This is a list of people associated with Shimer College

Shimer College

Shimer College is a very small, private, undergraduate liberal arts college in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. Founded by Frances Wood Shimer in 1853 in the frontier town of Mt. Carroll, Illinois, it was a women's school for most of its first century. It joined with the University of...

, a Great Books

Great Books

Great Books refers primarily to a group of books that tradition, and various institutions and authorities, have regarded as constituting or best expressing the foundations of Western culture ; derivatively the term also refers to a curriculum or method of education based around a list of such books...

 college in Chicago, Illinois. It includes students, faculty, presidents, trustees, and authors.

Alumni

This list includes graduates and non-graduate former students of Shimer College.

Name	Year/Degree	Notability	Reference
Sarah Hackett Stevenson Sarah Hackett Stevenson Sarah Ann Hackett Stevenson was an early female physician in Illinois, and the first female member of the American Medical Association ....	1850s	First female member of American Medical Association
Samuel W. McCall Samuel W. McCall Samuel Walker McCall was a member of the United States House of Representatives, and the 47th Governor of Massachusetts...	1864-1866 non-graduate	Governor of Massachusetts
Gertrude Brown Murrah	1875 graduate	Founder of Creal Springs Seminary Creal Springs Seminary The Creal Springs Seminary, later known as the Creal Springs College and Conservatory of Music, was an educational institution in Creal Springs, Illinois, USA from 1884 to 1916. It was headed by Principal Gertrude Brown Murrah, a graduate of the Mount Carroll Seminary in Mount Carroll, Illinois...
Beulah Bondi Beulah Bondi Beulah Bondi was an American actress.Bondi began her acting career as a young child in theater, and after establishing herself as a stage actress, she reprised her role in Street Scene for the 1931 film version...	1907 graduate	Film actress
Anne McKnight (Anna de Cavalieri)	1943 graduate	Opera soprano
Peter Cooley Peter Cooley Peter Cooley is an American poet and Professor of English in the Department of English at Tulane University. He also directs Tulane’s Creative Writing Program...	1962 BA	Poet and Professor of English at Tulane University
Heather Corinna Heather Corinna Heather Corinna is an author, activist, and Internet publisher with a focus on progressive, affirming sexuality. She is a self-described "queer polymath: feminist activist, writer, photographer, artist, educator, Internet publisher, and community organizer."' She was one of the pioneers of...	1990s	Author, sex columnist and activist
Stephen Dobyns Stephen Dobyns Stephen J. Dobyns is an American poet and novelist born in Orange, New Jersey, and residing in Westerly, RI.-Life:Was born on February 19, 1941 in Orange, New Jersey to Lester L., a minister, and Barbara Johnston...	1960s non-graduate	Poet and novelist
Alan Dowty Alan Dowty Alan Dowty is Professor of Political Science Emeritus, University of Notre Dame. He was formerly Kahanoff Chair Professor of Israel Studies at the University of Calgary, 2003-2006, and President of the Association for Israel Studies, 2005-2007....	1959 BA	International relations scholar and vice-president of Shimer College Alumni Association
Ken Friedman Ken Friedman Ken Friedman, is a seminal figure in Fluxus, an international laboratory for experimental art, architecture, design, literature, and music. He had his first solo exhibition in New York in 1966. He has also been involved with mail art, and he has written extensively about Fluxus and Intermedia...	1966	Experimental artist and author
Steve Heller	1971	Technical author and software engineer
