List of Web service Frameworks
Encyclopedia
A list of web service frameworks:
| Name | Platform | Messaging Model(Destination) | Specifications | Protocols |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ActionWebService | Ruby (on Rails) | Client/Server | ? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , XML-RPC XML-RPC XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. "XML-RPC" also refers generically to the use of XML for remote procedure call, independently of the specific protocol... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| AlchemySOAP | C++ | Client/Server | WS-Addressing | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... |
| Apache Axis Apache Axis Apache Axis is an open source, XML based Web service framework. It consists of a Java and a C++ implementation of the SOAP server, and various utilities and APIs for generating and deploying Web service applications. Using Apache Axis, developers can create interoperable, distributed computing... |
Java/C++ | Client/Server | WS-ReliableMessaging, WS-Coordination, WS-Security, WS-AtomicTransaction, WS-Addressing | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Apache Axis2 Apache Axis2 Apache Axis2 is a core engine for Web services. It is a complete re-design and re-write of the widely used Apache Axis SOAP stack. Implementations of Axis2 are available in Java and C.... |
Java/C | Client/Server/ Asyn Support | WS-ReliableMessaging, WS-Security, WS-AtomicTransaction, WS-Addressing ,MTOM ,WS-Policy, WS-MetadataExchange | SOAP1.1 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , SOAP1.2 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , MTOM MTOM MTOM is the W3C Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism,a method of efficiently sending binary data to and from Web services.MTOM is usually used with XOP .-Status:MTOM is a W3C Recommendation.... , WSDL 2.0 Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... |
| Apache CXF Apache CXF Apache CXF is an open-source, fully featured Web services framework. It originated as the combination of two open-source projects: Celtix developed by IONA Technologies and XFire developed by a team hosted at Codehaus. These two projects were combined by people working together at the Apache... |
Java | Client/Server/ Asyn Support | WS-ReliableMessaging, WS-Security, WS-Addressing, MTOM, WS-Policy, WS-SecureConversation, WS-SecurityPolicy, WS-Trust | SOAP1.1 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , SOAP1.2 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , MTOM MTOM MTOM is the W3C Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism,a method of efficiently sending binary data to and from Web services.MTOM is usually used with XOP .-Status:MTOM is a W3C Recommendation.... , WSDL 2.0 Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Banshee | Java | Client | ? | SOAP1.1 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , SOAP1.2 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , MTOM MTOM MTOM is the W3C Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism,a method of efficiently sending binary data to and from Web services.MTOM is usually used with XOP .-Status:MTOM is a W3C Recommendation.... , WSDL 2.0 Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| appRain | PHP | Client/Server/ | PHP Reflection API. Auto Generate WSDL and Cache | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| csoap | C | Client/Server | ? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... |
| ColdBox Platform | ColdFusion ColdFusion In computing, ColdFusion is the name of a commercial rapid application development platform invented by Jeremy and JJ Allaire in 1995. ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database, by version 2 it had... |
Client/Server | Web development platform | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... , WSDL |
| FEAST | Qt/C++ | Client/Server | WS-Addressing | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| gSOAP | C/C++ | Client/Server | WS-Addressing, WS-Discovery, WS-Enumeration, WS-Security | JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... , SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , XML-RPC XML-RPC XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. "XML-RPC" also refers generically to the use of XML for remote procedure call, independently of the specific protocol... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Guzzle | PHP | Client | REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... |
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| Halcyon | Ruby Ruby (programming language) Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto... |
Client/Server | N/A | JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... |
| HED Hosting Environment Daemon | C++ with Python and Java bindings | Client/Server | Selected parts of WSRF, WS-Security, WS-Addressing, SAML | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... |
| Hessian | Java, Ruby, Python, Erlang, PHP, others | Client/Server | Hessian 1.0.1 | Hessian |
| JSON-RPC-Java | Java | Server | ??? | JSON-RPC JSON-RPC JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON. It is a very simple protocol , defining only a handful of data types and commands... |
| JSON-RPC-Lua | Lua | Server | ??? | JSON-RPC JSON-RPC JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON. It is a very simple protocol , defining only a handful of data types and commands... |
| Java Web Services Development Pack Java Web Services Development Pack The Java Web Services Development Pack is a free software development kit for developing Web Services, Web applications and Java applications with the newest technologies for Java.... / GlassFish GlassFish GlassFish is an open source application server project started by Sun Microsystems for the Java EE platform and now sponsored by Oracle Corporation. The supported version is called Oracle GlassFish Server... |
Java | Client/Server | WS-Addressing, WS-Security, ??? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , ??? |
| Jt Framework | Java/C | Client/Server/ Messaging | WS-* | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , REST, any well-known protocol |
| .NET Framework .NET Framework The .NET Framework is a software framework that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large library and supports several programming languages which allows language interoperability... |
C#, VB .NET | Client/Server | WS-Addressing, WS-Security, | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , ??? |
