Lesbian Avengers
Encyclopedia
The Lesbian Avengers began in New York City
in 1992 as "a direct action group focused on issues vital to lesbian
survival and visibility." Dozens of other chapters quickly emerged worldwide, a few expanding their mission to include questions of gender, race, and class.
Though some groups continue to hold demonstrations on an irregular basis (San Francisco Avengers demonstrated against Proposition 8
), one of the Lesbian Avengers' most enduring legacy may be the annual Dyke March
.
, Sarah Schulman
, Maxine Wolfe, Anne-christine D'Adesky
, Marie Honan, and Anne Maguire, six longtime lesbian activists who were involved in a variety of LGBT groups from the Medusa's Revenge lesbian theater to ACT-UP and ILGO (the Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization).
Their first recruiting flyer, handed out at New York's Pride Parade, invited "LESBIANS! DYKES! GAY WOMEN!" to get involved. "We're wasting our lives being careful. Imagine what your life could be. Aren't you ready to make it happen?"
One activist told Salholz, "When a lesbian walks into a room of gay men, it's the same as when she walks into a room of heterosexual men ... You're listened to and then politely ignored." Lesbian Avenger Ann Northrop
underlined the point. "We're not going to be invisible anymore ... We are going to be prominent and have power and be part of all decision making."
Her assumptions were largely proved in interviews with Avengers in the 1993 documentary film, Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire, Too edited by Su Friedrich
and Janet Baus
. Some members, though, joked they also joined to meet girls.
The Lesbian Avenger Handbook encouraged particular attention to the visual elements of the demonstration. "It should let people know clearly and quickly who we are and why we are there. NY Avengers have used a wide range of visuals such as fire eating, a twelve-foot shrine, a huge bomb, a ten-foot plaster statue, flaming torches, etc. The more fabulous, witty, and original, the better."
The targets of the Lesbian Avengers changed often. They have taken on homophobic school boards, misogyny in the gay community, and anti-gay referendums. Sometimes their positions seem to change, as well. In the early years, the group opposed attempts to legitimize gay marriage, protesting the notion at an Andrew Sullivan book signing in 1995. By 2008, the Avengers were protesting in favor of marriage equality, and in opposition to Proposition 8
.
The New York Lesbian Avengers also developed a Lesbian Avenger Civil Rights Organizing Project, traveling across the country to fight anti-gay referendum and ballot propositions.
charged that opponents, besides being homophobic, also had a racist agenda in battling the multicultural curriculum.
Meeting in Queens School District 24 where the opposition to the "Rainbow Curriculum" was strongest, they paraded through the neighborhood with an all-lesbian marching band to a local elementary school where they gave out lavender balloons to children and their parents saying "Ask About Lesbian Lives." They also wore tee-shirts reading, "I was a lesbian child."
This first action exemplified the Avenger approach. They established a strong visual presence with balloons and marching band, offered flyers clearly explaining to passersby their support for the curriculum and denouncing its opponents, and, as in all subsequent actions, made great efforts to reach print and broadcast media.
They also demonstrated without permits, refusing to ask for permission to express themselves. Organizer Kelly Cogswell later elaborated on this principle during the 1994 International Dyke March, "We ask for a permit; they can say no."
Above all, their choice of action reflected their commitment to challenging homophobic stereotypes. In this case, some members objected to going anywhere near children since lesbians and gay men had so often been portrayed as child molesters. Other members thought that was precisely why their presence was essential. And that was the eventual consensus of the group.
They had a mixed record of effectiveness with mainstream media. While the group was featured in the 1993 Eloise Salholz's Newsweek article, The Power and the Pride, and actions were occasionally included on local news broadcasts, the Lesbian Avengers were often ignored.
In her discussion of the 1994 International Dyke March, There was a dyke march?, journalist Amy C. Brenner discussed how, despite enormous outreach and the several thousand marchers that attended the event, the event was barely mentioned. Of the fifty articles covering the Stonewall anniversary celebrations in the New York Times, the Dyke March and the several thousand lesbians that attended the event only got nine lines. "Nothing was mentioned in the Washington Post...or the Chicago Tribune...or the Los Angeles Times."
Aware of the power of the press, the Lesbian Avengers sometimes didn't court it, but attacked it. They invaded the offices of Self magazine when that publication planned a trip to Colorado despite a lesbian and gay boycott of the state for hate legislation, and in the resulting media coverage were misnamed "The Lesbian Agenda."
The Avengers also collaborated with Las Buenas Amigas and African Ancestral Lesbians United for Societal Change in a series of actions against homophobic and racist radio programs at La Mega 97.9 in New York, and its parent company, the Spanish Broadcasting System
, informing advertisers, staging demonstration, and briefly taking over the radio station and broadcasting their own message.
