List of MeSH codes (G04) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity

--- adaptation, biological

--- adaptation, physiological --- acclimatization

Acclimatization

Acclimatisation or acclimation is the process of an individual organism adjusting to a gradual change in its environment, allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions...

--- estivation

Estivation

Aestivation is a state of animal dormancy, characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions...

--- hibernation

Hibernation

Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals, characterized by lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate. Hibernating animals conserve food, especially during winter when food supplies are limited, tapping energy reserves, body fat, at a slow rate...

--- evolution
Evolution
Evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.Life on Earth...

--- evolution, molecular --- genetic speciation --- phylogeny

--- microbiologic phenomena

--- antibiosis

Antibiosis

Antibiosis is a biological interaction between two or more organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them or an antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another....

--- bacterial physiology --- bacterial adhesion --- bacterial translocation --- bacteriolysis --- nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation is the natural process, either biological or abiotic, by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia . This process is essential for life because fixed nitrogen is required to biosynthesize the basic building blocks of life, e.g., nucleotides for DNA and RNA and...

--- drug resistance, microbial --- drug resistance, bacterial --- beta-lactam resistance --- cephalosporin resistance --- penicillin resistance --- ampicillin resistance --- methicillin resistance --- chloramphenicol resistance --- drug resistance, multiple, bacterial --- kanamycin resistance --- tetracycline resistance --- trimethoprim resistance --- vancomycin resistance --- drug resistance, fungal --- drug resistance, multiple, fungal --- drug resistance, viral --- drug resistance, multiple, viral --- drug resistance, multiple --- drug resistance, multiple, bacterial --- drug resistance, multiple, fungal --- drug resistance, multiple, viral --- germ-free life --- specific pathogen-free organisms --- hemadsorption --- microbial viability --- nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation

--- transformation, bacterial --- viral physiology --- antibody-dependent enhancement --- cell transformation, viral --- cytopathogenic effect, viral --- hemagglutination, viral --- inclusion bodies, viral --- viral interference --- virus inactivation --- virus integration --- lysogeny

Lysogeny

Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two methods of viral reproduction . Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome...

--- virus latency

Virus latency

Virus latency is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle. A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection...

--- virus replication --- virus activation --- virus assembly --- virus shedding --- virulence

Virulence

Virulence is by MeSH definition the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenicity of an organism - its ability to cause disease - is determined by its...

--- pigmentation

--- eye color

Eye color

Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic character and is determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris....

--- hair color

Hair color

Hair color is the pigmentation of hair follicles due to two types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, if more melanin is present, the color of the hair is darker; if less melanin is present, the hair is lighter...

--- skin pigmentation

--- regeneration
Regeneration (biology)
In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organs, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. At its most...

--- bone remodeling

Bone remodeling

Bone remodeling is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed...

--- bone regeneration --- osseointegration

Osseointegration

Osseointegration derives from the Greek osteon, bone, and the Latin integrare, to make whole. The term refers to the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing artificial implant...

--- liver regeneration --- nerve regeneration

Nerve regeneration

Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Such mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system by the functional...

--- wound healing

Wound healing

Wound healing, or cicatrisation, is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury. In normal skin, the epidermis and dermis exists in a steady-state equilibrium, forming a protective barrier against the external environment...

--- fracture healing

--- remission, spontaneous

--- neoplasm regression, spontaneous

--- cell communication

--- autocrine communication --- bystander effect

Bystander effect

The bystander effect or Genovese syndrome is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases where individuals do not offer any means of help in an emergency situation to the victim when other people are present...

--- embryonic induction --- paracrine communication --- signal transduction

Signal transduction

Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...

--- mechanotransduction, cellular

--- cell compartmentation

--- chromosome positioning

--- cell count

--- blood cell count --- erythrocyte count --- reticulocyte count --- leukocyte count --- lymphocyte count --- cd4 lymphocyte count --- cd4-cd8 ratio --- platelet count --- sperm count

--- cell cycle
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication . In cells without a nucleus , the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission...

--- cell division

Cell division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells . Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. This type of cell division in eukaryotes is known as mitosis, and leaves the daughter cell capable of dividing again. The corresponding sort...

