Limer
Encyclopedia
A limer, or lymer was a kind of dog, a scenthound, used on a leash in Medieval times to find large game before it was hunted down by the pack. It was sometimes known as a lyam hound/dog or lime-hound. The name derives from the word lyam meaning 'leash'. The French cognate
limier has sometimes been used for the dogs in English as well. The type is not to be confused with the bandog
, which was also a dog controlled by a leash, typically a chain, but was a watch dog or guard dog.
in France and Britain certain kinds of game were not found and hunted with a full pack, as usual in modern hunting. Instead they were first found by a limer.
The limer would be taken out at dawn by its handler, on foot, who would identify, perhaps from droppings, perhaps from footprints, where a large animal had passed during the night. He would set his hound on the trail, until it had found where the animal was browsing or at rest. This required keen scenting, the ability to ignore all other scents which might be a distraction, and silent trailing. This process became known in the sixteenth century as ‘harbouring’ the animal.
Several limers might be sent out to different parts of the forest. The handlers would then report back to their lord, or the chief huntsman, who would decide on the one "which seemed to have harbored the greatest and oldest Deere, and hym which lyeth in the fairest covert".. Then the huntsmen would bring the pack of scent hounds, known as ‘rache
s’, or ‘running hounds'. Raches might be set in relays along the path where the quarry could be expected to run, held in couples, to be released on the huntsman’s signal. The game animal would be put to flight or ‘unharboured’ and the pack would follow it on its hot scent until it was brought to bay and killed.
If the quarry escaped the pack, perhaps wounded, or if the hunt was overtaken by nightfall, the huntsmen would mark the point where the quarry was last known to have been, and the lords and ladies of the hunt would return to the hunting lodge, or to the pavilions which had been erected for them in the forest
, to sleep or occupy themselves with feasting. The limer and its handler would then set about the task of harbouring the quarry again, perhaps by following its blood-trail, and either the injured animal would be dispatched, or the hunt would resume as before.
The limer was a specialist tracker, probably outnumbered by raches in a lord’s pack, in about the proportions 20:1, and it was highly valued. It is possible that on occasions it might be released to pursue the quarry with the pack, but normally it did not take part in the kill. The limer which had harboured the particular quarry should, according to the manuals, be the first to be rewarded with its special part of the carcase during the process of butchering it, apparent in this link, where the leashed hound is favoured with the head of the stag, while the raches wait impatiently for their share.http://expositions.bnf.fr/bestiaire/grand/12_03_bnf.htm It had its own special attendant who looked after it and handled it: the ‘valet de limier’, translated by Turbervile as ‘the varlet who keeps the bloodhound’.
To do its work the limer had to wear a collar, the modern tracking harness surprisingly being unthought of in a period when everyone must have been familiar with the harnesses and tack of horses, and the leash had to be long enough to allow the hound to cast. Edward Duke of York
in The Master of Game 1406-1413 (a translation of Livre de la Chasse) writes:
was so typically associated with the function of being a limer that George Turberville
uses the term “Bloodhound” (in preference to “limer”, which was becoming archaic) for the French word “limier” throughout his 1575 translation of La Venerie de Jaques du Fouilloux. For instance, du Fouilloux says limiers of the St Hubert kind are good, so that when Turberville translates ‘limiers’ as ‘bloodhounds’ he is not saying that St Huberts and bloodhounds are the same breed, only that they work well as leash hounds.
Though by then this form of hunting was becoming old fashioned, in Country Contentments, or the Husbandmans Recreations, 1615, Gervaise Markham writes:
, the wild boar and the fallow deer
buck were the only animals to be harboured with the limer; all other game was found, as well as hunted by the free-running raches..
As the wild boar became extinct, and the interest of British huntsman changed to foxhunting, the limer lost its usefulness.
The word 'limer' is first recorded in surviving texts from the mid fourteenth century, though the way it is used suggests it was by then a familiar term to the readers. By the late sixteenth century, as hunting practices were beginning to change, it is becoming rarer, and later usage reflects some confusion about what it refers to, some authors just regarding it as a large mastiff-type dog of impure breeding.
Cognate
In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term derives from the Latin cognatus . Cognates within the same language are called doublets. Strictly speaking, loanwords from another language are usually not meant by the term, e.g...
limier has sometimes been used for the dogs in English as well. The type is not to be confused with the bandog
Bandog
The term Bandog originated around 1250-1300 in Middle England, referring to a mastiff type dog that was bound by a chain during the daytime and was released at night to guard against intruders...
, which was also a dog controlled by a leash, typically a chain, but was a watch dog or guard dog.
Use of the limer
In Medieval huntingMedieval hunting
Throughout Western Europe in the Middle Ages, men hunted wild animals. While game was at times an important source of food, it was rarely the principal source of nutrition. Hunting was engaged by all classes, but by the High Middle Ages, the necessity of hunting was transformed into a stylized...
in France and Britain certain kinds of game were not found and hunted with a full pack, as usual in modern hunting. Instead they were first found by a limer.
The limer would be taken out at dawn by its handler, on foot, who would identify, perhaps from droppings, perhaps from footprints, where a large animal had passed during the night. He would set his hound on the trail, until it had found where the animal was browsing or at rest. This required keen scenting, the ability to ignore all other scents which might be a distraction, and silent trailing. This process became known in the sixteenth century as ‘harbouring’ the animal.
