Levi Zililo Mumba
Encyclopedia
Levi Zililo Mumba was a leading local politician and the first President of the Nyasaland African Congress
(NAC) during the period of British colonial rule in Nyasaland
, which became the independent state of Malawi
in 1964.
Mumba was probably the most important figure in the development of Malawi politics between World War I
and World War II
.
.
He spoke the Tumbuka language
as his native tongue.
He was a graduate of the Overtoun Institution of the Livingstonia Mission, founded by Scottish missionaries in northern Nyasaland
, which educated several of the early African leaders in the colony.
Mumba passed his final examinations at the institute in 1903 with flying colors and was the first to take a commercial course.
From March 1905 until 1915 he was the first African teacher of commercial subjects, as well as the bookkeeper of the Institution.
He was encouraged to take a more active role in politics by Dr. G. Meredith Sanderson of the colonial medical service, author of The Yaos, a book about the Yao people.
In 1923 the Mwenzo Welfare Association was formed by Mumba's old school-mate, Donald Siwale, with a constitution based on that of the North Nyasa Native Association.
Mumba was the architect of many of these associations, which had very similar constitutions.
In a 1924 memo, Mumba described the purpose of these associations as to bring better local conditions and to represent public opinion more effectively to the colonial administrators than was done by the chiefs and headmen.
In 1924 Mumba expressed the hope that the associations could "assume national importance by amalgamation under a central body".
That year, he established a Representative Committee of the Northern Provinces Associations at Zomba, the capital of Nyasaland in the southern province.
His brother-in-law Mopho Jere became secretary of the Representative Committee in 1928 and its president some time before 1937.
The Representative Committee forwarded complaints to the central government about the behavior of colonial officials, and made requests for government assistance in expanding cash crop farming and the retail trade.
Mumba and James Frederick Sangala
in Blantyre
became the leaders of the Native Association movement in the 1930s.
During this period, the white colonists of Southern Rhodesia
(now Zimbabwe
) and Northern Rhodesia
(now Zambia
) were pushing for unification, and wanted to include Nyasaland
in the union, seeing Nyasaland as a useful source of labor that might otherwise be drawn to South Africa
. Nyasas resisted this move since they regarded the Rhodesias as "White Man" territory, and preferred the trusteeship arrangement in Nyasaland under which they had greater rights.
As early as 1935, the Blantyre Native Association led by Sangala called a meeting of leaders in the area where they were invited to sign a petition opposing amalgamation. When the colonial administration asked the chiefs for views on unification in 1938, the formal statement in reply was in fact composed by Mumba.
Writing on behalf of the Representative Committee in a letter to the Chief Secretary of the colony dated April 1935, Mumba asked why Africans were not allowed a greater role in the celebrations of the King's birthday and in the swearing-in ceremony for the Governor.
He said that "...Thst such an important Government function should ignore or fail to find a place for even its few senior African officers ... including some well-to-do and respectable Africans, who can be of help in explaining the meaning of the occasion to others later, has created the wrong idea that they are not wanted there, and adds to their perplexities".
There is a note of elitism here, distinguishing between educated men and the less sophisticated chiefs and headmen.
Later, Mumba put the case more simply: "the natives of the country should be taken into the confidence of the government as His Majesty's subject like all others ... the natives are considered as children in these matters, and so they are, but it is as children when they can better be initiated into what is demanded of them when they grow up".
On 12 May 1935 he talked with the governor, Sir Harold Kittermaster, on the subject of the proper method of communication between the government and Africans. He opposed the policy of the time which was to go through the Native Administrations, dominated by conservative chiefs and headmen, and recommended a greater voice for the Associations. He argued that the members of the Associations were in closer touch with the Europeans and better able to express opinions in a comprehensible way.
However, the colonial government refused to take the Native Authorities or the Assocations and their aspirations seriously before the Second World War.
At the inaugural meeting of the Congress held in Blantyre in October 1944, Mumba was elected President-General.
James Sangala, the other main mover in creating the Congress, had recently been transferred to Dedza
in the Central province and was unable to attend, but was elected to the central committee.
As with most members of the Congress, Mumba was privileged to come from a respected family and to have mission education.
The leaders of the Congress included pastors and teachers such as Mumba from the earlier Associations, but tended to now also include civil servants, clerks and businessmen.
Soon after being elected, in January 1945 Mumba died.
He was succeeded by Charles Matinga
. Without the leadership of Mumba and of Isaac Lawrence, who also died around that time, the congress lost momentum.
Although Christian, Mumba wrote an article titled "The Religion of my Fathers" that defended traditional beliefs from attack by ignorant and prejudiced people.
The article appeared in the International Review of Missions in 1930, submitted by the missionary Cullen Young and attributed only to "a member of one of the Nyasaland tribes".
In this essay he emphasized the importance of mediation in the Ngoni culture, where the spirits of ancestors mediated between living people and the deity.
