List of Americans in the Venona papers
Encyclopedia
The following are a list of names ostensibly deciphered from codenames contained in the Venona project
. To what extent any given individual named in the Venona papers was actually involved with Soviet intelligence
is a topic of dispute. The following list of individuals is extracted in large part from the work of John Earl Haynes
and Harvey Klehr
and reflects their point of view.
Venona project
The VENONA project was a long-running secret collaboration of the United States and United Kingdom intelligence agencies involving cryptanalysis of messages sent by intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, the majority during World War II...
. To what extent any given individual named in the Venona papers was actually involved with Soviet intelligence
Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
There was a succession of Soviet secret police agencies over time. The first secret police after the Russian Revolution, created by Vladimir Lenin's decree on December 20, 1917, was called "Cheka"...
is a topic of dispute. The following list of individuals is extracted in large part from the work of John Earl Haynes
John Earl Haynes
John Earl Haynes is an American historian who is a specialist in 20th century political history in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress...
and Harvey Klehr
Harvey Klehr
Harvey E. Klehr is a professor of politics and history at Emory University; he is known for his books on the subject of the American Communist movement, and on Soviet espionage in America ....
and reflects their point of view.
List
- John AbtJohn AbtJohn Jacob Abt was an American lawyer and politician. He spent most of his career as chief counsel to the Communist Party USA ....
** - Solomon AdlerSolomon AdlerSolomon Adler was an economist who worked in the U. S. Treasury Department, serving as Treasury representative in China during World War II. He was identified by Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley as a Soviet intelligence source and resigned from the Treasury Department in 1950...
** - Rudy BakerRudy BakerRudy Baker , a Communist Party USA official, is today best known for his alleged role as head of the CPUSA's underground secret apparatus. He succeeded to the position in 1938, after the removal of J. Peters....
** - Joel BarrJoel BarrJoel Barr , also Iozef Veniaminovich Berg and Joseph Berg, was part of the Soviet Atomic Spy Ring...
- Alice BarrowsAlice BarrowsAlice Prentice Barrows was a secretary of Dr. William A. Wirt, who headed the U.S. Office of Education in the early days of the New Deal of President Franklin Roosevelt. Barrows had been a member of the Communist party since 1919, the same year she began working for the Office of Education...
- Theodore BayerTheodore BayerTheodore Bayer was president of the Russky Golos, or Russian Voice Publishing Company, which published an anti-capitalist Russian-language newspaper during the Great Depression and World War II. Russky Golos was funded by the Comintern and by advertising, commercial newsstand and subscription sales...
, President, Russky Golos Publishing - Cedric BelfrageCedric BelfrageCedric Henning Belfrage was a socialist, author, journalist, translator and co-founder of the radical US-weekly newspaper the National Guardian...
- Elizabeth BentleyElizabeth BentleyElizabeth Terrill Bentley was an American spy for the Soviet Union from 1938 until 1945. In 1945 she defected from the Communist Party and Soviet intelligence and became an informer for the U.S. She exposed two networks of spies, ultimately naming over 80 Americans who had engaged in espionage for...
- Joseph Milton BernsteinJoseph Milton BernsteinJoseph Milton Bernstein was an American accused of spying for the Soviet Union.-Career:Bernstein allegedly recruited his fellow Communist T.A. Bisson who had stopped working at the Board of Economic Warfare and began working in the Institute of Pacific Relations and in the editorial offices of...
- Earl BrowderEarl BrowderEarl Russell Browder was an American communist and General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1934 to 1945. He was expelled from the party in 1946.- Early years :...
, American communist and General Secretary of the Communist Party USACommunist Party USAThe Communist Party USA is a Marxist political party in the United States, established in 1919. It has a long, complex history that is closely related to the histories of similar communist parties worldwide and the U.S. labor movement....
from 1934 to 1945. - Paul Burns**
- Sylvia CallenSylvia CallenSylvia Callen Franklin, also known as Sylvia Lorraine Callen, and Sylvia Caldwell, was a young Chicago communist, recruited by Louis Budenz into the Communist Party USA's secret apparatus circa 1937....
** - Virginius Frank CoeFrank CoeVirginius Frank Coe was a United States government official who was identified by Soviet defectors Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers as being an underground member of the Communist Party...
- Lona CohenLona CohenLeontine Theresa "Lona" Cohen , also known while she was in London as Helen Kroger, was an American spy for the Soviet Union. She was the wife of another spy, Morris Cohen.-Espionage:...