--- cell nucleus division --- anaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ἀνά and φάσις , is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell....

--- chromosome segregation

Chromosome segregation

Chromosome segregation is a step in cell reproduction or division, where chromosomes pair off with their similar homologous chromosome. In mitosis, a complete copy of each one is made. In meiosis, one chromosome from each pair migrates to opposite ends of the cell and the genes are split to make a...

--- meiosis

Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. The animals' gametes are called sperm and egg cells....

--- meiotic prophase i --- chromosome pairing --- synaptonemal complex

Synaptonemal complex

The synaptonemal complex is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis and that is thought to mediate chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination . It is now evident that the synaptonemal complex is not required for genetic recombination...

--- pachytene stage --- metaphase

Metaphase

Metaphase, from the ancient Greek μετά and φάσις , is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed & highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells...

--- mitosis

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly...

--- anaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ἀνά and φάσις , is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell....

--- metaphase

Metaphase

--- prometaphase

Prometaphase

Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells. In Prometaphase, The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments and disappears. The tiny nucleolus inside the nuclear envolope, also dissolves. Microtubules emerging from the centrosomes at the...

--- prophase

Prophase

Prophase, from the ancient Greek πρό and φάσις , is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible. This process, called chromatin condensation, is mediated by the condensin complex...

--- telophase

Telophase

Telophase from the ancient Greek "τελος" and "φασις" , is a stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. During telophase, the effects of prophase and prometaphase events are reversed. Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. The nuclear envelopes of the daughter cells are formed from the...

--- prometaphase

Prometaphase

--- prophase

Prophase

--- meiotic prophase i --- chromosome pairing --- synaptonemal complex

Synaptonemal complex

--- pachytene stage --- telophase

Telophase

--- cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a binucleate cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation...

--- interphase

Interphase

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division. In preparation for cell division, it increases its size and makes a copy of its DNA...

--- g0 phase

G0 phase

The G0 phase is a period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state. G0 phase is viewed as either an extended G1 phase, where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, or a distinct quiescent stage that occurs outside of the cell cycle...

--- g1 phase

G1 phase

The G1 phase is a period in the cell cycle during interphase, before the S phase. For many cells, this phase is the major period of cell growth during its lifespan. During this stage new organelles are being synthesized, so the cell requires both structural proteins and enzymes, resulting in great...

--- g2 phase

G2 phase

G2 phase is the 3rd and final subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding Mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated...

--- s phase

S phase

S-phase is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease. Due to the importance, the regulatory pathways that govern this...

--- cell death

--- apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...

--- anoikis

Anoikis

Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death which is induced by anchorage-dependent cells detaching from the surrounding extracellular matrix . Usually cells stay close to the tissue to which they belong since the communication between proximal cells as well as between cells and ECM provide...

--- dna fragmentation

DNA fragmentation

DNA fragmentation is the separation or breaking of DNA strands into pieces. It can be intentional by laboratory personnel or the cells, or it can be spontaneous.-Intentional:Restriction digest is the intentional laboratory breaking of DNA strands....

--- autophagy

Autophagy

In cell biology, autophagy, or autophagocytosis, is a catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. It is a tightly regulated process that plays a normal part in cell growth, development, and homeostasis, helping to maintain a balance...

--- necrosis

Necrosis

Necrosis is the premature death of cells in living tissue. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a naturally occurring cause of cellular death...

--- cell differentiation

--- adipogenesis

Adipogenesis

Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocytes become adipocytes.. Adipogenesishas been one of the most intensively studied model of cellular differentiation.-References:...

--- embryonic induction --- gametogenesis

Gametogenesis

Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes,...

--- oogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, ovogenesis or oögenesis is the creation of an ovum . It is the female form of gametogenesis. The male equivalent is spermatogenesis...

--- vitellogenesis

Vitellogenesis

Vitellogenesis is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction. It starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein. It occurs in all animal groups lower than the mammals...

--- spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which male primary germ cells undergo division, and produce a number of cells termed spermatogonia, from which the primary spermatocytes are derived. Each primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes, and each secondary spermatocyte into two...