Robert Keohane Robert Keohane Robert O. Keohane is an American academic, who, following the publication of his influential book After Hegemony , became widely associated with the theory of neoliberal institutionalism in international relations...	1961 BA	Professor of Political Science at Princeton University
C. Clark Kissinger C. Clark Kissinger C. Clark Kissinger was the National Secretary of Students for a Democratic Society in 1964-65. He visited the People's Republic of China twice during the Cultural Revolution, and is a devoted Maoist. His writings frequently appear in Revolution, journal of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA...	1960s non-graduate	Political activist
Ken Knabb Ken Knabb Ken Knabb is an American writer, translator, and theorist, best known for his translations of Guy Debord and the Situationist International.-Early life:...	1965	Writer and translator
Jesse Kraai Jesse Kraai Jesse Kraai is a chess Grandmaster living in Richmond, CA. Kraai reached GM status in 2007. At that time, he was the first American-born player to achieve the title since Tal Shaked in 1997. In 2007, he won the chess state championship of New Mexico for the fifth consecutive year...	1994	Chess Grandmaster
John Norman Maclean John Norman Maclean John N. Maclean is an author and journalist best known for his 1999 book, Fire on the Mountain, about the deadly South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain , in 1994. Maclean, a former Washington correspondent for The Chicago Tribune, has written three books about wildfire. The books are non-fiction,...	1964	Author and journalist
Nick Pippenger Nick Pippenger Nicholas John Pippenger is a researcher in computer science. He has produced a number of fundamental results many of which are being widely used in the field of theoretical computer science, database processing and compiler optimization. He has also achieved the rank of IBM Fellow at Almaden IBM...	1965	Researcher in computer science
Daniel J. Sandin Daniel J. Sandin Daniel J. Sandin is a video and computer graphics artist/researcher. He is a Professor Emeritus of the School of Art & Design, University of Illinois at Chicago, and Co-director of the Electronic Visualization Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Chicago...	1964	Computer graphics and visual arts pioneer
Phoebe Snow Phoebe Snow Phoebe Snow was a fictional character created by Earnest Elmo Calkins to promote the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. The advertising campaign, based on a live model, using impressionistic techniques and a fictional character, was one of the first of its kind.-The advertising...	1973 non-graduate	Singer-songwriter
Laurie Spiegel Laurie Spiegel Laurie Spiegel is an American composer. She has worked at Bell Laboratories, in computer graphics, and is known primarily for her electronic-music compositions and her algorithmic composition software Music Mouse...	1967	Composer and computer scientist
Sydney Spiesel Sydney Spiesel Dr. Sydney Z. Spiesel is a pediatrician specializing in adolescent medicine on the clinical faculty of the Yale University School of Medicine.Spiesel is the inventor of a shampoo that makes lice eggs fluoresce under ultraviolet light, so making them more visible.Spiesel is a regular commentator...	1961	Pediatrician and clinical faculty at Yale University School of Medicine
Elizabeth Vandiver Elizabeth Vandiver Elizabeth Vandiver is a noted professor of classics. She is currently Associate Professor of classics at Whitman College, having previously taught at the University of Maryland, College Park. She received the prestigious Excellence in Teaching Award from the American Philological Association in 1998...	1976	Associate Professor of Classics and lecturer
Cat Yronwode	1968	Comic book publisher and folklorist

