Leon Trotsky Museum, Mexico City
Encyclopedia
The Leon Trotsky House Museum is a museum honoring Leon Trotsky
and an organization that works to promote political asylum, located in the Coyoacán
borough of Mexico City
. The center of the complex is the house in which Trotsky lived with his wife from 1939 to 1940, and where the Russian dissident was murdered. The house has been kept as it was at that time, especially the study in which a Stalin supporter killed Trotsky with an ice axe
to the back of the head. Around the house is a garden and high walls with watchtowers. The complex was turned into the current museum and asylum institution in 1990, on the 50th anniversary of the assassination.
Trotsky was forced into exile in 1929 because of his criticism of Joseph Stalin
’s government. For the next eight years, Trotsky and his wife, Natalia Sedova
, wandered among several countries under a death sentence and pursued by Stalinist agents. In 1937, Diego Rivera
and Frida Kahlo
persuaded the Lázaro Cárdenas
government to give the Trotskys political asylum in Mexico.
At first, the couple lived at Frida Kahlo’s family home called “La Casa Azul” (The Blue House), which is located in the Coyoacán borough of Mexico City. However, by 1939, Diego Rivera and Leon Trotsky had a falling out. Some stories state that it was over ideology and Diego’s criticism of Trotsky’s writing and others state that Trotsky had had an affair with Frida. The Trotskys then moved to the house on Viena Street in the same borough, not far from The Blue House.
While Mexico had an active Communist movement at that time, like elsewhere it was divided between those who supported Stalin and those who did not. In May 1940, an assassination attempt was led by Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros
. The group was disguised as police officers and managed to overpower guards, set up machine guns in the house’s inner courtyard and began firing at the various rooms of the small house. Those inside survived by hiding under bedroom furniture and only one grandson, Seva, was wounded. This attack prompted the building of the walls that surround the property and the building of guard towers, which gives the property fortress-like appearance.
The second and successful attempt on Trotsky’s life came on 20 August of the same year. A Spanish Stalin supporter by the name of Ramón Mercader
, under the name of Jacson Mornard and with a Canadian passport, had become the lover of Trotsky’s personal secretary. As such, he gained the household’s trust and was permitted on the premises. On that day, Mercader asked Trotsky to look over something he had written, and as Trotsky read the work, Mercader removed an alpine climbing axe from his coat and struck Trotsky in the back of the skull. Trotsky did not die right away and was conscious for a time as he was taken to the hospital for surgery. However, he died the next day. Mercader was arrested by Mexican police, convicted of murder and spent twenty years in Mexican prison. When he was released in 1960, Mercader reportedly fled to Prague
then Moscow
, where he received the Order of Lenin
. According to some later reports, he eventually died of cancer in Havana
.
The room in which Trotsky was killed remains exactly as it was at that moment, including the papers and the books in their exact positions.
newspaper called the atmosphere of the place “real, tense, not with abundance and not always happy.” The complex was declared a historic monument in 1982. The house is small and common for a dwelling built in the early 20th century in the area. One notable exception is a tower topped by a bronze eagle of the type that Venustiano Carranza
used during the Mexican Revolution
. It is claimed that it was a gift from Carranza to the house’s former owner, a Mister Turatti. Bullet holes from the Siqueiros attack are still on the outer walls. The interior of the house has been kept as it was when Trotsky lived there, and appears somewhat dark and gloomy due to the bars and steel shutters on the windows. The kitchen has its pots and pans, shoes are lined alongside beds, with floors and beds covered by tattered Mexican textiles. There are some bullet holes in the interior as well. The center of the house is Trotsky’s study were everything from his glasses, to papers, to books and more are left exactly as they were when Trotsky was attacked.
Along the high outer walls and watchtowers are guard houses and other facilities that have been turned into exhibit halls and other facilities associated with the museum. These rooms display photographs, newspapers more personal effects of Trotsky and more. As a museum, some other buildings were added along the walls which contain photos from Trotsky’s lifetime, biographical notes in Spanish and memorabilia such as Trotsky trademark small round glasses. The guards’ house contains a permanent photographic collection containing images of Trotsky’s family, his participation in the Bolshevik Revolution and his family tree. In what were once guest quarters at the end of the garden, hang dozens of black-and-white photos of Trotsky and Natalia accompanied by celebrity friends, such as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo. There are also temporary exhibit halls, which has new showings by various artists each month. Artistic showings include an annual exhibit of works by graffiti artists (or “graffiteros). The annual event aims to recognize the talents of these “grafiteros” which the museum considers to be victims of marginalization. However, the event has been attended by officials from the city’s Public Security agency, the borough of Coyoacán, technical schools and even the Cuban embassy. In 2009, the graffiti exhibition was sponsored by the city’s Secretary of Public Safety and a snack food company with twenty works considered to be the most representative of a contest called “Las cosas chidas, rólalas” (Cool things, roll (share) them). The auditorium seats eighty and the Rafael Galván library has a collection of over 6,000 volumes mostly on the social sciences, economics and politics.