** - Morris CohenMorris Cohen (Soviet spy)Morris Cohen also known in London as Peter Kroger was an American convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union. His wife Lona was also an agent.-Birth and education:...
**, Communist Party USA & Portland Spy RingPortland Spy RingThe Portland Spy Ring was a Soviet spy ring that operated in England from the late 1950s till 1961 when the core of the network was arrested by the British security services. It is one of the most famous examples of the use of illegal residents — spies who operate in a foreign country but...
member who was courier for Manhattan ProjectManhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project was a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army...
physicist Theodore HallTheodore HallTheodore Alvin Hall was an American physicist and an atomic spy for the Soviet Union, who, during his work on US efforts to develop the first atomic bomb during World War II , gave a detailed description of the "Fat Man" plutonium bomb, and of processes for purifying plutonium, to Soviet...
. - Judith CoplonJudith CoplonJudith Coplon Socolov was one of the first major figures tried in the United States for spying for the former Soviet Union; problems in her trials in 1949–50 had a profound influence on espionage prosecutions during the McCarthy era.-Work and arrest:Coplon obtained a job in the Department of...
- Lauchlin CurrieLauchlin CurrieLauchlin Bernard Currie was a Canadian-born U.S.economist from New Dublin, Nova Scotia, Canada, and allegedly an agent of espionage for the Soviet Union....
, White House economic adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt and director of World Bank mission to Colombia. - Byron T. Darling**
- Eugene DennisEugene DennisFrancis Xavier Waldron , best known by the pseudonym Eugene Dennis was an American communist politician and union organizer, best remembered as the long-time leader of the Communist Party USA and as named party in Dennis v...
- Samuel DicksteinSamuel Dickstein (congressman)Samuel Dickstein was a Democratic Congressional Representative from New York and a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He played a key role in establishing the committee that would become the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which he used to attack fascists, including Nazi...
** - Martha DoddMartha DoddMartha Eccles Dodd and her husband spied for the Soviet Union against her native United States from before World War II until the height of the Cold War. She had lived in Berlin early in the Third Reich with her father, then United States Ambassador to Germany.-Biography:Martha Dodd was born in...
**, daughter of William DoddWilliam Dodd (ambassador)William Edward Dodd was an American historian who served as the United States Ambassador to Germany from 1933 to 1937, during the Nazi era.-Early years and academic career:...
, who served as the United States ambassador to Germany between 1933 and 1937. - William E. Dodd Jr.
- Laurence DugganLaurence DugganLaurence Duggan , was head of the South American desk at the United States Department of State during World War II. In 1948, Duggan fell to his death from the window of his office in New York, ten days after being questioned by the Federal Bureau of Investigation about whether he had had contacts...
, Head of the South American desk at the United States Department of StateUnited States Department of StateThe United States Department of State , is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries...
during World War II. - Eufrosina Dvoichenko-MarkovEufrosina Dvoichenko-MarkovEufrosina Dvoichenko-Markov was an American citizen and spy for the New York KGB Rezidentura from 1943 to 1945. Her son Sgt. Demetrius Dvoichenko-Markov of the United States Army, also worked for Soviet intelligence. Eufrosina provided Soviet intelligence with information on Romanians,...
- Nathan EinhornNathan EinhornNathan Einhorn was a journalist and Executive Secretary of the American Newspaper Guild in New York from 1938 to 1946. He was a member of the Communist Party of the United States of America and allegedly served as a major link between Soviet intelligence and the CPUSA.- Source :* John Earl Haynes...
- Jack Bradley FahyJack FahyJack Bradley Fahy was an American government official. He allegedly spied for the Soviet Naval GRU during World War II. Soviet naval intelligence was much smaller than the Soviet army's GRU, and only a fraction of the size of the KGB....
- Linn Markley FarishLinn Markley FarishLinn Markley Farish was an American citizen and a member of the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. While acting as the OSS liaison officer to Josip Tito's Yugoslav Partisans he was also allegedly serving Soviet intelligence. Fitzroy Maclean jocularly referred to him in his memoir...
, senior liaison officer with Josip Broz TitoJosip Broz TitoMarshal Josip Broz Tito – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, Tito was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad, viewed as a unifying symbol for the nations of the Yugoslav federation...
's Yugoslav PartisanPartisans (Yugoslavia)The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans were a Communist-led World War II anti-fascist resistance movement in Yugoslavia...
forces - Edward J. FitzgeraldEdward Fitzgerald (adviser)Edward Joseph Fitzgerald was an American who worked for the War Production Board during World War II and was an adviser to Senator Claude Pepper. He was alleged to have been a member of the Perlo group of Soviet spies...