Several limers might be sent out to different parts of the forest. The handlers would then report back to their lord, or the chief huntsman, who would decide on the one "which seemed to have harbored the greatest and oldest Deere, and hym which lyeth in the fairest covert".. Then the huntsmen would bring the pack of scent hounds, known as ‘rache
Rache
Rache , also spelt 'racch', 'rach', and 'ratch', from Old English 'ræcc', linked to Old Norse 'rakkí', is an obsolete name for a type of hunting-dog used in Britain in the Middle Ages. It was a scent hound used in a pack to run down and kill game, or bring it to bay. The word appears before the...
s’, or ‘running hounds'. Raches might be set in relays along the path where the quarry could be expected to run, held in couples, to be released on the huntsman’s signal. The game animal would be put to flight or ‘unharboured’ and the pack would follow it on its hot scent until it was brought to bay and killed.
If the quarry escaped the pack, perhaps wounded, or if the hunt was overtaken by nightfall, the huntsmen would mark the point where the quarry was last known to have been, and the lords and ladies of the hunt would return to the hunting lodge, or to the pavilions which had been erected for them in the forest
Royal forest
A royal forest is an area of land with different meanings in England, Wales and Scotland; the term forest does not mean forest as it is understood today, as an area of densely wooded land...
, to sleep or occupy themselves with feasting. The limer and its handler would then set about the task of harbouring the quarry again, perhaps by following its blood-trail, and either the injured animal would be dispatched, or the hunt would resume as before.
The limer was a specialist tracker, probably outnumbered by raches in a lord’s pack, in about the proportions 20:1, and it was highly valued. It is possible that on occasions it might be released to pursue the quarry with the pack, but normally it did not take part in the kill. The limer which had harboured the particular quarry should, according to the manuals, be the first to be rewarded with its special part of the carcase during the process of butchering it, apparent in this link, where the leashed hound is favoured with the head of the stag, while the raches wait impatiently for their share.http://expositions.bnf.fr/bestiaire/grand/12_03_bnf.htm It had its own special attendant who looked after it and handled it: the ‘valet de limier’, translated by Turbervile as ‘the varlet who keeps the bloodhound’.
To do its work the limer had to wear a collar, the modern tracking harness surprisingly being unthought of in a period when everyone must have been familiar with the harnesses and tack of horses, and the leash had to be long enough to allow the hound to cast. Edward Duke of York
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York
Sir Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, 2nd Earl of Cambridge, Earl of Rutland, Earl of Cork, Duke of Aumale KG was a member of the English royal family who died at the Battle of Agincourt....
in The Master of Game 1406-1413 (a translation of Livre de la Chasse) writes:
And the length of the hounds’ couples between the hounds should be a foot, and the rope of a limer three fathoms and a half, be he ever so wise a limer it sufficeth.
Kinds of hounds used as limers
Medieval hunting pictures generally show the limer as a hound of similar type to the running hounds, but larger and more heavily built. In England the BloodhoundBloodhound
The Bloodhound is a large breed of dog which, while originally bred to hunt deer and wild boar, was later bred specifically to track human beings. It is a scenthound, tracking by smell, as opposed to a sighthound, which tracks using vision. It is famed for its ability to discern human odors even...
was so typically associated with the function of being a limer that George Turberville
George Turberville
George Turberville, or Turbervile was an English poet, second son of Henry Turberville of Winterborne Whitechurch, Dorset, and nephew of James Turberville, Bishop of Exeter...
uses the term “Bloodhound” (in preference to “limer”, which was becoming archaic) for the French word “limier” throughout his 1575 translation of La Venerie de Jaques du Fouilloux. For instance, du Fouilloux says limiers of the St Hubert kind are good, so that when Turberville translates ‘limiers’ as ‘bloodhounds’ he is not saying that St Huberts and bloodhounds are the same breed, only that they work well as leash hounds.
Though by then this form of hunting was becoming old fashioned, in Country Contentments, or the Husbandmans Recreations, 1615, Gervaise Markham writes:
The blacke hound, the black tann’d or he that is all liver-hew’d or the milke-white which is the true TalbotTalbot (dog)The talbot was a white hunting dog which is now extinct because of its lack of purpose and need for constant care, but it has been credited with being an ancestor of the modern beagle and bloodhound...
, are best for the string or lyam, for they do delight most in blood, and have a natural inclination to hunt dry-foot, and of these the largest are ever the best and most comely.
Changes in hunting practice
In Britain the hartHart (deer)
The word hart is an old alternative word for "stag" ....
, the wild boar and the fallow deer
Fallow Deer
The Fallow Deer is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. This common species is native to western Eurasia, but has been introduced widely elsewhere. It often includes the rarer Persian Fallow Deer as a subspecies , while others treat it as an entirely different species The Fallow...
buck were the only animals to be harboured with the limer; all other game was found, as well as hunted by the free-running raches..
As the wild boar became extinct, and the interest of British huntsman changed to foxhunting, the limer lost its usefulness.
The word 'limer' is first recorded in surviving texts from the mid fourteenth century, though the way it is used suggests it was by then a familiar term to the readers. By the late sixteenth century, as hunting practices were beginning to change, it is becoming rarer, and later usage reflects some confusion about what it refers to, some authors just regarding it as a large mastiff-type dog of impure breeding.