That action, held at a West Village encampment, was later followed by a march down Fifth Avenue in which they carried torches, and burnt signs with the names of anti-lesbian and gay propositions blamed for the homophobic violence.
At the Washington Dyke March held during the anniversary celebrations of the Lesbian and Gay March on Washington in 1993, the Lesbian Avengers ate fire in front of the White House surrounded by a crowd of an estimated 20,000 lesbians.
-- with 20,000 women, marching together with no permit. These participants brought the marches home to their cities and countries and created a new tradition."
This April 24 March in Washington was followed in June 1993 by what was to become an Avenger tradition, the Dyke March held a day or two before LGBT Pride.
The second New York City Dyke March, coinciding with the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots
, Gay Games
IV, and international human rights conferences, was actually an International Dyke March, attracting as many as 20,000 marchers from all over the world.
The Dyke March tradition continues in many cities, and has even expanded to Mexico City.
which took place the Saturday before LGBT Pride.
U.S. groups included Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Gainesville, Minneapolis (still active as the Twin Cities Avengers), Philadelphia, Rochester, San Francisco.
The British chapter of the group was formed in 1992 by members of OutRage!
One of their most high profile actions was intervening when Sandi Toksvig
was dumped by the Save the Children
charity after coming out. Following protests organised by the Lesbian Avengers, the charity apologised.
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
in 1992 as "a direct action group focused on issues vital to lesbian
Lesbian
Lesbian is a term most widely used in the English language to describe sexual and romantic desire between females. The word may be used as a noun, to refer to women who identify themselves or who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality, or as an...
survival and visibility." Dozens of other chapters quickly emerged worldwide, a few expanding their mission to include questions of gender, race, and class.
Though some groups continue to hold demonstrations on an irregular basis (San Francisco Avengers demonstrated against Proposition 8
California Proposition 8 (2008)
Proposition 8 was a ballot proposition and constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections...
), one of the Lesbian Avengers' most enduring legacy may be the annual Dyke March
Dyke March
Dyke March is a mostly lesbian-led and inclusive gathering and protest march much like the original gay pride parades and marches. They usually occur the Friday or Saturday before LGBT pride parades and larger metropolitan areas have related events both before and after the event to further...
.
Origins
The Lesbian Avengers was founded by Ana Maria SimoAna María Simo
Ana María Simo is a New York playwright, essayist and novelist. Born in Cuba, educated in France, and writing in English, she has collaborated with such experimental artists as composer Zeena Parkins, choreographer Stephanie Skura and filmmakers Ela Troyano and Abigail Child...
, Sarah Schulman
Sarah Schulman
Sarah Miriam Schulman is an American novelist, historian and playwright. An early chronicler of the AIDS crisis, she wrote on AIDS and social issues, publishing in The Village Voice in the early 1980s, and writing the first piece on AIDS and the homeless, which appeared in The Nation...
, Maxine Wolfe, Anne-christine D'Adesky
Anne-Christine d'Adesky
Anne-Christine d'Adesky is a journalist, author, documentary filmmaker, activist and human rights advocate.-Biography:Adesky has been a foreign correspondent in Haiti working as a stringer for newspapers including the San Francisco Examiner and later, the Village Voice. Here, she began writing...
, Marie Honan, and Anne Maguire, six longtime lesbian activists who were involved in a variety of LGBT groups from the Medusa's Revenge lesbian theater to ACT-UP and ILGO (the Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization).
Their first recruiting flyer, handed out at New York's Pride Parade, invited "LESBIANS! DYKES! GAY WOMEN!" to get involved. "We're wasting our lives being careful. Imagine what your life could be. Aren't you ready to make it happen?"
One activist told Salholz, "When a lesbian walks into a room of gay men, it's the same as when she walks into a room of heterosexual men ... You're listened to and then politely ignored." Lesbian Avenger Ann Northrop
Ann Northrop
Ann Northrop is a journalist and activist, and the current co-host of TV news program Gay USA.-Early life:Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Northrop is a native of her mother's hometown, Windsor...
underlined the point. "We're not going to be invisible anymore ... We are going to be prominent and have power and be part of all decision making."
Her assumptions were largely proved in interviews with Avengers in the 1993 documentary film, Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire, Too edited by Su Friedrich
Su Friedrich
Su Friedrich is an American avant-garde filmmaker.- Biography :Friedrich graduated from Oberlin College in 1975 and made her first film, Hot Water, in 1978...
and Janet Baus
Janet Baus
Janet Baus is a documentary film and television director, producer and editor. In 1993, she co-directed Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire Too with Su Friedrich, about activist group the Lesbian Avengers. In 2003 she produced John Scagliotti's film Dangerous Living: Coming Out in the Developing World about...
