Lex Plautia Papiria
Encyclopedia
The Lex Plautia Papiria was a Roman
plebiscite enacted amidst the Social War in 89 BCE. Sponsored by the Tribunes of the Plebs
, M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo, the law expanded civitas
, or citizenship. Under the new law, citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled could now gain Roman citizenship.
extended civitas to Italian communities who had not participated in the uprising against Rome. The law stated that communities with newly-granted citizenship should be enrolled in new tribes for voting in the Comitia Tributa. The Lex Plautia Papiria would later follow the guidelines laid out in the Lex Julia for adding new tribes to the comitia as new communities were granted citizenship.
stated several of the provisions of the law in his piece Pro Archia Poeta Oratio:
Thus, an individual had to meet three conditions to become a Roman citizen under the newly-created law: he must claim citizenship in an Italian city that was a Roman ally, he must have already established residence there before the passing of this law, and must then present himself to a praetor
within the specified time to be considered for citizenship. Unlike the Lex Julia, which only granted citizenship to entire cities, the Lex Papiria Plautia could be used to grant citizenship to individuals in addition to entire cities.
. Archias, a Greek poet, was accused of assuming his citizenship illegally. However, in Pro Archia, Cicero used, among other reasons, the Lex Plautia Papiria to uphold the legitimacy of Archias’ citizenship.
The law, however, was ineffective at persuading confederate towns and at ending the war. By placing the newly admitted citizens into new tribes instead of assimilating them into previously established tribes, the laws made the votes of the new citizens virtually worthless. Thus, Italian confederates had little incentive to stop fighting against Rome. Although it is also worth noting the significant benefits brought aside from suffrage (protection from mistreatment during military service, improved legal rights, and for the rich, chances to bid for lucrative tax farming contracts) which may for many have been most significant.
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
plebiscite enacted amidst the Social War in 89 BCE. Sponsored by the Tribunes of the Plebs
Tribune
Tribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
, M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo, the law expanded civitas
Civitas
In the history of Rome, the Latin term civitas , according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by law . It is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities on the one hand and rights of citizenship on the other...
, or citizenship. Under the new law, citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled could now gain Roman citizenship.
Circumstances Preceding the Law
The Social War, fought between 91 and 88 BCE, revolved around the rights of the allied communities of Italy. Initially, Roman senators had been unwilling to grant civitas to the Italians; however, it became necessary in order to calm the Italians and end the war. The Lex Plautia Papiria was not the first law that expanded Roman citizenship during the Social War. In 90 BCE, the Lex Calpurnia gave commanders the power to reward valor with civitas. In the same year, the Lex Julia de Civitate Latinis DandaLex Julia
Lex Julia are ancient Roman laws, introduced by any member of the Julian family....
extended civitas to Italian communities who had not participated in the uprising against Rome. The law stated that communities with newly-granted citizenship should be enrolled in new tribes for voting in the Comitia Tributa. The Lex Plautia Papiria would later follow the guidelines laid out in the Lex Julia for adding new tribes to the comitia as new communities were granted citizenship.
Provisions of the Law
While the complete original text of the law has never been recovered, CiceroCicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero , was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.He introduced the Romans to the chief...
stated several of the provisions of the law in his piece Pro Archia Poeta Oratio:
Thus, an individual had to meet three conditions to become a Roman citizen under the newly-created law: he must claim citizenship in an Italian city that was a Roman ally, he must have already established residence there before the passing of this law, and must then present himself to a praetor
Praetor
Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, usually in the field, or the named commander before mustering the army; and an elected magistratus assigned varied duties...
within the specified time to be considered for citizenship. Unlike the Lex Julia, which only granted citizenship to entire cities, the Lex Papiria Plautia could be used to grant citizenship to individuals in addition to entire cities.
Effects of the Law
Demonstrating its use in granting citizenship to an individual, the law was used as justification for bestowing citizenship upon Aulus Licinius ArchiasAulus Licinius Archias
Aulus Licinius Archias was a Greek poet born in Antioch in Syria . In 102 BC, his reputation having been already established, especially as an improvisatore, he went to Rome, where he was well received amongst the highest and most influential families. His chief patron was Lucullus, whose gentile...
. Archias, a Greek poet, was accused of assuming his citizenship illegally. However, in Pro Archia, Cicero used, among other reasons, the Lex Plautia Papiria to uphold the legitimacy of Archias’ citizenship.
The law, however, was ineffective at persuading confederate towns and at ending the war. By placing the newly admitted citizens into new tribes instead of assimilating them into previously established tribes, the laws made the votes of the new citizens virtually worthless. Thus, Italian confederates had little incentive to stop fighting against Rome. Although it is also worth noting the significant benefits brought aside from suffrage (protection from mistreatment during military service, improved legal rights, and for the rich, chances to bid for lucrative tax farming contracts) which may for many have been most significant.
Sources
- Cerutti, Steven M. (1998). Cicero Pro Archia Poeta Oratio. Wauconda, Ill: Bolchazy-Caarducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-402-9
- Cicero, M. Tullius. (1856). The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, literally translated by C. D. Yonge. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden. OCLC: 4709897
- Gotoff, Harold C. (1979). Cicero’s Elegant Style: An Analysis of the Pro Archia. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-00694-1
- Keaveney, Arthur. (1987). Rome and the Unification of Italy. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd. ISBN 0-7099-3121-2
- (1996). The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd Edition: “Gaius Papirius Carbo”. New York: Oxford University Press.