- Charles FlatoCharles FlatoCharles S. Flato was an American writer, American Communist Party member and a Soviet agent....
- Isaac FolkoffIsaac FolkoffIsaac "Pop" Folkoff was a senior founding member of the California Communist Party and West Coast liaison between Soviet intelligence and the Communist Party USA . Folkoff was in charge of West Coast operations. Folkoff worked as a courier passing information to and from Soviet sources, and as a...
- Jane FosterJane FosterJane Foster Zlatovski allegedly engaged, with her husband, George Zlatovski, in covert activities on behalf of the Soviet Union while employed in sensitive U.S. Government wartime agencies during World War II. They were indicted in 1957. Their case was never tried and both Zlatovskis denied the...
- Zalmond David FranklinZalmond FranklinZalmond David Franklin or Salmond Franklin was a Communist Party of the United States member and KGB asset during World War II. Zalmond was married at one time to KGB operative Sylvia Callen...
- Isabel GallardoIsabel GallardoIsabel Gallardo was a Chilean resident of the United States who was married to American U.S. Marine Captain Lorren Hay. During World War II Gallardo worked for the Soviet KGB on projects involving Chile.-Venona:...
- Boleslaw K. Gerbert
- Rebecca GetzoffRebecca GetzoffRebecca Getzoff was an American who worked for the KGB during World War II. Getzoff was engaged in anti-Trotskyist efforts in the United States on behalf of the Soviet Union...
- Harold GlasserHarold GlasserHarold Glasser , was an economist in the United States Department of the Treasury and spokesman on the affairs of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration 'throughout its whole life' and he had a 'predominant voice' in determining which countries should receive aid...
, U.S. Treasury Dept.United States Department of the TreasuryThe Department of the Treasury is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government. It was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue...
economist, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation AdministrationUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation AdministrationThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was an international relief agency, largely dominated by the United States but representing 44 nations. Founded in 1943, it became part of the United Nations in 1945, was especially active in 1945 and 1946, and largely shut down...
(UNRRA) spokesman. - Bela GoldBela GoldBela Gold, also Bill Gold, , was born in Cluj-Napoca .-Biography:He was the son of Esther and Leo Gold , and had a brother, William Gold . His father was a dry goods salesman, and the family had emigrated in 1920...
- Harry GoldHarry GoldHarry Gold was a laboratory chemist who was convicted of being the “courier” for a number of Soviet spy rings during the Manhattan Project.-Early life:Gold was born in Switzerland to poor Russian Jewish immigrants...
, sentenced to 30 years for his role in the Rosenbergs' ring - Sonia Steinman GoldSonia Steinman GoldSonia Steinman Gold has been alleged to be part of the Silvermaster spy ring in Washington D.C., spying for the Soviet Union during World War II.-Biography:...
- Jacob GolosJacob GolosJacob Golos, , was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary of ethnic Jewish heritage who became a secret police operative on behalf of the USSR in the United States...
, "main pillar" of NKVDNKVDThe People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....
spy network, particularly the Sound/Myrna group, he died in the arms of Elizabeth BentleyElizabeth BentleyElizabeth Terrill Bentley was an American spy for the Soviet Union from 1938 until 1945. In 1945 she defected from the Communist Party and Soviet intelligence and became an informer for the U.S. She exposed two networks of spies, ultimately naming over 80 Americans who had engaged in espionage for... - George GorchoffGeorge GorchoffGeorge Gorchoff was an American who allegedly worked for Soviet Military Intelligence in 1943 during World War II. Gorchoff's code name with the GRU was "Gustav".-Venona:...
- Gerald GrazeGerald GrazeGerald Graze was the brother of Stanley Graze. Both were employed by the United States Department of State during World War II. In 1944, Katherine Perlo, the ex-wife of Soviet spy Victor Perlo, named Gerald Graze as a member of the Communist Party USA was employed in government...
**, - David GreenglassDavid GreenglassDavid Greenglass was an atomic spy for the Soviet Union who worked in the Manhattan project. He was the brother of Ethel Rosenberg.-Biography:...
, machinist at Los AlamosLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos National Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory, managed and operated by Los Alamos National Security , located in Los Alamos, New Mexico...
sentenced to 15 years for his role in Rosenberg ring; he was the brother of executed Ethel Rosenberg - Ruth GreenglassRuth GreenglassRuth Leah Printz Greenglass was an Atomic spy along with her husband.-Biography:She was born on April 30, 1924 in New York City to Max Printz and Tillie Leiter. She grew up in the same neighborhood, the Lower East Side, as her future husband, David Greenglass. She graduated with honors from Seward...