Faculty

Notable current faculty:

• Don Moon
  Don Moon (educator)
  Don P. Moon is an American educator, minister, and former nuclear reactor physicist. He was the president of Shimer College from 1978 to 2004, and has been on the faculty of Shimer College from 1967 to the present....
  
  

Notable former faculty:

• John Bellairs
  John Bellairs
  John Anthony Bellairs was an American author, best known for his well-respected fantasy novel The Face in the Frost as well as many gothic mystery novels for young adults featuring Lewis Barnavelt, Anthony Monday, and Johnny Dixon.-Biography:After earning degrees at University of Notre Dame and...
  
  
• Alan Dowty
  Alan Dowty
  Alan Dowty is Professor of Political Science Emeritus, University of Notre Dame. He was formerly Kahanoff Chair Professor of Israel Studies at the University of Calgary, 2003-2006, and President of the Association for Israel Studies, 2005-2007....
  
  
• Thomas Locker
  Thomas Locker
  Thomas Locker is an American author and painter. He was born in New York City in 1937.Thomas Locker has written many popular illustrated books for children & young adults. He has also illustrated books for other popular writers such as Jean Craighead George...
  
  
• Frances Shimer
  Frances Shimer
  Frances Shimer , born Frances Ann Wood, was an American educator. She was the founder of the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, in Mount Carroll, Illinois...
  
  
• Henry Shimer
  Henry Shimer
  Henry Shimer was a naturalist and physician in Mount Carroll, Illinois. He was also a teacher at the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, and was the husband of the seminary's founder, Frances Shimer....
  
  

Presidents

• A "–" indicates that the individual served as interim or acting president.

#	Name	Term begin	Term end	Notes	References
1	Frances Shimer Frances Shimer Frances Shimer , born Frances Ann Wood, was an American educator. She was the founder of the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, in Mount Carroll, Illinois...	1853	1896	Title: Principal Former schoolteacher
-	Frank J. Miller	1896	1897	Title: Non-resident principal Professor at University of Chicago
2	William Parker McKee William Parker McKee William Parker McKee was an American educator and Baptist minister. He served as the chief executive of Shimer College from 1897 to 1930, a position known at the time as "Dean". During this period the school was known by turns as the Frances Shimer Academy, Frances Shimer School, and Frances...	1897	1930	Title: Dean Former Baptist minister
3	Floyd Wilcox Floyd Wilcox Floyd Cleveland Wilcox was the third president of Shimer College, serving from 1930 to 1935. His leadership, though marked by controversy, saw the school through the most difficult years of the Great Depression...	1930	1935	Title: President
-	Beth Hostetter	1935	1936
4	Raymond Culver Raymond Culver Raymond Benjamin Culver was a Baptist educator in the United States and the fourth president of Shimer College....	1936	1938	Formerly professor of Bible and religious education at Linfield College Linfield College Linfield College is an American private institution of higher learning located in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. As a four-year, undergraduate, liberal arts and sciences college with a campus in Portland, Oregon, it also has an adult degree program located in eight communities throughout the...
-	Beth Hostetter	1938	1939
5	Albin C. Bro	1939	1949	Former staff at University of Chicago Press University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals, including Critical Inquiry, and a wide array of...
-	John Russel	1949	1950
6	Aaron Brumbaugh Aaron Brumbaugh Aaron John Brumbaugh was a higher education administrator and professor of education, and the sixth president of Shimer College.Brumbaugh was born in Hartville, Ohio in early 1893...	1950	1954	Former Dean of the College of the University of Chicago College of the University of Chicago The College is the sole undergraduate institution and one of the oldest components of the University of Chicago, emerging contemporaneously with the university at large in 1892...
7	Francis Joseph Mullin	1954	1968	Former professor of medicine at the University of Chicago
8	Milburn Akers Milburn Akers Milburn Peter Akers , often known as Pete Akers, was a Chicago journalist, chairman of the Board of Trustees of McKendree College, and the ninth president of Shimer College....	1968	1970	Former editor at the Chicago Sun-Times Chicago Sun-Times The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the flagship paper of the Sun-Times Media Group.-History:The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city...
9	Robert Spencer Long Robert Spencer Long Robert Spencer Long was a professor of physical science and the tenth president of Shimer College.Long was born on the north side of Chicago and graduated from Roger C. Sullivan High School in the Rogers Park neighborhood in 1945...	1970	1974	Formerly Dean at Roger Williams College
-	Esther G. Weinstein	1974	1975
10	Ralph W. Conant Ralph W. Conant Ralph Wendell Conant is a writer and researcher in the areas of social policy, metropolitan governance, and regional planning. Conant is also the former president of Shimer College and Unity College.-Biography:...	1975	1978	Urbanologist
11	Donald P. Moon Don Moon (educator) Don P. Moon is an American educator, minister, and former nuclear reactor physicist. He was the president of Shimer College from 1978 to 2004, and has been on the faculty of Shimer College from 1967 to the present....	1978	2004	Episcopal priest Former nuclear reactor physicist
12	William Craig Rice William Craig Rice William Craig Rice is an American educator. He is currently the Director of the Division of Education Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities....	2004	2006	Former staff member at the American Academy for Liberal Education American Academy for Liberal Education The American Academy for Liberal Education is a United States educational accreditation organization.- Accreditation :AALE provides two types of accreditation for higher education institutions that offer general education programs in the liberal arts...
-	Ronald Champagne Ronald Champagne Ronald Oscar Champagne is an American higher education administrator. On August 25, 2010, he became the president of Roger Williams University on an interim basis...	2007	2009	Former administrator at Roosevelt University Roosevelt University Roosevelt University is a coeducational, private university with campuses in Chicago, Illinois and Schaumburg, Illinois. Founded in 1945, the university is named in honor of both former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. The university's curriculum is based on...
13	Thomas K. Lindsay	2009	2010	Former director at the National Endowment for the Humanities National Endowment for the Humanities The National Endowment for the Humanities is an independent federal agency of the United States established by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. The NEH is located at...
-	Edward Noonan Edward Noonan (architect) Edward Joseph Noonan is an architect and real estate developer based in Chicago, Illinois, and the interim president of Shimer College...	2010	present	Architect

