Lectionary 228
Encyclopedia
Lectionary 228, designated by siglum ℓ 228 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript
of the New Testament
, on paper. Palaeographically
it has been assigned to the 15th century.
Scrivener
labelled it by 253evl.
Some leaves of the manuscript were lost.
s, Acts of the Apostles
, and Epistles, and three from the Old Testament
lectionary
(Evangelistarium, Apostolarium), with some lacunae
. The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 177 paper leaves – for the New Testament – , in one column per page, 26 lines per page. The initial letters are rubricated. The whole codex has 228 leaves. Two leaves numbered 20, two leaves numbered 21, 29r not numbered, 35r not numbered, 64r has two numbers, 66r has two numbers. It was written by several various hands. The initial letters are beautifully decorated.
Accents and breathings are inaccurate. Errors of itacisms
are frequent, especially the interchange of ο
and ω
. Lessons from the Epistles and Gospels about in equal numbers. From the Septuaginta occur as lessons Isaiah 12:3-6; 35:1-10; 55:1-13; Ps 137:1-6.
Some reading are remarkable.
to the 15th century.
Of the early history of the codex nothing is known until the year 1864, when it was in the possession of a dealer at Janina
in Epeiros. It was then purchased from him by a representative of Baroness Burdett-Coutts
(1814–1906), a philanthropist, along with other Greek manuscripts (among them Lectionary 214
-227
). They were transported to England in 1870-1871. The manuscript was presented by Burdett-Coutts to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, and was housed at the Highgate (Burdett-Coutts III. 53), in London.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (number 253) and Gregory
(number 228). Gregory saw it in 1883. In 1922 it was acquired for the University of Michigan. The manuscript was described by K. W. Clark in 1937.
The manuscript was digitalized by the CSNTM
on July 1, 2008.
The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
In the present day the codex is housed at the University of Michigan
(Ms. 43) in Ann Arbor
.
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, on paper. Palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
it has been assigned to the 15th century.
Scrivener
Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
The Reverend Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, LL.D. was an important text critic of the New Testament and a member of the English New Testament Revision Committee which produced the Revised Version of the Bible...
labelled it by 253evl.
Some leaves of the manuscript were lost.
Description
The codex contains 15 lessons from the GospelGospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...
s, Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...
, and Epistles, and three from the Old Testament
Old Testament
The Old Testament, of which Christians hold different views, is a Christian term for the religious writings of ancient Israel held sacred and inspired by Christians which overlaps with the 24-book canon of the Masoretic Text of Judaism...
lectionary
Lectionary
A Lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion.-History:...
(Evangelistarium, Apostolarium), with some lacunae
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
. The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 177 paper leaves – for the New Testament – , in one column per page, 26 lines per page. The initial letters are rubricated. The whole codex has 228 leaves. Two leaves numbered 20, two leaves numbered 21, 29r not numbered, 35r not numbered, 64r has two numbers, 66r has two numbers. It was written by several various hands. The initial letters are beautifully decorated.
Accents and breathings are inaccurate. Errors of itacisms
Iotacism
Iotacism is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so that they all sound like iota in Modern Greek....
are frequent, especially the interchange of ο
Omicron
Omicron is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 70. It is rarely used in mathematics because it is indistinguishable from the Latin letter O and easily confused with the digit 0...
and ω
Omega
Omega is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system, it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" , as opposed to omicron, which means "little O"...
. Lessons from the Epistles and Gospels about in equal numbers. From the Septuaginta occur as lessons Isaiah 12:3-6; 35:1-10; 55:1-13; Ps 137:1-6.
Some reading are remarkable.
- Matthew 1:5 – εκ της ραχαβ and εκ της ρουθ
- Matthew 1:16 – ματθαν δε εγεννησε των ιακωβ ιακωβ δε
- Luke 2:3 – εκαστος
- Luke 2:5 – εγκυω ] εγγυω
History
Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 13th century, Gregory dated it to the 15th century. It is presently assigned by the INTFInstitute for New Testament Textual Research
The Institute for New Testament Textual Research at the University of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, is an institute for the investigation of the text of the New Testament. The INTF was founded in Münster in 1959 by Professor Kurt Aland , the first director of the Institute...
to the 15th century.
Of the early history of the codex nothing is known until the year 1864, when it was in the possession of a dealer at Janina
Ioannina
Ioannina , often called Jannena within Greece, is the largest city of Epirus, north-western Greece, with a population of 70,203 . It lies at an elevation of approximately 500 meters above sea level, on the western shore of lake Pamvotis . It is located within the Ioannina municipality, and is the...
in Epeiros. It was then purchased from him by a representative of Baroness Burdett-Coutts
Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts
Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts , born Angela Georgina Burdett, was a nineteenth-century philanthropist, the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and the former Sophia Coutts, daughter of banker Thomas Coutts...
(1814–1906), a philanthropist, along with other Greek manuscripts (among them Lectionary 214
Lectionary 214
Lectionary 214, designated by siglum ℓ 214 is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
-227
Lectionary 227
Lectionary 227, designated by siglum ℓ 227 is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
). They were transported to England in 1870-1871. The manuscript was presented by Burdett-Coutts to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, and was housed at the Highgate (Burdett-Coutts III. 53), in London.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (number 253) and Gregory
Caspar René Gregory
Caspar René Gregory was a American-born German theologian theologian.-Life:Gregory was born in Philadelphia. He studied theology at two Presbyterian seminaries: in 1865-67 at the University of Pennsylvania and at Princeton Theological Seminary...
(number 228). Gregory saw it in 1883. In 1922 it was acquired for the University of Michigan. The manuscript was described by K. W. Clark in 1937.
The manuscript was digitalized by the CSNTM
Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts
The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts is a non-profit organization set out to preserve ancient manuscripts of the Christian Scriptures New Testament. This aim is accomplished by taking high resolution digital photographs of all extant Greek New Testament manuscripts. The...
on July 1, 2008.
The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
In the present day the codex is housed at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
(Ms. 43) in Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census places the population at 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 344,791 as of 2010...
.
See also
- List of New Testament lectionaries
- Biblical manuscriptBiblical manuscriptA biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
External links
- Images of Lectionary 228 at the CSNTM