. Some members, though, joked they also joined to meet girls.
Actions
The Lesbian Avengers generally avoided traditional picket lines, sit-ins, and petitions, aiming instead for actions that created stronger, original images more likely to attract both media coverage and new members.The Lesbian Avenger Handbook encouraged particular attention to the visual elements of the demonstration. "It should let people know clearly and quickly who we are and why we are there. NY Avengers have used a wide range of visuals such as fire eating, a twelve-foot shrine, a huge bomb, a ten-foot plaster statue, flaming torches, etc. The more fabulous, witty, and original, the better."
The targets of the Lesbian Avengers changed often. They have taken on homophobic school boards, misogyny in the gay community, and anti-gay referendums. Sometimes their positions seem to change, as well. In the early years, the group opposed attempts to legitimize gay marriage, protesting the notion at an Andrew Sullivan book signing in 1995. By 2008, the Avengers were protesting in favor of marriage equality, and in opposition to Proposition 8
California Proposition 8 (2008)
Proposition 8 was a ballot proposition and constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections...
.
The New York Lesbian Avengers also developed a Lesbian Avenger Civil Rights Organizing Project, traveling across the country to fight anti-gay referendum and ballot propositions.
First Action: Rainbow Curriculum
On their first action (September 9, 1992), the Lesbian Avengers targeted right-wing attempts to suppress a multicultural "Children of the Rainbow" curriculum for elementary schoolchildren. Ostensibly under attack for including lesbians and gay men in its lessons about diversity, some activists like Ana Maria SimoAna María Simo
Ana María Simo is a New York playwright, essayist and novelist. Born in Cuba, educated in France, and writing in English, she has collaborated with such experimental artists as composer Zeena Parkins, choreographer Stephanie Skura and filmmakers Ela Troyano and Abigail Child...
charged that opponents, besides being homophobic, also had a racist agenda in battling the multicultural curriculum.
Meeting in Queens School District 24 where the opposition to the "Rainbow Curriculum" was strongest, they paraded through the neighborhood with an all-lesbian marching band to a local elementary school where they gave out lavender balloons to children and their parents saying "Ask About Lesbian Lives." They also wore tee-shirts reading, "I was a lesbian child."
This first action exemplified the Avenger approach. They established a strong visual presence with balloons and marching band, offered flyers clearly explaining to passersby their support for the curriculum and denouncing its opponents, and, as in all subsequent actions, made great efforts to reach print and broadcast media.
They also demonstrated without permits, refusing to ask for permission to express themselves. Organizer Kelly Cogswell later elaborated on this principle during the 1994 International Dyke March, "We ask for a permit; they can say no."
Above all, their choice of action reflected their commitment to challenging homophobic stereotypes. In this case, some members objected to going anywhere near children since lesbians and gay men had so often been portrayed as child molesters. Other members thought that was precisely why their presence was essential. And that was the eventual consensus of the group.
Role of Media: Love and Hate
Press played an important role in the Lesbian Avengers. One article actually characterized them as "a protest outfit formed to attract media attention to lesbian causes." Besides shaping actions for visual impact, there were committees dedicated to outreach and "propaganda." The handbook offered a step by step guide on the processes necessary to attract press attention from mainstream and lesbian and gay media, even examples of press releases.They had a mixed record of effectiveness with mainstream media. While the group was featured in the 1993 Eloise Salholz's Newsweek article, The Power and the Pride, and actions were occasionally included on local news broadcasts, the Lesbian Avengers were often ignored.
In her discussion of the 1994 International Dyke March, There was a dyke march?, journalist Amy C. Brenner discussed how, despite enormous outreach and the several thousand marchers that attended the event, the event was barely mentioned. Of the fifty articles covering the Stonewall anniversary celebrations in the New York Times, the Dyke March and the several thousand lesbians that attended the event only got nine lines. "Nothing was mentioned in the Washington Post...or the Chicago Tribune...or the Los Angeles Times."
Conflicts over the handling of the press coverage of the Dyke March also occurred within the New York gay and lesbian political community. In an interview, Simo said that a press release sent out by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) after Stonewall 25 initially did not have anything in it about the Dyke March. After the Avengers brought this issue to GLAAD's attention, one line was added to the end of the press release about the lack of mainstream press coverage about the Dyke March.
Aware of the power of the press, the Lesbian Avengers sometimes didn't court it, but attacked it. They invaded the offices of Self magazine when that publication planned a trip to Colorado despite a lesbian and gay boycott of the state for hate legislation, and in the resulting media coverage were misnamed "The Lesbian Agenda."