Trustees

Notable trustees:

• William Rainey Harper
  William Rainey Harper
  William Rainey Harper was one of America's leading academics of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Harper helped to organize the University of Chicago and Bradley University and served as the first President of both institutions.-Early life:Harper was born on July 26, 1856 in New Concord,...
  
  
• Richard McKeon
  Richard McKeon
  Richard McKeon was an American philosopher.-Life, times, and influences:McKeon obtained his undergraduate degree from Columbia University in 1920, graduating at the early age of 20 despite serving briefly in the U.S. Navy during the First World War...
  
  , 1979-1985
• Eric O'Keefe
  Eric O'Keefe (political activist)
  Eric O’Keefe is the chairman and CEO of the Sam Adams Alliance and co-founder and co-chairman of the Alliance for Self-Governance...
  
  

Chairmen of the Board

Years	Name	Profession
1903-1913	Henry Metcalf	Physician
1920-1928	Nathaniel Butler
1928-1935	J. Spencer Dickerson
1935-1956	Samuel James Campbell
1956-1958	Robert W. Weismiller
1958-1959	Nelson Dezendorf	Vice-President of General Motors General Motors General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...
1959-1965	J. Clinton Youle
1965-1967	George M. Burditt
1967-1972	C. Matthews Dick, Jr.
1972-1973	Philip E. Bash
1973-1974	Elver L. Eisfeller
1974-1975	E. Hodson Thornber
1975-1979	Barry Carroll	Businessman
1979-1980	Harmon Bro
1980-1984	David Goldsmith
1984-1987	Bernard Berkin
1987-1991	Robert Charles Powell
1991-1994	Edward Noonan Edward Noonan (architect) Edward Joseph Noonan is an architect and real estate developer based in Chicago, Illinois, and the interim president of Shimer College...	Architect
1994-1999	Young Kim	Attorney
1999-2000	Gretchen Fisher & Roy Landstrom
2007–present	Christopher Nelson	President of St. John's College

Authors

At Shimer, the author is regarded as a coequal participant in the dialogue. This is an alphabetical list of authors whose works are read as part of the core curriculum

Core Curriculum

The Core Curriculum was originally developed as the main curriculum used by Columbia University's Columbia College. It began in 1919 with "Contemporary Civilization," about the origins of western civilization. It became the framework for many similar educational models throughout the United States...

 of Shimer College. As the exact content of the curriculum varies from year to year, only those authors occurring in both the 2009-2011 catalog and the 1995-1997 catalog are included. Courses are based on the 2009-2011 catalog.