| NuSOAP | PHP | Client/Server | Object Oriented, Creates Users Help document, ? | SOAP1.1 SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Rogue Wave Hydra Eclipse Based Development | C++, Java | Client/Server | WS-Security, SCA, SDO, Transport/Protocol neutral (JMS/SOAP, raw socket/binary, etc.) | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| ServiceStack REST and SOAP Web Services | C# | Client/Server | WS-* | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , XML-RPC XML-RPC XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. "XML-RPC" also refers generically to the use of XML for remote procedure call, independently of the specific protocol... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , JSON-RPC JSON-RPC JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON. It is a very simple protocol , defining only a handful of data types and commands... , JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... , CSV CSV CSV may refer to:* Clerics of Saint Viator* Common Stored Value Ticket* Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol* Character Strengths and Virtues* Christian Social People's Party* Community Service Volunteers... , JSV |
| Simple Remoting | Java / JavaScript | Client/Server | JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... /HTTP, HTTP GET/POST |
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| SOAP Lite | Perl | Client/Server | ??? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , ??? |
| Staff | C++, AJAX, J2ME | Client/Server/Asyn support | All of Apache Axis2/C | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... |
| Turmeric | Java | Client/Server/Async/LocalBinding | Turmeric is a comprehensive, policy-driven SOA platform that you can use to develop, deploy, secure, run and monitor SOA services and consumers | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... , MTOM MTOM MTOM is the W3C Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism,a method of efficiently sending binary data to and from Web services.MTOM is usually used with XOP .-Status:MTOM is a W3C Recommendation.... , JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... , XML XML Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards.... , Supports 'RAW' mode also. |
| Web Services Interoperability Technology Web Services Interoperability Technology Web Services Interoperability Technology is an open-source project started by Sun Microsystems to develop the next-generation of Web service technologies... |
Java | Client/Server | WS-Addressing, WS-ReliableMessaging, WS-Coordination, WS-AtomicTransaction, WS-Security, WS-Security Policy, WS-Trust, WS-SecureConversation, WS-Policy, WS-MetadataExchange | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , MTOM MTOM MTOM is the W3C Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism,a method of efficiently sending binary data to and from Web services.MTOM is usually used with XOP .-Status:MTOM is a W3C Recommendation.... , JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... , XML XML Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards.... |
| Web Services Invocation Framework Web Services Invocation Framework The Web Services Invocation Framework supports a simple Java API for invoking Web services, no matter how or where the services are provided... |
Java | Client | ??? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Windows Communication Foundation Windows Communication Foundation The Windows Communication Foundation , previously known as "Indigo", is an application programming interface in the .NET Framework for building connected, service-oriented applications.-The architectures:... |
.Net | Client/Server/Asyn support | WS-Addressing, WS-ReliableMessaging, WS-Security | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... |
| WSO2 WSF/PHP | PHP | Client/Server | SOAP MTOM, WS-Addressing, WS-Security, WS-SecurityPolicy, WS-Secure Conversation, WS-ReliableMessaging | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| XFire Codehaus XFire is a Java SOAP framework for development and consumption of web services.Unlike earlier similar products, such as Apache Axis 1.x that use in-memory tree models for XML, XFire uses StAX resulting in better performance..Apache Axis2 also uses StAX.... became Apache CXF |
Java | Client/Server | WS-Addressing, WS-Security | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| XML Interface for Network Services XML Interface for Network Services XML Interface for Network Services is an open source technology for definition and implementation of internet applications, which enforces a specification-oriented approach.-Specification-oriented approach:... |
Java | Server ? | ?? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , XML-RPC XML-RPC XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. "XML-RPC" also refers generically to the use of XML for remote procedure call, independently of the specific protocol... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... , JSON-RPC JSON-RPC JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON. It is a very simple protocol , defining only a handful of data types and commands... , JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... |
| Zend Framework Zend Framework Zend Framework is an open source, object-oriented web application framework implemented in PHP 5 and licensed under the New BSD License.-Licensing:... |
PHP | Client/Server | ? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , JSON JSON JSON , or JavaScript Object Notation, is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. It is derived from the JavaScript scripting language for representing simple data structures and associative arrays, called objects... , JSON-RPC JSON-RPC JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol encoded in JSON. It is a very simple protocol , defining only a handful of data types and commands... , REST Rest Rest may refer to:* Leisure* Human relaxation* SleepRest may also refer to:* Rest , a pause in a piece of music* Rest , the relation between two observers* Rest , a 2008 album by Gregor Samsa... , XML-RPC XML-RPC XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. "XML-RPC" also refers generically to the use of XML for remote procedure call, independently of the specific protocol... |
| Suds | Python | Client | ? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Zolera | Python | Client/Server | ? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
| Soaplib | Python | Server | ? | SOAP SOAP SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks... , WSDL Web Services Description Language The Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a Web service. A WSDL description of a web service provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects and what data structures... |
See also
- Comparison of web application frameworksComparison of web application frameworksThis is a comparison of notable web application frameworks.-Perl:-PHP:-Java:-Python:-Ruby:-CFML :-ASP.NET:-Other:-ASP.NET:-C++:-CFML:-Python:-Java:-PHP:-Ruby:-Others:...
- List of web service specifications
- List of web service protocols
- Web serviceWeb serviceA Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over the web.The W3C defines a "Web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network". It has an interface described in a machine-processable format...