Lev Artsimovich
Encyclopedia
Lev Andreevich Artsimovich (Арцимович, Лев Андреевич in Russian
; also transliterated Arzimowitsch) (February 25, 1909 (NS
) – March 1, 1973) was a Soviet physicist
, academician
of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1953), member of the Presidium
of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (since 1957), and Hero of Socialist Labor
(1969).
.
From 1930 to 1944 he worked at the Ioffe Institute, and in 1944 he joined the "Laboratory number 2" (currently Kurchatov Institute
) for work on the Soviet atomic bomb project
. From 1951 to his death in 1973, he was the head of the Soviet fusion power
program.
He was known as "the father of the Tokamak
", a special concept for a fusion reactor. Once Arzimowitsch was asked when the first thermonuclear reactor would start its work. His replied: "When the mankind's need it, maybe a short time before that."
Under his guidance a thermonuclear fusion
reaction was produced in the laboratory for the first time.
From 1963 to 1973 he was the vice-chairman of the Soviet Pugwash Committee
and the chairman of the National Committee of Soviet Physicists.
He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
in 1966. The crater Artsimovich
on the Moon
is named after him.
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
; also transliterated Arzimowitsch) (February 25, 1909 (NS
Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar, also known as the Western calendar, or Christian calendar, is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter...
) – March 1, 1973) was a Soviet physicist
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
, academician
Academician
The title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art, literary, or scientific academy.In many countries, it is an honorary title. There also exists a lower-rank title, variously translated Corresponding Member or Associate Member, .-Eastern Europe and China:"Academician" may also be a functional...
of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1953), member of the Presidium
Presidium
The presidium or praesidium is the name for the heading organ of various legislative and organizational bodies.-Historical usage:...
of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (since 1957), and Hero of Socialist Labor
Hero of Socialist Labor
Hero of Socialist Labour was an honorary title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries. It was the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in national economy and culture...
(1969).
Academic research
Artsimovich worked on the field of nuclear fusion and plasma physicsPlasma (physics)
In physics and chemistry, plasma is a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized. Heating a gas may ionize its molecules or atoms , thus turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and negative electrons or ions...
.
From 1930 to 1944 he worked at the Ioffe Institute, and in 1944 he joined the "Laboratory number 2" (currently Kurchatov Institute
Kurchatov Institute
The Kurchatov Institute is Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy. In the Soviet Union it was known as I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy , abbreviated KIAE . It is named after Igor Kurchatov....
) for work on the Soviet atomic bomb project
Soviet atomic bomb project
The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb , was a clandestine research and development program began during and post-World War II, in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the United States' nuclear project...
. From 1951 to his death in 1973, he was the head of the Soviet fusion power
Fusion power
Fusion power is the power generated by nuclear fusion processes. In fusion reactions two light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus . In doing so they release a comparatively large amount of energy arising from the binding energy due to the strong nuclear force which is manifested...
program.
He was known as "the father of the Tokamak
Tokamak
A tokamak is a device using a magnetic field to confine a plasma in the shape of a torus . Achieving a stable plasma equilibrium requires magnetic field lines that move around the torus in a helical shape...
", a special concept for a fusion reactor. Once Arzimowitsch was asked when the first thermonuclear reactor would start its work. His replied: "When the mankind's need it, maybe a short time before that."
Under his guidance a thermonuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more atomic nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a single heavier nucleus. This is usually accompanied by the release or absorption of large quantities of energy...
reaction was produced in the laboratory for the first time.
From 1963 to 1973 he was the vice-chairman of the Soviet Pugwash Committee
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats...
and the chairman of the National Committee of Soviet Physicists.
He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
in 1966. The crater Artsimovich
Artsimovich (crater)
Artsimovich is a small lunar impact crater located in the western Mare Imbrium of the Earth's Moon. This is a circular crater forming a cup-shaped excavation in the surface of the lunar mare. To the east is the crater Diophantus and to the northeast lies Delisle. Less than 20 kilometers to the...
on the Moon
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only known natural satellite,There are a number of near-Earth asteroids including 3753 Cruithne that are co-orbital with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term . These are quasi-satellites and not true moons. For more...
is named after him.
Honours and awards
- 1946 - Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences
- 1953 - Academician of the USSR
- 1953 - Stalin Prize, first class
- 1957 - Academician-secretary of the Department of General Physics and Astronomy, USSR Academy of Sciences, member of the Presidium of the USSR
- 1958 - Lenin PrizeLenin PrizeThe Lenin Prize was one of the most prestigious awards of the USSR, presented to individuals for accomplishments relating to science, literature, arts, architecture, and technology. It was created on June 23, 1925 and was awarded until 1934. During the period from 1935 to 1956, the Lenin Prize was...
- 1965 - Honorary Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of SciencesCzechoslovak Academy of SciencesThe Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was established in 1953 to be the scientific center for Czechoslovakia. It was succeeded by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in 1992.-History:...
- 1966 - Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and SciencesAmerican Academy of Arts and SciencesThe American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
- 1968 - Honorary Member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences
- 1969 - Honorary Member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences
- 1969 - Hero of Socialist Labour
- 1970 - Honorary Citizen of Texas (USA)
- 1971 - USSR State PrizeUSSR State PrizeThe USSR State Prize was the Soviet Union's state honour. It was established on September 9, 1966. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the prize was followed up by the State Prize of the Russian Federation....
- 1972 - Honorary Doctor of the University of WarsawUniversity of WarsawThe University of Warsaw is the largest university in Poland and one of the most prestigious, ranked as best Polish university in 2010 and 2011...
- Four Orders of Lenin
- Order of the Red BannerOrder of the Red BannerThe Soviet government of Russia established the Order of the Red Banner , a military decoration, on September 16, 1918 during the Russian Civil War...
, twice (incl. 1945)
External links
- Artsimovich's photo – from the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Academy of SciencesThe Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
- Artsimovich Memorial Lecture-OFES