Hum: Humanities, IS: Integrative Studies, NS: Natural Sciences, Soc: Social Sciences

• Edwin Abbott
  Edwin Abbott Abbott
  Edwin Abbott Abbott , English schoolmaster and theologian, is best known as the author of the satirical novella Flatland .-Biography:...
  
   (IS 1)
• Aeschylus
  Aeschylus
  Aeschylus was the first of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived, the others being Sophocles and Euripides, and is often described as the father of tragedy. His name derives from the Greek word aiskhos , meaning "shame"...
  
   (IS 5)
• Anselm of Canterbury
  Anselm of Canterbury
  Anselm of Canterbury , also called of Aosta for his birthplace, and of Bec for his home monastery, was a Benedictine monk, a philosopher, and a prelate of the church who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109...
  
   (Hum 3)
• Hannah Arendt
  Hannah Arendt
  Hannah Arendt was a German American political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with "man in the singular." She described herself instead as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact...
  
   (Soc 3)
• Aristotle
  Aristotle
  Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...
  
   (IS 1, IS 2, NS 1, NS 2, Soc 2, IS 5)
• Thomas Aquinas
  Thomas Aquinas
  Thomas Aquinas, O.P. , also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican priest of the Catholic Church, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Communis, or Doctor Universalis...
  
   (Soc 2, IS 5)
• Rudolf Arnheim (Hum 1)
• Matthew Arnold
  Matthew Arnold
  Matthew Arnold was a British poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator...
  
   (Hum 4)
• Augustine (Hum 3, IS 5)
• Marcus Aurelius (IS 5)
• Amedeo Avogadro
  Amedeo Avogadro
  Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto was an Italian savant. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law...
  
   (NS 1)
• Francis Bacon
  Francis Bacon
  Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England...
  
   (NS 1, IS 5)
• Honoré de Balzac
  Honoré de Balzac
  Honoré de Balzac was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815 fall of Napoleon....
  
   (Hum 1)
• Simone de Beauvoir
  Simone de Beauvoir
  Simone-Ernestine-Lucie-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir, often shortened to Simone de Beauvoir , was a French existentialist philosopher, public intellectual, and social theorist. She wrote novels, essays, biographies, an autobiography in several volumes, and monographs on philosophy, politics, and...
  
   (Soc 3)
• Samuel Beckett
  Samuel Beckett
  Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet. He wrote both in English and French. His work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human nature, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.Beckett is widely regarded as among the most...
  
   (Hum 2)
• Ruth Benedict
  Ruth Benedict
  Ruth Benedict was an American anthropologist, cultural relativist, and folklorist....
  
   (Soc 1)
• Roberto Bonola (IS 2)
• Robert Boyle
  Robert Boyle
  Robert Boyle FRS was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He has been variously described as English, Irish, or Anglo-Irish, his father having come to Ireland from England during the time of the English plantations of...
  
   (NS 1)
• Martin Buber
  Martin Buber
  Martin Buber was an Austrian-born Jewish philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of religious existentialism centered on the distinction between the I-Thou relationship and the I-It relationship....
  
   (Hum 4)
• Stanislao Cannizzaro
  Stanislao Cannizzaro
  Stanislao Cannizzaro, FRS was an Italian chemist. He is remembered today largely for the Cannizzaro reaction and for his influential role in the atomic-weight deliberations of the Karlsruhe Congress in 1860.-Biography:...
  
   (NS 1)
• Miguel de Cervantes
  Miguel de Cervantes
  Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written...
  
   (IS 6)
• Geoffrey Chaucer
  Geoffrey Chaucer
  Geoffrey Chaucer , known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey...
  
   (IS 5)
• Grosvenor W. Cooper (Hum 1)
• Nicolaus Copernicus
  Nicolaus Copernicus
  Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
  
   (IS 6)
• Aaron Copland
  Aaron Copland
  Aaron Copland was an American composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. He was instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, and is often referred to as "the Dean of American Composers"...
  