The Avengers also collaborated with Las Buenas Amigas and African Ancestral Lesbians United for Societal Change in a series of actions against homophobic and racist radio programs at La Mega 97.9 in New York, and its parent company, the Spanish Broadcasting System
Spanish Broadcasting System
Spanish Broadcasting System, Inc. is one of the largest owners and operators of radio stations in the United States. SBS is also invested in television and internet properties, deriving the majority of its income from advertising through its media products.SBS owns the internet portal LaMusica.com...
, informing advertisers, staging demonstration, and briefly taking over the radio station and broadcasting their own message.
Fire-Eating
Use of fire and fire-eating became something of a symbol for the Lesbian Avengers, and spread from the New York group to many others. The New York Times, in one of its few articles on the Avengers, explained:[It] grew out of tragedy. Last year, a lesbian and a gay man, Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock, burned to death in Salem, Ore., after a Molotov cocktailMolotov cocktailThe Molotov cocktail, also known as the petrol bomb, gasoline bomb, Molotov bomb, fire bottle, fire bomb, or simply Molotov, is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary weapons...
was tossed into the apartment they shared. A month later, on Halloween, at a memorial to the victims in New York City, the Avengers (then newly organized) gave their response to the deaths. They ate fire, chanting, as they still do: "The fire will not consume us. We take it and make it our own.""
That action, held at a West Village encampment, was later followed by a march down Fifth Avenue in which they carried torches, and burnt signs with the names of anti-lesbian and gay propositions blamed for the homophobic violence.
At the Washington Dyke March held during the anniversary celebrations of the Lesbian and Gay March on Washington in 1993, the Lesbian Avengers ate fire in front of the White House surrounded by a crowd of an estimated 20,000 lesbians.
The Dyke March
According to Lesbian Avenger co-founder Sarah Schulman, "It was at the 1993 March on Washington that the Avengers and ACT-UP Women’s Network created the first Dyke MarchDyke March
Dyke March is a mostly lesbian-led and inclusive gathering and protest march much like the original gay pride parades and marches. They usually occur the Friday or Saturday before LGBT pride parades and larger metropolitan areas have related events both before and after the event to further...
-- with 20,000 women, marching together with no permit. These participants brought the marches home to their cities and countries and created a new tradition."
This April 24 March in Washington was followed in June 1993 by what was to become an Avenger tradition, the Dyke March held a day or two before LGBT Pride.
The second New York City Dyke March, coinciding with the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots
Stonewall riots
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City...
, Gay Games
Gay Games
The Gay Games is the world's largest sporting and cultural event organized by and specifically for LGBT athletes, artists, musicians, and others. It welcomes participants of every sexual orientation and every skill level...
IV, and international human rights conferences, was actually an International Dyke March, attracting as many as 20,000 marchers from all over the world.
The Dyke March tradition continues in many cities, and has even expanded to Mexico City.
Chapters
In its heyday, the Lesbian Avengers had as many as fifty-five independent chapters, locally controlled and operated. Besides their shared commitment to lesbian visibility, many held a Dyke MarchDyke March
Dyke March is a mostly lesbian-led and inclusive gathering and protest march much like the original gay pride parades and marches. They usually occur the Friday or Saturday before LGBT pride parades and larger metropolitan areas have related events both before and after the event to further...
which took place the Saturday before LGBT Pride.
U.S. groups included Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Gainesville, Minneapolis (still active as the Twin Cities Avengers), Philadelphia, Rochester, San Francisco.
The British chapter of the group was formed in 1992 by members of OutRage!
OutRage!
OutRage! is a British LGBT rights group that was formed to fight for equal rights of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in comparison to heterosexual people. It is a group which has at times been criticised for outing individuals who wanted to keep their homosexuality secret and for being...
One of their most high profile actions was intervening when Sandi Toksvig
Sandi Toksvig
Sandra Brigitte “Sandi” Toksvig is a Danish comedian, author and presenter on British radio and television.-Career:...
was dumped by the Save the Children
Save the Children
Save the Children is an internationally active non-governmental organization that enforces children's rights, provides relief and helps support children in developing countries...
charity after coming out. Following protests organised by the Lesbian Avengers, the charity apologised.
Further reading
- The Lesbian Avengers Handbook Explains how the Lesbian Avengers functioned. At least ideally.
- Lesbian Avenger Civil Rights Organizing Project: Out Against the Right Handbook
- Schulman, Sarah. My American History: Lesbian and Gay Life During the Reagan/Bush Years Routledge, 1994.
- Atkins, Robert. Girls With Wheatpaste And Webspace An interview with artists and former Avengers Carrie Moyer and Sue Schaffner about their work as DAM! (Dyke Action Machine!) Offers insight into two of the Avengers' image makers.