The rest of the complex space is taken up by the garden area, which is still maintained with tropical flowers and other plants, such as rare cacti, which Trotsky collected. There are photos in the museum of Trotsky collecting cacti in the Mexican countryside and tending the garden along with the rabbits and chickens which were in the hutches and coops that still exist. The center of the garden contain a stone stele designed by Juan O’Gorman, which contains Trotsky’s ashes along with those of his wife. Above the stele is a flagpole with the Soviet flag.
The current museum was created on 20 August 1990 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the assassination along with the Instituto del Derecho de Asilo y las Libertades Públicas (Institute for the Right of Asylum and Public Liberties). The latter was created to help other political dissident seeking asylum in Mexico, but it was consolidated with the museum in 1996. The official name of the organization is now the Instituto del Derecho de Asilo Museo Casa de León Trotsky. The museum receives an average of 17,000 foreign visitors each year, along with 50,000 students from visits organized by the Secretariat of Public Education. This generates about 20,000 pesos
in income each week. The museum is supported only by income and donations. There is occasional support by the city government such as the renovation of the guard tower. Between January and March 2010, the museum received 11,000 visitors, mostly students and foreigners, despite the lack of a coordinated promotional effort.
Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army....
and an organization that works to promote political asylum, located in the Coyoacán
Coyoacán
Coyoacán refers to one of the sixteen boroughs of the Federal District of Mexico City as well as the former village which is now the borough’s “historic center.” The name comes from Nahuatl and most likely means “place of coyotes,” when the Aztecs named a pre-Hispanic village on the southern shore...
borough of Mexico City
Mexico City
Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole...
. The center of the complex is the house in which Trotsky lived with his wife from 1939 to 1940, and where the Russian dissident was murdered. The house has been kept as it was at that time, especially the study in which a Stalin supporter killed Trotsky with an ice axe
Ice axe
An ice axe, is a multi-purpose ice and snow tool used by mountaineers both in the ascent and descent of routes which involve frozen conditions. It can be held and employed in a number of different ways, depending on the terrain encountered...
to the back of the head. Around the house is a garden and high walls with watchtowers. The complex was turned into the current museum and asylum institution in 1990, on the 50th anniversary of the assassination.
Trotsky’s exile and assassination at the house
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
’s government. For the next eight years, Trotsky and his wife, Natalia Sedova
Natalia Sedova
Natalia Ivanovna Sedova is best known as the second wife of Leon Trotsky, the Russian revolutionary. She was, however, also an active revolutionary in her own right and wrote on cultural matters pertaining to Marxism...
, wandered among several countries under a death sentence and pursued by Stalinist agents. In 1937, Diego Rivera
Diego Rivera
Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez was a prominent Mexican painter born in Guanajuato, Guanajuato, an active communist, and husband of Frida Kahlo . His large wall works in fresco helped establish the Mexican Mural Movement in...
and Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo de Rivera was a Mexican painter, born in Coyoacán, and perhaps best known for her self-portraits....
persuaded the Lázaro Cárdenas
Lázaro Cárdenas
Lázaro Cárdenas del Río was President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940.-Early life:Lázaro Cárdenas was born on May 21, 1895 in a lower-middle class family in the village of Jiquilpan, Michoacán. He supported his family from age 16 after the death of his father...
government to give the Trotskys political asylum in Mexico.
At first, the couple lived at Frida Kahlo’s family home called “La Casa Azul” (The Blue House), which is located in the Coyoacán borough of Mexico City. However, by 1939, Diego Rivera and Leon Trotsky had a falling out. Some stories state that it was over ideology and Diego’s criticism of Trotsky’s writing and others state that Trotsky had had an affair with Frida. The Trotskys then moved to the house on Viena Street in the same borough, not far from The Blue House.
While Mexico had an active Communist movement at that time, like elsewhere it was divided between those who supported Stalin and those who did not. In May 1940, an assassination attempt was led by Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros
David Alfaro Siqueiros
José David Alfaro Siqueiros was a social realist painter, known for his large murals in fresco that helped establish the Mexican Mural Renaissance, together with works by Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, and also a member of the Mexican Communist Party who participated in an...
. The group was disguised as police officers and managed to overpower guards, set up machine guns in the house’s inner courtyard and began firing at the various rooms of the small house. Those inside survived by hiding under bedroom furniture and only one grandson, Seva, was wounded. This attack prompted the building of the walls that surround the property and the building of guard towers, which gives the property fortress-like appearance.
The second and successful attempt on Trotsky’s life came on 20 August of the same year. A Spanish Stalin supporter by the name of Ramón Mercader
Ramón Mercader
Jaime Ramón Mercader del Río Hernández was a Spanish communist who became famous as the murderer of Russian Communist ideologist Leon Trotsky in 1940, in Mexico...