   (Hum 1)
• Dante Alighieri
  Dante Alighieri
  Durante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante , was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia ...
  
   (IS 5)
• John Dalton
  John Dalton
  John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness .-Early life:John Dalton was born into a Quaker family at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland,...
  
   (NS 1)
• Charles Darwin
  Charles Darwin
  Charles Robert Darwin FRS was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.He published his theory...
  
   (NS 2)
• Fyodor Dostoevsky
  Fyodor Dostoevsky
  Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky was a Russian writer of novels, short stories and essays. He is best known for his novels Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov....
  
   (Hum 2)
• C.F. du Fay (NS 3)
• Émile Durkheim
  Émile Durkheim
  David Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain...
  
   (Soc 1, Soc 4)
• W.E.B. DuBois (Soc 1)
• Pierre DuLong (NS 1)
• Freeman Dyson
  Freeman Dyson
  Freeman John Dyson FRS is a British-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician, famous for his work in quantum field theory, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering. Dyson is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists...
  
   (NS 4)
• Albert Einstein
  Albert Einstein
  Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history...
  
   (IS 2, NS 3)
• Euclid
  Euclid
  Euclid , fl. 300 BC, also known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I...
  
   (IS 2)
• Richard Feynman
  Richard Feynman
  Richard Phillips Feynman was an American physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics...
  
   (NS 4)
• Michel Foucault
  Michel Foucault
  Michel Foucault , born Paul-Michel Foucault , was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas...
  
   (Soc 4)
• Benjamin Franklin
  Benjamin Franklin
  Dr. Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat...
  
   (NS 3)
• Paulo Freire
  Paulo Freire
  Paulo Reglus Neves Freire was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of critical pedagogy.-Biography:...
  
   (Soc 4)
• Augustin-Jean Fresnel
  Augustin-Jean Fresnel
  Augustin-Jean Fresnel , was a French engineer who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics. Fresnel studied the behaviour of light both theoretically and experimentally....
  
   (NS 3)
• Sigmund Freud
  Sigmund Freud
  Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
  
   (Soc 1, Soc 3)
• Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei , was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism...
  
   (IS 6, NS 3)
• George Gamow
  George Gamow
  George Gamow , born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov , was a Russian-born theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling and worked on radioactive decay of the atomic nucleus, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, cosmic microwave...
  
   (NS 4)
• Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
  Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
  - External links :* from the American Chemical Society* from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition * , Paris...
  
   (NS 1)
• Clifford Geertz
  Clifford Geertz
  Clifford James Geertz was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology, and who was considered "for three decades...the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States." He served until...
  
   (Soc 4)
• Carol Gilligan
  Carol Gilligan
  Carol Gilligan is an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work with and against Lawrence Kohlberg on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics. She is currently a Professor at New York University and a Visiting Professor...
  
   (Soc 1)
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer, pictorial artist, biologist, theoretical physicist, and polymath. He is considered the supreme genius of modern German literature. His works span the fields of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, and science. His Faust has been called the greatest long...
  
   (IS 6)
• Jane Goodall
  Jane Goodall
  Dame Jane Morris Goodall, DBE , is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National...
  
   (NS 2)
• Stephen Jay Gould
  Stephen Jay Gould
  Stephen Jay Gould was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation....
  
   (NS 2)
• Alexander Hamilton
  Alexander Hamilton
  Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father, soldier, economist, political philosopher, one of America's first constitutional lawyers and the first United States Secretary of the Treasury...
  
   (Soc 2)
• G.W.F. Hegel (IS 6, Soc 3)
• Werner Heisenberg
  Werner Heisenberg
  Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory...
  
   (NS 4)
• Herodotus
  Herodotus
  Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria and lived in the 5th century BC . He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a...
  