- Theodore Alvin HallTheodore HallTheodore Alvin Hall was an American physicist and an atomic spy for the Soviet Union, who, during his work on US efforts to develop the first atomic bomb during World War II , gave a detailed description of the "Fat Man" plutonium bomb, and of processes for purifying plutonium, to Soviet...
, Manhattan Project physicist who gave plutoniumPlutoniumPlutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, forming a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation...
purification secrets to Soviet intelligence. - Maurice HalperinMaurice HalperinMaurice Hyman Halperin was an American writer, professor, diplomat, and Soviet spy .-Biography:...
, American writer, professor, diplomat, and Soviet spy (NKVD code name "Hare"). - Kitty HarrisKitty HarrisKitty Harris was a Soviet secret agent. Born to a poor Russian Jewish family in London that emigrated to Winnipeg, Canada, she became a dedicated socialist, active in the Industrial Workers of the World and a leader of the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike. After the IWW was crushed by the U.S....
, - Clarence HiskeyClarence HiskeyClarence Francis Hiskey , born Clarence Szczechowski, became active in the Communist Party USA when he attended graduate school at the University of Wisconsin. He became a professor of chemistry at the University of Tennessee, Columbia University and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute...
**, - Alger HissAlger HissAlger Hiss was an American lawyer, government official, author, and lecturer. He was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department and U.N. official...
, Lawyer involved in the establishment of the United Nations, both as a U.S. State Department and UN official. - Donald HissDonald Hiss-Biography:Donald Hiss was born on December 15, 1906, in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University and the Harvard Law School....
** - Harry HopkinsHarry HopkinsHarry Lloyd Hopkins was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration , which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country...
, One of FDR's closest advisers & New Deal architect, esp. Works Progress AdministrationWorks Progress AdministrationThe Works Progress Administration was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects...
(WPA), - Louis Horwitz
- Bella JosephBella JosephBella Joseph was the wife of Julius Joseph. The couple worked for the United States Government It is alleged that they also worked for Soviet Intelligence during World War II, Bella in the Office of Strategic Services' Motion Picture Division....
** - Emma Harriet JosephEmma Harriet JosephEmma Harriet Joseph was a member of the Communist Party of the United States of America who was employed in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II...
- Gertrude KahnGertrude KahnGertrude Kahn, also known as Mrs. Ray Kahn, was an American who allegedly had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence during World War II. In a Venona transcript from Moscow, the Moscow Center suggested Mrs. Kahn be used for foreign intelligence work. The New York Rezidentura responded...
- Joseph KatzJoseph KatzJoseph Katz allegedly worked for Soviet intelligence from the 1930s to the late 1940s as one of its most active liaison agents. Katz was assigned management of the “First Line,” that part of the NKGB mission aimed at recruiting selected members of the Communist Party USA...
- Helen Grace Scott KeenanHelen Grace Scott KeenanHelen Grace Reswich Scott Keenan, more commonly, Helen Grace Scott was an American citizen employed in the Office of Strategic Services and later the Office of U.S Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis War Criminals on the staff of Justice Robert H. Jackson during World War II...
- Mary Jane KeeneyMary Jane KeeneyMary Jane Keeney and her husband Philip Olin Keeney were librarians and charter members of the liberal The Progressive Librarians Council. She worked at the Board of Economic Warfare in Washington D.C. during World War II...
- Philip KeeneyPhilip KeeneyPhilip Olin Keeney , and his wife, Mary Jane Keeney, were librarians who became part of the Silvermaster spy ring in the 1940s.Keeney met Mary Jane when both were working as librarians at the University of Michigan in 1929. In 1931, he became head librarian at Montana State University at Missoula...
- Alexander KoralAlexander KoralAlexander Koral was an American member of the Communist Party of the United States who headed a network of spies for Soviet intelligence during World War II called the "Art" or "Berg" group...
** - Helen KoralHelen KoralHelen Koral was the wife of Alexander Koral, both were Americans who allegedly worked for Soviet intelligence during World War II. The Koral's headed the "Art" or "Berg" group of Soviet spies. The Berg group acted as couriers for various Soviet contacts, including the Silvermaster ring...