, under the name of Jacson Mornard and with a Canadian passport, had become the lover of Trotsky’s personal secretary. As such, he gained the household’s trust and was permitted on the premises. On that day, Mercader asked Trotsky to look over something he had written, and as Trotsky read the work, Mercader removed an alpine climbing axe from his coat and struck Trotsky in the back of the skull. Trotsky did not die right away and was conscious for a time as he was taken to the hospital for surgery. However, he died the next day. Mercader was arrested by Mexican police, convicted of murder and spent twenty years in Mexican prison. When he was released in 1960, Mercader reportedly fled to Prague
Prague
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
then Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, where he received the Order of Lenin
Order of Lenin
The Order of Lenin , named after the leader of the Russian October Revolution, was the highest decoration bestowed by the Soviet Union...
. According to some later reports, he eventually died of cancer in Havana
Havana
Havana is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of — making it the largest city in the Caribbean region, and the most populous...
.
The room in which Trotsky was killed remains exactly as it was at that moment, including the papers and the books in their exact positions.
The museum
The museum consists of the house that Trotsky lived in, the garden area and the outer walls with guard facilities, located in a quiet, residential neighborhood next to an arroyo that ran parallel to the Churubusco River. La JornadaLa Jornada
La Jornada is one of Mexico City's leading daily newspapers. It was established in 1984 by Carlos Payán Velver. The current editor is Carmen Lira Saade...
newspaper called the atmosphere of the place “real, tense, not with abundance and not always happy.” The complex was declared a historic monument in 1982. The house is small and common for a dwelling built in the early 20th century in the area. One notable exception is a tower topped by a bronze eagle of the type that Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza de la Garza, was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted...
used during the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution...
. It is claimed that it was a gift from Carranza to the house’s former owner, a Mister Turatti. Bullet holes from the Siqueiros attack are still on the outer walls. The interior of the house has been kept as it was when Trotsky lived there, and appears somewhat dark and gloomy due to the bars and steel shutters on the windows. The kitchen has its pots and pans, shoes are lined alongside beds, with floors and beds covered by tattered Mexican textiles. There are some bullet holes in the interior as well. The center of the house is Trotsky’s study were everything from his glasses, to papers, to books and more are left exactly as they were when Trotsky was attacked.
Along the high outer walls and watchtowers are guard houses and other facilities that have been turned into exhibit halls and other facilities associated with the museum. These rooms display photographs, newspapers more personal effects of Trotsky and more. As a museum, some other buildings were added along the walls which contain photos from Trotsky’s lifetime, biographical notes in Spanish and memorabilia such as Trotsky trademark small round glasses. The guards’ house contains a permanent photographic collection containing images of Trotsky’s family, his participation in the Bolshevik Revolution and his family tree. In what were once guest quarters at the end of the garden, hang dozens of black-and-white photos of Trotsky and Natalia accompanied by celebrity friends, such as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo. There are also temporary exhibit halls, which has new showings by various artists each month. Artistic showings include an annual exhibit of works by graffiti artists (or “graffiteros). The annual event aims to recognize the talents of these “grafiteros” which the museum considers to be victims of marginalization. However, the event has been attended by officials from the city’s Public Security agency, the borough of Coyoacán, technical schools and even the Cuban embassy. In 2009, the graffiti exhibition was sponsored by the city’s Secretary of Public Safety and a snack food company with twenty works considered to be the most representative of a contest called “Las cosas chidas, rólalas” (Cool things, roll (share) them). The auditorium seats eighty and the Rafael Galván library has a collection of over 6,000 volumes mostly on the social sciences, economics and politics.
The rest of the complex space is taken up by the garden area, which is still maintained with tropical flowers and other plants, such as rare cacti, which Trotsky collected. There are photos in the museum of Trotsky collecting cacti in the Mexican countryside and tending the garden along with the rabbits and chickens which were in the hutches and coops that still exist. The center of the garden contain a stone stele designed by Juan O’Gorman, which contains Trotsky’s ashes along with those of his wife. Above the stele is a flagpole with the Soviet flag.
The current museum was created on 20 August 1990 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the assassination along with the Instituto del Derecho de Asilo y las Libertades Públicas (Institute for the Right of Asylum and Public Liberties). The latter was created to help other political dissident seeking asylum in Mexico, but it was consolidated with the museum in 1996. The official name of the organization is now the Instituto del Derecho de Asilo Museo Casa de León Trotsky. The museum receives an average of 17,000 foreign visitors each year, along with 50,000 students from visits organized by the Secretariat of Public Education. This generates about 20,000 pesos
Mexican peso
The peso is the currency of Mexico. Modern peso and dollar currencies have a common origin in the 15th–19th century Spanish dollar, most continuing to use its sign, "$". The Mexican peso is the 12th most traded currency in the world, the third most traded in the Americas, and by far the most...
in income each week. The museum is supported only by income and donations. There is occasional support by the city government such as the renovation of the guard tower. Between January and March 2010, the museum received 11,000 visitors, mostly students and foreigners, despite the lack of a coordinated promotional effort.