--- sperm maturation --- hematopoiesis --- erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced. It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin...

--- hematopoiesis, extramedullary --- leukopoiesis

Leukopoiesis

Leukopoiesis is a form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus. White blood cells, indeed all blood cells, are formed from the differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to...

--- lymphopoiesis

Lymphopoiesis

Lymphopoiesis refers to the generation of lymphocytes, one of the five different types of white blood cells , and is also more formally called lymphoid hematopoiesis.-The name Lymphopoiesis:...

--- myelopoiesis

Myelopoiesis

Myelopoiesis is the regulated formation of myeloid cells, including eosinophilic granulocytes, basophilic granulocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes, and monocytes...

--- thrombopoiesis

Thrombopoiesis

Thrombopoiesis refers to the process of thrombocyte generation.Thromobocytes are ligations of the cytoplasm from megakaryocytes. A single megakaryocyte can give rise to thousands of thrombocytes....

--- cell growth processes

--- cell enlargement --- cell proliferation --- cell division

Cell division

--- cell nucleus division --- anaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ἀνά and φάσις , is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell....

--- chromosome segregation

Chromosome segregation

--- meiosis

Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. The animals' gametes are called sperm and egg cells....

--- meiotic prophase i --- chromosome pairing --- synaptonemal complex

Synaptonemal complex

--- pachytene stage --- metaphase

Metaphase

--- mitosis

Mitosis

--- anaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ἀνά and φάσις , is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell....

--- metaphase

Metaphase

--- prometaphase

Prometaphase

--- prophase

Prophase

--- telophase

Telophase

--- prometaphase

Prometaphase

--- prophase

Prophase

--- meiotic prophase i --- chromosome pairing --- synaptonemal complex

Synaptonemal complex

--- pachytene stage --- telophase

Telophase

--- cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

--- cell movement

--- cell aggregation --- chemotaxis

Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis is the phenomenon in which somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food by swimming towards the highest concentration of food molecules,...

--- chemotaxis, leukocyte --- leukocyte rolling --- ovum transport --- sperm motility

Sperm motility

Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly towards an egg. This can also be thought of as the 'quality' of the sperm, which is a factor in successful pregnancies, as opposed to the 'quantity'. Sperm which do not properly 'swim', will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it...

--- sperm transport

--- cell respiration

--- cell hypoxia --- respiratory burst

Respiratory burst

Respiratory burst is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species from different types of cells....

--- cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming is the directed flow of cytosol and organelles around large fungal and plant cells. This movement aids in the delivery of nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell...

--- axonal transport

--- dna packaging

--- chromatin assembly and disassembly

--- endocytosis
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane...

--- phagocytosis --- autophagy

Autophagy

--- pinocytosis

Pinocytosis

In cellular biology, pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell—forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles...

--- receptor aggregation

--- immunologic capping

--- signal transduction
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...

--- ion channel gating --- map kinase signaling system --- mechanotransduction, cellular --- phototransduction --- second messenger systems --- calcium signaling

Calcium signaling

Calcium is a common signaling mechanism, as once it enters the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins...

--- synaptic transmission

--- antibody-dependent enhancement

--- antibody specificity

--- organ specificity --- species specificity

--- antigen-antibody reactions

--- agglutination

Agglutination

In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages...

--- hemagglutination

Hemagglutination

Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells . It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions.-Blood Typing:...

--- sperm agglutination --- antibody affinity --- antigenic modulation --- binding sites, antibody --- cross reactions --- hemolysis

Hemolysis

Hemolysis —from the Greek meaning "blood" and meaning a "loosing", "setting free" or "releasing"—is the rupturing of erythrocytes and the release of their contents into surrounding fluid...

--- immunologic capping --- passive cutaneous anaphylaxis --- rh isoimmunization

--- complement activation

--- complement pathway, alternative --- complement pathway, classical --- complement pathway, mannose-binding lectin

--- cytotoxicity, immunologic

--- antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity --- macrophage activation

--- dose-response relationship, immunologic

--- immune tolerance
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system does not attack an antigen. It can be either 'natural' or 'self tolerance', in which the body does not mount an immune response to self antigens, or 'induced tolerance', in which tolerance to external antigens can...