- Samuel KrafsurSamuel KrafsurSamuel Simon Krafsur was a Boston-born journalist who worked for the Soviet news agency TASS during World War II. He was also known as Bill Krafsur.-Biography:...
- Charles KramerCharles KramerCharles Kramer, originally Charles Krevisky, was an American economist who worked for U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of his brain trust. Among other contributions, he wrote the original idea for the Point Four Program. He also worked for several congressional committees and hired...
- Christina KrotkovaChristina KrotkovaChristina Krotkova worked in the Office of War Information during World War II. The OWI handled war news for domestic use and overseas propaganda. Krotkova's chief target was Soviet defector Victor Kravchenko. Haynes and Klehr have identified Krotkova as allegedly using several code names with...
, - Sergej Nikolaevich KurnakovSergey Nikolaevich KurnakovSergey Nikolaevich Kurnakov or Sergei N. Kournakoff , is a former tsarist cavalry officer who had immigrated to the U.S. and later became an ardent ideological Communist. Kurnakov was born at Aladino in the Russian Caucasus in 1892 into a landed family of Circassian descent...
- Stephen LairdStephen LairdStephen Laird was an American journalist, working as a Time magazine reporter and CBS correspondent. He was also accused of being a Soviet spy, supposedly becoming a Communist in the 1930s and in the 1940s providing information to agents of the Soviet Union.Laird was allegedly recruited by the...
- Oscar Lange
- Richard LauterbachRichard LauterbachRichard Edward Lauterbach was the TIME magazine Moscow bureau chief during World War II.Lauterbach was among a group of several journalists employed by Time magazine including John Scott that demanded publisher Henry Luce fire Whittaker Chambers as head of the foreign news department because of...
, employee at TimeTime (magazine)Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...
magazine - Duncan C. LeeDuncan LeeLt. Col. Duncan Chaplin Lee was confidential assistant to Maj. Gen. William Donovan, founder and director of the Office of Strategic Services , World War II-era predecessor of the CIA, during 1942-46...
- Michael S. LeshingMichael LeshingMichael S. Leshing was an American citizen and the Superintendent of Twentieth Century Fox film laboratories in the 1940s. He was awarded an Oscar in 1945 for Technical Achievement for his work in color film processing....
- Helen LowryHelen LowryElza Akhmerova, also Elsa Akhmerova was an American citizen, born Helen Lowry. She was a niece of Earl Browder, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the United States . Died of leukemia...
- William Mackey
- Harry Samuel MagdoffHarry MagdoffHenry Samuel Magdoff , was a prominent American socialist commentator. He held several administrative positions in government during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt and later became co-editor of the Marxist publication, Monthly Review.-Early years:A child of poor Russian-Jewish immigrants,...
- William MalisoffWilliam MalisoffWilliam Marias Malisoff, also William Marias Malisov was born in Russia, immigrated to the United States as a child, and became a naturalized United States citizen. Malisoff obtained a PhD. from Columbia University...
, owner and manager of United Laboratories - Hede MassingHede MassingHede Massing, née "Hedwig Tune" was an Austrian actress in Vienna and Berlin, communist, and Soviet intelligence operative in Europe and the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. After the World War II, she defected from the Soviet underground...
** - Robert Owen MenakerRobert MenakerRobert Owen Menaker was an American citizen who allegedly worked for Soviet intelligence during World War II. Menaker was the son of a Russian immigrant who was imprisoned for revolutionary activity in Russia...
- Floyd Cleveland MillerFloyd MillerFloyd Cleveland Miller was a member of the Communist Party USA, who confessed in 1954 to having worked for the Soviet intelligence agencies....
- James Walter MillerJames Walter MillerJames Walter Miller was an American citizen and an alleged asset of the San Francisco Office of the KGB from 1943 to 1945. Miller worked in the United States Government wartime mail censorship office. Miller was allegedly recruited into espionage for the Soviet Union by Isaac Folkoff of the...
- Robert Miller**
- Robert G. Minor, Office of Strategic ServicesOffice of Strategic ServicesThe Office of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency...
, BelgradeBelgradeBelgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe... - Leonard Emil MinsLeonard MinsLeonard Emil Mins was an American who worked in the Russian Section of the Research and Analysis Division of the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. Mins also worked for Soviet Military Intelligence ....
- Nichola NapoliNicola NapoliNicola Napoli was the President of Artkino Pictures, Inc., the primary distributor of Soviet films in the United States, Canada, Central America and South America from 1940 to 1982...