   (IS 5)
• Hesiod
  Hesiod
  Hesiod was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. His is the first European poetry in which the poet regards himself as a topic, an individual with a distinctive role to play. Ancient authors credited him and...
  
   (IS 5)
• Thomas Hobbes
  Thomas Hobbes
  Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury , in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy...
  
   (Soc 2)
• Homer
  Homer
  In the Western classical tradition Homer , is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.When he lived is...
  
   (Hum 2, IS 5)
• David Hume
  David Hume
  David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment...
  
   (IS 6)
• Christiaan Huygens (NS 3)
• Thomas Jefferson
  Thomas Jefferson
  Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom , the third President of the United States and founder of the University of Virginia...
  
   (Soc 2)
• James Prescott Joule
  James Prescott Joule
  James Prescott Joule FRS was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work . This led to the theory of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The...
  
   (NS 1)
• Franz Kafka
  Franz Kafka
  Franz Kafka was a culturally influential German-language author of short stories and novels. Contemporary critics and academics, including Vladimir Nabokov, regard Kafka as one of the best writers of the 20th century...
  
   (Hum 1)
• Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant
  Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from Königsberg , researching, lecturing and writing on philosophy and anthropology at the end of the 18th Century Enlightenment....
  
   (Hum 4, IS 6)
• Johannes Kepler
  Johannes Kepler
  Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican...
  
   (IS 6)
• Søren Kierkegaard
  Søren Kierkegaard
  Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a Danish Christian philosopher, theologian and religious author. He was a critic of idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel...
  
   (Hum 4)
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
  Martin Luther King, Jr.
  Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the...
  
   (IS 1)
• Lawrence Kohlberg
  Lawrence Kohlberg
  Lawrence Kohlberg was a Jewish American psychologist born in Bronxville, New York, who served as a professor at the University of Chicago, as well as Harvard University. Having specialized in research on moral education and reasoning, he is best known for his theory of stages of moral development...
  
   (Soc 1)
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist...
  
   (NS 2)
• Susanne K. Langer (Hum 4)
• Antoine Lavoisier
  Antoine Lavoisier
  Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , the "father of modern chemistry", was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology...
  
   (NS 1)
• John Locke
  John Locke
  John Locke FRS , widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social...
  
   (Soc 2, Hum 3)
• Konrad Lorenz
  Konrad Lorenz
  Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch...
  
   (NS 2)
• Lucretius
  Lucretius
  Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is an epic philosophical poem laying out the beliefs of Epicureanism, De rerum natura, translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe".Virtually no details have come down concerning...
  
   (NS 1)
• Martin Luther
  Martin Luther
  Martin Luther was a German priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517...
  
   (IS 5)
• Niccolò Machiavelli
  Niccolò Machiavelli
  Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He is one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic...
  
   (Soc 2)
• Karl Mannheim
  Karl Mannheim
  Karl Mannheim , or Károly Mannheim in the original writing of his name, was a Jewish Hungarian-born sociologist, influential in the first half of the 20th century and one of the founding fathers of classical sociology and a founder of the sociology of knowledge.-Life:Mannheim studied in Budapest,...
  
   (Soc 4)
• Lynn Margulis
  Lynn Margulis
  Lynn Margulis was an American biologist and University Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is best known for her theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles, and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, which is now generally accepted...
  
   (NS 4)
• Karl Marx
  Karl Marx
  Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...
  
   (Soc 1, Soc 3, IS 6)
• James Clerk Maxwell
  James Clerk Maxwell
  James Clerk Maxwell of Glenlair was a Scottish physicist and mathematician. His most prominent achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic theory. This united all previously unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and optics into a consistent theory...
  
   (NS 3)
• Gregor Mendel
  Gregor Mendel
  Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics. Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance...
  
   (NS 2)
• John Milton
  John Milton
  John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell...
  
   (IS 6)
• Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
  Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
  Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu , generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment...
  