When the colonial government proposed making the Nyanja language the standard language of schools, on the basis that it was widely spoken in Nyasaland, Mumba opposed the idea as a representative of speakers of the Tumbuka language
. He said that people wanted to first learn books in their native tongue, and then to learn English
, which was more useful. He proposed that if an official language be adopted, it should be English.
In 1932, Mumba prepared a memorandum advocating improved higher education for Africans, which was received without enthusiasm.
In 1934, Mumba asked the government to pay part of his son's secondary schooling in South Africa
in the absence of a local alternative. The government reluctantly provided ₤13-10-0. The Chief Secretary commented on the incident: "Such cases will continue to be rare for some time to come, fortunately I think, since the slower the progress - in the direction of higher education for the African - the better".
However, Mumba was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Education in 1933.
He participated in the debate on Colored education in the Advisory Committee in 1934, arguing against free primary education for just one section of the community (the "Coloreds" or so-called half-castes) and arguing in favor of including the whole community.
A 1934 memorandum that Mumba prepared on post-primary and higher education was rejected by the Advisory Committee.
In a report prepared for the colonial authorities in 1938 he said:
"...the training which the African has received hitherto both in schools and through contact with white men whether as semi-skilled or unskilled workers has been aimed at fitting him as a worker for, instead of a worker with, the white man...".
Nyasaland African Congress
The Nyasaland African Congress was an organization that evolved into a political party in Nyasaland during the colonial period. The NAC was suppressed in 1959, but was succeeded in 1960 by the Malawi Congress Party, which went to on decisively win the first universal suffrage elections in 1961,...
(NAC) during the period of British colonial rule in Nyasaland
Nyasaland
Nyasaland or the Nyasaland Protectorate, was a British protectorate located in Africa, which was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Since 1964, it has been known as Malawi....
, which became the independent state of Malawi
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size...
in 1964.
Mumba was probably the most important figure in the development of Malawi politics between World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
and World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
Early years
Levi Mumba was a NgoniNgoni people
The Ngoni people are an ethnic group living in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia, in east-central Africa. The Ngoni trace their origins to the Zulu people of kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa...
.
He spoke the Tumbuka language
Tumbuka language
The Tumbuka language is a Bantu language which is spoken in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania.The language of the Tumbuka people is called chiTumbuka — the chi- marker in front of Tumbuka means “thing”, “concept”, and is understood in this case “the language of ”...
as his native tongue.
He was a graduate of the Overtoun Institution of the Livingstonia Mission, founded by Scottish missionaries in northern Nyasaland
Nyasaland
Nyasaland or the Nyasaland Protectorate, was a British protectorate located in Africa, which was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Since 1964, it has been known as Malawi....
, which educated several of the early African leaders in the colony.
Mumba passed his final examinations at the institute in 1903 with flying colors and was the first to take a commercial course.
From March 1905 until 1915 he was the first African teacher of commercial subjects, as well as the bookkeeper of the Institution.
He was encouraged to take a more active role in politics by Dr. G. Meredith Sanderson of the colonial medical service, author of The Yaos, a book about the Yao people.
Native association leader
Mumba was elected secretary of the North Nyasa Native Association when it was formed in 1912, the first of several such associations of educated "natives".In 1923 the Mwenzo Welfare Association was formed by Mumba's old school-mate, Donald Siwale, with a constitution based on that of the North Nyasa Native Association.
Mumba was the architect of many of these associations, which had very similar constitutions.
In a 1924 memo, Mumba described the purpose of these associations as to bring better local conditions and to represent public opinion more effectively to the colonial administrators than was done by the chiefs and headmen.
In 1924 Mumba expressed the hope that the associations could "assume national importance by amalgamation under a central body".
That year, he established a Representative Committee of the Northern Provinces Associations at Zomba, the capital of Nyasaland in the southern province.
His brother-in-law Mopho Jere became secretary of the Representative Committee in 1928 and its president some time before 1937.
The Representative Committee forwarded complaints to the central government about the behavior of colonial officials, and made requests for government assistance in expanding cash crop farming and the retail trade.
Mumba and James Frederick Sangala
James Frederick Sangala
James Frederick Sangala was a founding member of the Nyasaland African Congress during the period of British colonial rule.Sangala was given the nickname "Pyagusi", which means "one who perseveres"....
in Blantyre
Blantyre, Malawi
Blantyre or Mandala is Malawi's centre of finance and commerce, the largest city with an estimated 732,518 inhabitants . It is sometimes referred to as the commercial capital of Malawi as opposed to the political capital, Lilongwe...
became the leaders of the Native Association movement in the 1930s.
During this period, the white colonists of Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated north of the Limpopo River and the Union of South Africa. From its independence in 1965 until its extinction in 1980, it was known as Rhodesia...
(now Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three...
) and Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa, formed in 1911. It became independent in 1964 as Zambia.It was initially administered under charter by the British South Africa Company and formed by it in 1911 by amalgamating North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia...
(now Zambia
Zambia
Zambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west....