- Franz NeumannFranz Leopold NeumannFranz Leopold Neumann was a German-Jewish left-wing political activist, Marxist theorist and labor lawyer, who became a political scientist in exile and is best known for his theoretical analyses of National Socialism. He studied in Germany and the United Kingdom, and spent the last phase of...
** - David K. Niles
- Eugénie Olkhine
- Frank OppenheimerFrank OppenheimerFrank Friedman Oppenheimer was an American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project, was a target of McCarthyism, and was later the founder of the Exploratorium in San Francisco. He was the younger brother of J...
** - Julius Robert OppenheimerRobert OppenheimerJulius Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Along with Enrico Fermi, he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first...
, Scientific director of the Manhattan Project and chief advisor to the U.S. Atomic Energy CommissionUnited States Atomic Energy CommissionThe United States Atomic Energy Commission was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. President Harry S...
. - Nicholas V. OrloffNicholas W. OrloffNicholas W. Orloff was a Russian immigrant to the United States and asset of the New York KGB during World War II. Orloff came from a Russian aristocratic family, and received a regular stipend from the KGB for his services. Orloff reported information to Soviet intelligence on immigrant groups,...
- Edna Margaret PattersonEdna PattersonFrancia Yakilnilna Mitynen aka Edna Margaret Patterson was a Soviet citizen born in Australia. Mitynen was an illegal officer of the Naval GRU who was smuggled into the United States in August 1943...
- William PerlWilliam PerlWilliam Perl, whose real name was William Mutterperl, was an American physicist and Soviet spy.While a student at the City College of New York, Perl joined the Steinmetz Club, the campus branch of the Young Communist League, where he met and befriended Julius Rosenberg, Morton Sobell and Joel Barr...
- Victor PerloPerlo groupHeaded by Victor Perlo, the Perlo group is the name given to a group of Americans who provided information which was given to Soviet intelligence agencies; it was active during the World War II period, until the entire group was exposed to the FBI by the defection of Elizabeth Bentley...
- Aleksandr N. Petroff, Curtiss-Wright Aircraft
- Vladimir Aleksandrovich PosnerVladimir PoznerVladimir Aleksandrovich Pozner , was a Russian-Jewish émigré to the United States. During World War II he spied for Soviet intelligence while being employed by the United States Government....
, United States War Department - Lee PressmanLee PressmanLee Pressman was a labor attorney and a US government functionary publicly exposed in 1948 for having been a spy for the Soviet foreign intelligence network during the middle 1930s...
- Mary Wolfe PriceMary PriceMary Wolfe Price 1909—1980 was an American who was accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union.-Early years:Born in 1909 in Rockingham County, North Carolina, Price graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1931...
- Bernard RedmontBernard RedmontBernard Sidney Redmont is an American journalist and Professor of Journalism and later Dean of the College of Communication at Boston University.-Education and early career:...
** - Peter RhodesPeter RhodesPeter Christopher Rhodes was an American journalist born in Manila. FBI files note a discrepancy between his date of birth and that given to the Selective Service Commission. Rhodes early background information is among extensive redactions in his FBI file....
- Stephan Sandi RichStephen RichStephan Rich was an American believed to have worked for Soviet Military Intelligence during World War II. His code name with the GRU is given as "Sandi".-Venona:...
- Kenneth RichardsonKenneth RichardsonKenneth Richardson was an American who was a source of scientific and technical intelligence for the New York office of Soviet intelligence during World War II. Richardson was an employee of World Wide Electronics...
, World Wide Electronics - Samuel Jacob RodmanSamuel RodmanSamuel Jacob Rodman , an American double-agent during World War II, was employed by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and spied for the Soviet Union at the same time...
, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration - Allen Rosenberg
- Julius Rosenberg, United States Army Signal Corps Laboratories, executed for role in the Rosenberg ring
- Ethel Rosenberg, executed for role in Rosenberg ring based on testimony of her brother, David GreenglassDavid GreenglassDavid Greenglass was an atomic spy for the Soviet Union who worked in the Manhattan project. He was the brother of Ethel Rosenberg.-Biography:...
- Amadeo Sabatini
- Alfred Epaminodas SarantAlfred SarantAlfred Epaminondas Sarant, also known as Filipp Georgievich Staros and Philip Georgievich Staros , was an engineer and a member of the Communist party in New York City in 1944. He was part of the Rosenberg spy ring that reported to Soviet intelligence...
- Marian Miloslavovich SchultzMarion SchultzMarion Miloslavovich Schultz, also Marian Schultz was an asset of the New York KGB working within the immigrant community during World War II. Schultz was a Russian-born American citizen who worked as a mechanic in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and was the Chair of the United Russian Committee...