   (Soc 2)
• Thomas More
  Thomas More
  Sir Thomas More , also known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councillor to Henry VIII of England and, for three years toward the end of his life, Lord Chancellor...
  
   (IS 5)
• Isaac Newton
  Isaac Newton
  Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived."...
  
   (NS 3)
• Friedrich Nietzsche
  Friedrich Nietzsche
  Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a 19th-century German philosopher, poet, composer and classical philologist...
  
   (Hum 4, IS 6)
• Hans Christian Ørsted
  Hans Christian Ørsted
  Hans Christian Ørsted was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, an important aspect of electromagnetism...
  
   (NS 3)
• Blaise Pascal
  Blaise Pascal
  Blaise Pascal , was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen...
  
   (NS 1, Hum 3)
• Jean Piaget
  Jean Piaget
  Jean Piaget was a French-speaking Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"....
  
   (Soc 1)
• Plato
  Plato
  Plato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...
  
   (IS 1, IS 5, Hum 1, Hum 3, Soc 2)
• Joseph Priestley
  Joseph Priestley
  Joseph Priestley, FRS was an 18th-century English theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, chemist, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works...
  
   (NS 1)
• Ptolemy
  Ptolemy
  Claudius Ptolemy , was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the...
  
   (IS 5)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought.His novel Émile: or, On Education is a treatise...
  
   (Soc 2)
• Dorion Sagan
  Dorion Sagan
  Dorion Sagan is an American science writer, essayist, and theorist. He has written and co-authored many books on culture, evolution, and the history and philosophy of science, most recently "The Sciences of Avatar: from Anthropology to Xenology" and "Death and Sex," which won first place at the...
  
   (NS 4)
• Sappho
  Sappho
  Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...
  
   (IS 5)
• Jean-Paul Sartre
  Jean-Paul Sartre
  Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy, particularly Marxism, and was one of the key figures in literary...
  
   (Soc 3)
• Friedrich Schiller
  Friedrich Schiller
  Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. During the last seventeen years of his life , Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe...
  
   (Hum 4)
• Erwin Schrödinger
  Erwin Schrödinger
  Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger was an Austrian physicist and theoretical biologist who was one of the fathers of quantum mechanics, and is famed for a number of important contributions to physics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933...
  
   (NS 4)
• William Shakespeare
  William Shakespeare
  William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon"...
  
   (IS 6, Hum 2)
• Adam Smith
  Adam Smith
  Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
  
   (Soc 2)
• Sophocles
  Sophocles
  Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides...
  
   (Hum 2)
• Georg Stahl (NS 1)
• Tacitus
  Tacitus
  Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors...
  
   (IS 5)
• Joshua C. Taylor (Hum 1)
• Teresa of Ávila
  Teresa of Ávila
  Saint Teresa of Ávila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, and writer of the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer...
  
   (Hum 3)
• Thucydides
  Thucydides
  Thucydides was a Greek historian and author from Alimos. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC...
  
   (IS 5)
• Alexis de Tocqueville
  Alexis de Tocqueville
  Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville was a French political thinker and historian best known for his Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution . In both of these works, he explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in...
  
   (Soc 3)
• Virgil
  Virgil
  Publius Vergilius Maro, usually called Virgil or Vergil in English , was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues , the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid...
  
   (IS 5)
• Max Weber
  Max Weber
  Karl Emil Maximilian "Max" Weber was a German sociologist and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself...
  
   (Soc 1, Soc 4)
• Peter Winch
  Peter Winch
  Peter Guy Winch was a British philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of social science, Wittgenstein scholarship, ethics, and the philosophy of religion...
  
   (Soc 4)
• Mary Wollstonecraft
  Mary Wollstonecraft
  Mary Wollstonecraft was an eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book...
  
   (Soc 2)
• Thomas Young
  Thomas Young (scientist)
  Thomas Young was an English polymath. He is famous for having partly deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphics before Jean-François Champollion eventually expanded on his work...
  
  (NS 3)