) were pushing for unification, and wanted to include Nyasaland
Nyasaland
Nyasaland or the Nyasaland Protectorate, was a British protectorate located in Africa, which was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Since 1964, it has been known as Malawi....
in the union, seeing Nyasaland as a useful source of labor that might otherwise be drawn to South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
. Nyasas resisted this move since they regarded the Rhodesias as "White Man" territory, and preferred the trusteeship arrangement in Nyasaland under which they had greater rights.
As early as 1935, the Blantyre Native Association led by Sangala called a meeting of leaders in the area where they were invited to sign a petition opposing amalgamation. When the colonial administration asked the chiefs for views on unification in 1938, the formal statement in reply was in fact composed by Mumba.
Writing on behalf of the Representative Committee in a letter to the Chief Secretary of the colony dated April 1935, Mumba asked why Africans were not allowed a greater role in the celebrations of the King's birthday and in the swearing-in ceremony for the Governor.
He said that "...Thst such an important Government function should ignore or fail to find a place for even its few senior African officers ... including some well-to-do and respectable Africans, who can be of help in explaining the meaning of the occasion to others later, has created the wrong idea that they are not wanted there, and adds to their perplexities".
There is a note of elitism here, distinguishing between educated men and the less sophisticated chiefs and headmen.
Later, Mumba put the case more simply: "the natives of the country should be taken into the confidence of the government as His Majesty's subject like all others ... the natives are considered as children in these matters, and so they are, but it is as children when they can better be initiated into what is demanded of them when they grow up".
On 12 May 1935 he talked with the governor, Sir Harold Kittermaster, on the subject of the proper method of communication between the government and Africans. He opposed the policy of the time which was to go through the Native Administrations, dominated by conservative chiefs and headmen, and recommended a greater voice for the Associations. He argued that the members of the Associations were in closer touch with the Europeans and better able to express opinions in a comprehensible way.
However, the colonial government refused to take the Native Authorities or the Assocations and their aspirations seriously before the Second World War.
Nyasaland African Congress leader
The Nyasaland African Congress was the first organization that attempted to work at a national level.At the inaugural meeting of the Congress held in Blantyre in October 1944, Mumba was elected President-General.
James Sangala, the other main mover in creating the Congress, had recently been transferred to Dedza
Dedza
Dedza is the main township of Dedza District in the Central Region of Malawi.Dedza is located about 85 km south of Malawi's capital, Lilongwe, off the M1 road to Blantyre at a point where a trans-African highway from Johannesburg enters the country....
in the Central province and was unable to attend, but was elected to the central committee.
As with most members of the Congress, Mumba was privileged to come from a respected family and to have mission education.
The leaders of the Congress included pastors and teachers such as Mumba from the earlier Associations, but tended to now also include civil servants, clerks and businessmen.
Soon after being elected, in January 1945 Mumba died.
He was succeeded by Charles Matinga
Charles Matinga
Charles Jameson Matinga was a politician in Nyasaland before the colony obtained independence from the British.He was elected President-General of the Nyasaland African Congress in 1945, after the death of Levi Zililo Mumba....
. Without the leadership of Mumba and of Isaac Lawrence, who also died around that time, the congress lost momentum.
Views on religion and education
In 1929, Mumba was associated with formation of the African National Church, which permitted polygamy.Although Christian, Mumba wrote an article titled "The Religion of my Fathers" that defended traditional beliefs from attack by ignorant and prejudiced people.
The article appeared in the International Review of Missions in 1930, submitted by the missionary Cullen Young and attributed only to "a member of one of the Nyasaland tribes".
In this essay he emphasized the importance of mediation in the Ngoni culture, where the spirits of ancestors mediated between living people and the deity.
When the colonial government proposed making the Nyanja language the standard language of schools, on the basis that it was widely spoken in Nyasaland, Mumba opposed the idea as a representative of speakers of the Tumbuka language
Tumbuka language
The Tumbuka language is a Bantu language which is spoken in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania.The language of the Tumbuka people is called chiTumbuka — the chi- marker in front of Tumbuka means “thing”, “concept”, and is understood in this case “the language of ”...
. He said that people wanted to first learn books in their native tongue, and then to learn English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
, which was more useful. He proposed that if an official language be adopted, it should be English.
In 1932, Mumba prepared a memorandum advocating improved higher education for Africans, which was received without enthusiasm.
In 1934, Mumba asked the government to pay part of his son's secondary schooling in South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
in the absence of a local alternative. The government reluctantly provided ₤13-10-0. The Chief Secretary commented on the incident: "Such cases will continue to be rare for some time to come, fortunately I think, since the slower the progress - in the direction of higher education for the African - the better".
However, Mumba was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Education in 1933.
He participated in the debate on Colored education in the Advisory Committee in 1934, arguing against free primary education for just one section of the community (the "Coloreds" or so-called half-castes) and arguing in favor of including the whole community.
A 1934 memorandum that Mumba prepared on post-primary and higher education was rejected by the Advisory Committee.
In a report prepared for the colonial authorities in 1938 he said:
"...the training which the African has received hitherto both in schools and through contact with white men whether as semi-skilled or unskilled workers has been aimed at fitting him as a worker for, instead of a worker with, the white man...".