- Milton Schwartz
- John ScottJohn Scott (writer)John Scott , was an American writer who worked in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. The OSS was the predecessor organization to the Central Intelligence Agency...
- Ricardo SetaroRicardo SetaroRicardo Manlio Leonidas Setaro was an Argentinian who served as deputy chief of the Latin American department of CBS Radio during World War II and maintained a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence. Setaro entered the United States in 1942 to study journalism...
- Charles Bradford SheppardCharles Bradford SheppardC. Bradford Sheppard was an American working as a radio engineer for Hazeltine Electronics during World War II. Sheppard, who worked on radar in the design office, wished to fight Nazi Germany in the armed forces but was turned down by the US Army due to blindness in one eye...
, Hazeltine Electronics - Abraham George SilvermanGeorge SilvermanAbraham George Silverman was a mathematician and statistician who graduated from Harvard University.-Biography:...
- Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, U.S. War Production Board (WPB) economist and head of a major ring of spiesFBI Silvermaster FileThe FBI’s Silvermaster file is a 162-volume compendium of some 26,000 pages of documents relating to the Bureau’s investigation of Communist penetration of the Federal government during the Cold War....
in the U.S. government. - Cary Hiles
- Helen Silvermaster, Leader of the American League for Peace & DemocracyAmerican League Against War and FascismThe American League Against War and Fascism was an organization formed in 1933 by the Communist Party USA and pacifists united by their concern as Nazism and Fascism rose in Europe...
and the National Federation for Constitutional LibertiesCivil Rights CongressThe Civil Rights Congress was a civil rights organization formed in 1946 by a merger of the International Labor Defense and the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties. It became known for involvement in civil rights cases such as the Trenton Six and justice for Isaiah Nixon. The CRC...
. - Morton SobellMorton SobellMorton Sobell is a former spy for the Soviet Union. Sobell was an American engineer working for General Electric and Reeves Electronics on military and government contracts. He was found guilty of spying for the Soviets , and sentenced to 30 years in prison...
- Jack SobleJack SobleJack Soble Jack Soble (birth name:Abromas Sobolevicius, sometimes used Abraham Sobolevicius or Adolph Senin) Jack Soble (birth name:Abromas Sobolevicius, sometimes used Abraham Sobolevicius or Adolph Senin) (born May 15, 1903 in Vilkaviskis, Lithuania - ?, but possibly (1897-1974) was a Jewish...
- Robert SobleRobert SoblenDr. Robert Soblen , was a prominent member of the pro-Trotsky Left Opposition in Germany in the 1930s. He moved to the United States in 1941 with his brother Jack Soble, and was arrested in 1960 as a Soviet spy. Convicted and sentenced to life in prison, he fled the U.S...
- Johannes SteeleJohannes SteeleJohannes Steel 1908-1988 is best known for his 1934 book The Second World War.The son of a German-Dutch landowner, Steel grew up in Elberfeld on the border of the two countries. He studied in Heidelberg, Oxford, Geneva, and Berlin, and then worked as a journalist...
- I. F. Stone, Investigative journalist whose newsletter, I. F. Stone's Weekly, was ranked 16th out of 100 by his fellow journalists.
- Augustina StridsbergAugustina StridsbergAugustina Stridsberg, formerly Augustina Jirku , was an American citizen, and the mother of Margietta Voge . Both mother and daughter worked for Soviet intelligence between 1943 and 1944. Stridsberg worked for the KGB San Francisco office...
- Anna Louise StrongAnna Louise StrongAnna Louise Strong was a twentieth-century American journalist and activist, best known for her reporting on and support for communist movements in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.-Early years:...
- Helen TenneyHelen TenneyHelen Barrett Tenney worked for the Comintern apparatus in the 1930s and funnelled information to the Soviet Union on behalf of the Spanish Communists where she learned espionage tradecraft....
** - Mikhail TkachMikhail TkachMikhail Tkach, also Michal Tkacz, Michael J. Tkach, and M. Nastivsky, born in Mastisiw, Poland, of Ukrainian parents, and arrived in the United States at New York City on November 25, 1909, under the name Michal Tkacz. Tkach's wife, Yeroslava, was born in Slatchev, Poland, and entered the U.S. in...
, editor of the Ukrainian Daily News - William Ludwig UllmannLud UllmanWilliam Ludwig Ullmann was an American official accused of spying for the Soviet Union.-Biography:He was born in Springfield, Missouri in 1908, attended Drury College , and graduated from Harvard Business School with an MBA in 1935. Ulmann then took a job with the National Recovery Administration...