--- clonal anergy --- clonal deletion

Clonal deletion

Clonal deletion is a process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated after they have expressed receptors for self-antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes.It is one method of immune tolerance....

--- self tolerance --- tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is a medical term describing a decrease in the response to a drug due to previous exposure to that drug. Increasing the dose of the drug may be able to restore the original response. In this context tachyphylaxis is a synonym for drug tolerance...

--- transplantation tolerance

--- immunity, cellular

--- antigen presentation

Antigen presentation

Antigen presentation is a process in the body's immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other cell types capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells....

--- immunologic surveillance --- lymphocyte activation --- cross-priming --- transplantation immunology --- graft vs host reaction --- graft vs tumor effect --- graft vs leukemia effect --- histocompatibility

Histocompatibility

Histocompatibility is the property of having the same, or mostly the same, alleles of a set of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. These genes are expressed in most tissues as antigens, to which the immune system makes antibodies...

--- host vs graft reaction --- graft rejection --- graft survival

--- immunity, maternally-acquired

--- immunity, natural

--- blood bactericidal activity --- phagocytosis

--- immunocompromised host

--- radiation chimera

--- immunogenetics
Immunogenetics
Immunogenetics is the branch of medical research that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics.Autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Identification of genes defining the immune defects may...

--- antibody diversity --- antigenic variation

Antigenic variation

Antigenic variation refers to the mechanism by which an infectious organism such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters its surface proteins in order to evade a host immune response. Immune evasion is particularly important for organisms that target long-lived hosts, repeatedly infect a single...

--- gene rearrangement, b-lymphocyte --- gene rearrangement, b-lymphocyte, heavy chain --- immunoglobulin class switching

Immunoglobulin class switching

Immunoglobulin class switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another, for example, from an isotype called IgM to an isotype called IgG...

--- gene rearrangement, b-lymphocyte, light chain --- gene rearrangement, t-lymphocyte --- gene rearrangement, alpha-chain t-cell antigen receptor --- gene rearrangement, beta-chain t-cell antigen receptor --- gene rearrangement, delta-chain t-cell antigen receptor --- gene rearrangement, gamma-chain t-cell antigen receptor --- genes, immunoglobulin --- immunoglobulin allotypes --- immunoglobulin gm allotypes --- immunoglobulin km allotypes --- immunoglobulin idiotypes --- major histocompatibility complex

Major histocompatibility complex

Major histocompatibility complex is a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells , which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or body cells...

--- genes, mhc class i --- genes, mhc class ii --- minor histocompatibility loci --- minor lymphocyte stimulatory loci --- somatic hypermutation, immunoglobulin

--- t-cell antigen receptor specificity

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--- biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity

--- adaptation, biological

--- microbiologic phenomena

--- pigmentation

--- remission, spontaneous

--- cell communication

--- cell compartmentation

--- cell count

--- cell cycleCell cycleThe cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication . In cells without a nucleus , the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission...

--- cell death

--- cell differentiation

--- cell growth processes

--- cell movement

--- cell respiration

--- cytoplasmic streamingCytoplasmic streamingCytoplasmic streaming is the directed flow of cytosol and organelles around large fungal and plant cells. This movement aids in the delivery of nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell...

--- dna packaging

--- endocytosisEndocytosisEndocytosis is a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane...

--- receptor aggregation

--- signal transductionSignal transductionSignal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...

--- antibody-dependent enhancement

--- antibody specificity

--- antigen-antibody reactions

--- complement activation

--- cytotoxicity, immunologic

--- dose-response relationship, immunologic

--- immunity, cellular

--- immunity, maternally-acquired

--- immunity, natural

--- immunocompromised host

--- t-cell antigen receptor specificity

--- cell cycle
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication . In cells without a nucleus , the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission...

--- cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming is the directed flow of cytosol and organelles around large fungal and plant cells. This movement aids in the delivery of nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell...

--- endocytosis
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane...

--- signal transduction
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...