totally misdiagnosed him. Argan tells him everything that has been prescribed, and Toinette (as the doctor) contradicts every one, saying his doctors were ignorant. She goes on to make him realize that not everything doctors tell him is true; she blames his one arm for taking up all the nutrients, so he should have it amputated so as to make his other arm stronger. She also says that one of his eyes is taking up all the nutrients that go to it, so if he has it removed, his remaining eye will see much better.
Beralde then tries to convince his brother, since he has already fallen out with Purgon, that he should consider a different marriage for his daughter. But Argan wants her put into a convent as a punishment for her willfulness. Beralde suggests that the real reason is that Beline wants it. Argan begins to get angry again, but Toinette steps in and says she has a solution to prove to Beralde how much Beline loves her husband. She suggests that Argan lie down on the couch and pretend to be dead. Then everyone will see how she really feels about him by her grief. Everyone thinks this is an excellent plan.
Beralde hides as Beline comes in. She finds Toinette crying and Toinette tells her Argan is dead. Beline does not shed a tear, but is instead overjoyed that Argan is finally dead. She calls him horrible names, then asks Toinette to help her cover up his death until she can get his money. With that Argan gets up and surprises Beline. He shouts that he's glad to have found her out as she runs off. Just then they hear Angelique coming and Toinette suggests he do the same thing to find out how she feels.
When Angelique hears that her father is dead she is inconsolable. She cries and says that she has lost the dearest thing in the world to her. She is even more upset because she has lost him when he was still angry with her. Cleante comes in to comfort her, but it is no good. She tells Cleante that they can never get married now. Since her father's last wishes were that she be a nun, that is what she will do.
With that, Argan gets up and hugs his daughter. She and Cleante are both delighted that he is alive. Argan agrees to their marriage, saying that she and Cleante can marry as long as Cleante becomes a doctor. He agrees, but Beralde stops him. He suggests that Argan should just become a doctor himself. Argan approves of the idea and Beralde says he knows a number of people who can make him a doctor that very night.
He invites the gypsy dancers back and they perform a ceremony in song and dance that, they claim, makes Argan a doctor (in the translation by John Wood, Argan suffers a heart attack during the dance and dies, whereupon the dancers stop dancing and assume deaths-head masks).
External links
- Analysis, Plot overview (in French)
- English translation on the Gutenberg Project
- dormitive principle - a term coined in the play.