- Irving Charles VelsonIrving Charles VelsonIrving Charles Velson was an American who had a long career in the Communist Party of the United States secret apparatus and who allegedly worked for Soviet Military Intelligence . He was the son of Clara Lemlich Shavelson and changed his name to Velson by 1938...
- Margietta VogeMargietta VogeMarietta Voge, née Mariette Jirku was married to Noel Voge and was the daughter of Augustina Stridsberg. Both mother and daughter were Americans who worked for Soviet intelligence during World War II...
- William WeisbandBill WeisbandWilliam Weisband, Sr. was an American cryptanalyst and NKVD agent , best known for his role in revealing U.S. decryptions of Soviet diplomatic and intelligence codes to Soviet intelligence....
** - Donald WheelerDonald WheelerDonald Niven Wheeler was a lifelong social activist, teacher and member of the Communist Party, as well as an accused Soviet spy. Allegations of espionage made against him were never proved, and he was never convicted despite repeated investigations.-Education:He was a graduate of Reed College and...
- Maria WicherMaria WicherMaria Wicher was married to Professor Enos Wicher and was the mother of Flora Wovschin. The family were all spies for the Soviet Union during the 1940s. Maria had previously been married to Dr. William A. Wovschin, Flora's father....
- Harry Dexter WhiteHarry Dexter WhiteHarry Dexter White was an American economist, and senior U.S. Treasury department official, participating in the Bretton Woods conference...
, Senior U.S. Treasury department official, primary designer of the International Monetary FundInternational Monetary FundThe International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...
and the World BankWorld BankThe World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
. - Ruth Beverly Wilson
- Ignacy WitczakIgnacy WitczakIgnacy Witczak was a GRU Illegal officer in the United States during World War II.Witczak's code name with the GRU and as deciphered by the Venona project and other counterintelligence investigations was "R".-Evidence of espionage:...
** - Ilya Elliott WolstonIlya WolstonIlya Wolston was an American citizen who enlisted the U.S. Army in World War II and served as a Russian interpreter.After the war, Wolston became a language teacher and professor. He was libeled in the book "KGB", where it was stated that he was convicted of espionage; he sued. His case went to he...
- Flora Don Wovschin
- Jones Orin YorkJones Orin YorkJones Orin York was recruited in California by Soviet spy Stanislau Shumovskij approximately in 1935. In 1950 York told the FBI that he had passed secrets to the KGB since the mid-1930s, including plans for a new airplane engine of his own design and documents on the newest fighter developed by...
- Daniel Abraham ZaretDaniel ZaretDuring World War II Daniel Abraham Zaret was an American citizen who supplied information about shells, bombs, and torpedoes to Soviet Military Intelligence while working as a safety inspector for the U.S. Army's Explosives Division...
, Spanish War veteran - Mark ZborovskiMark ZborowskiMark Zborowski was an anthropologist and an NKVD agent...
See also
- History of Soviet and Russian espionage in the United States
- List of Soviet agents in the United States
- Active measuresActive measuresActive Measures were a form of political warfare conducted by the Soviet security services to influence the course of world events, "in addition to collecting intelligence and producing politically correct assessment of it". Active measures ranged "from media manipulations to special actions...
External links
- National Security Agency Archives Cryptographic Museum, Custodian of Documents for the Army Signals Intelligence Agency
- Selected Venona Messages
- Venona FBI FOIA Files
- FBI Memo "Explanation and History of Venona Project Informantion" (1 February 1956)
- MI5 Releases to the National Archives
- Stalin-Era Research and Archives Project
- Russian State Archive (RGASPI)
- John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, Venona; Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University PressYale University PressYale University Press is a book publisher founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remains financially and operationally autonomous....
, 1999. ISBN 0-300-08462-5. Despite the title, this is less about Venona itself than about Communist Party USACommunist Party USAThe Communist Party USA is a Marxist political party in the United States, established in 1919. It has a long, complex history that is closely related to the histories of similar communist parties worldwide and the U.S. labor movement....
espionage and support of espionage. It is based on research in the CPUSA archives made available to the authors in MoscowMoscowMoscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
. See Yale University Press Web site information on the book. - John Earl Haynes, "Cover Name, Cryptonym, CPUSA Party Name, Pseudonym, and Real Name Index. A Research Historian's Working Reference" (revised February 2007), on the author's web site.