List of extinct plants
Encyclopedia
Prehistoric extinctions
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SilurianSilurianThe Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician Period, about 443.7 ± 1.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Devonian Period, about 416.0 ± 2.8 Mya . As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the...
- BaragwanathiaBaragwanathiaBaragwanathia is a genus of extinct plants of the division Lycopodiophyta of Late Silurian to Early Devonian age , fossils of which have been found in Australia, Canada and China.-Description:...
(Species into the Devonian) - CooksoniaCooksoniaCooksonia is an extinct grouping of primitive land plants. The earliest Cooksonia date from the middle of the Silurian ; the group continues to be an important component of the flora until the Early Devonian, a total time span of...
- RhyniaRhyniaRhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of the Lower Devonian that had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes, and was basal to modern vascular plants or eutracheophytes.-Description:R...
- TortilicaulisTortilicaulisTortilicaulis is a moss-like plant known from fossils recovered from southern Britain, spanning the Silurian-Devonian boundary . Originally recovered from the Downtonian of the Welsh borderlands, Tortilicaulis has since been recovered in the famous Ludlow Lane locality.Whilst it is generally...
(straddles Silurian-Devonian boundary)
DevonianDevonianThe Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic Era spanning from the end of the Silurian Period, about 416.0 ± 2.8 Mya , to the beginning of the Carboniferous Period, about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya...
- ArchaeopterisArchaeopterisArchaeopteris is an extinct genus of tree-like plants with fern-like leaves. A useful index fossil, this tree is found in strata dating from the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous , and has a global distribution....
(one species into the Carboniferous) - DrepanophycusDrepanophycusDrepanophycus is a genus of extinct plants of the Division Lycopodiophyta of Early to Late Devonian age , found in Eastern Canada and Northeast USA, China, Russia, Egypt and various parts of Northern Europe and Britain.-Description:...
- ProtosalviniaProtosalviniaProtosalvinia is a prehistoric plant found commonly in shale from shoreline habitats of the Upper Devonian period. The name Protosalvinia is a misnomer. The name literally means early Salvinia, and was given in the erroneous belief that the fossils were an earlier form of the living aquatic fern...
- PsilophytonPsilophytonPsilophyton is a genus of extinct vascular plants. Described in 1859, it was one of the first fossil plants to be found which was of Devonian age . Specimens have been found in northern Maine, USA; Gaspé Bay, Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada; the Czech Republic; and Yunnan, China...
- SphenophyllumSphenophyllumSphenophyllum is a genus in the order Sphenophyllales....
- WattiezaWattiezaWattieza was a genus of prehistoric trees that existed in the mid-Devonian that belong to the cladoxylopsids, close relatives of the modern ferns and horsetails...
CarboniferousCarboniferousThe Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya , to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 299.0 ± 0.8 Mya . The name is derived from the Latin word for coal, carbo. Carboniferous means "coal-bearing"...
- AnnulariaAnnulariaAnnularia is a plant fossil from the Carboniferous . It is a form taxon. Its radiating structures are most likely the leaves of Calamites....
- SigillariaSigillariaSigillaria is a genus of extinct, spore-bearing, arborescent plants which flourished in the Late Carboniferous period but dwindled to extinction in the early Permian period. It was a lycopodiophyte, and is related to the lycopsids, or club-mosses, but even more closely to quillworts, as was its...
- LepidodendronLepidodendronLepidodendron is an extinct genus of primitive, vascular, arborescent plant related to the Lycopsids . It was part of the coal forest flora. They sometimes reached heights of over , and the trunks were often over in diameter, and thrived during the Carboniferous period...
- CalamitesCalamitesCalamites is a genus of extinct arborescent horsetails to which the modern horsetails are closely related. Unlike their herbaceous modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of more than 30 meters...
- Sphenophyllum
TriassicTriassicThe Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 250 to 200 Mya . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic. Both the start and end of the Triassic are marked by major extinction events...
- Araucarioxylon
- CaytonialesCaytonialesThe Caytoniales is an extinct order of seed plants whose presence is recorded in fossils collected throughout the Mesozoic Era . The plants are part of the group called seed ferns because they are seed-bearing plants with fern-like leaves....
(extinct at the end of the Cretaceous) - CladophlebisCladophlebisCladophlebis is an extinct genus of fern which grew during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras . It was a common plant during that time in both the northern and southern hemispheres, and belonged to the order of plants called Filicales....
- Zamites
- Brachyphyllum
- PleuromeiaPleuromeiaPleuromeia is a genus of extinct spore-trees belonging to the order Pleuromeiales and class Isoetopsida.It was one of the most common plants during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event.-External links:...
- PannaulikaPannaulikaPannaulika triassica is a prehistoric plant species assigned to a small, incomplete leaf and two "flowers".It was found in Carnian rock. The incomplete, dicot-like leaf fragment, measuring 32 mm in length, has a vein structure which suggests the plant to be an angiosperm, but it also shares...
- Sphenophyllum
JurassicJurassicThe Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Mya to Mya, that is, from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic era, also known as the age of reptiles. The start of the period is marked by...
- Araucaria mirabilisAraucaria mirabilisAraucaria mirabilis is an extinct species of coniferous trees from Patagonia, Argentina. It belongs to the section Bunya of the genus Araucaria; the only living species of which is Araucaria bidwillii from Australia.A...
- Araucarites sanctaecrucisAraucarites sanctaecrucisAraucarites sanctaecrucis is an extinct coniferous tree from Patagonia, Argentina. Its exact affinities are unknown and it is currently assigned to the form genus Araucarites of the family Araucariaceae. A. sanctaecrucis are known from petrified fossils of branches, foliage, and cones from the...
- Baiera
- Coniopteris
- Cycadeoidea
- Czekanowskia
- Eboracia
- Gleichenites
- Neocalamites
- Nilssonia
- Pararaucaria patagonica
- Pterophyilum
- SchmeissneriaSchmeissneriaSchmeissneria is a possible early angiosperm recorded from the Lower Jurassic of Europe and the Middle Jurassic of China , traditionally included in the Ginkgophyta....
CretaceousCretaceousThe Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...
- Archaeamphora (Northeastern China)
- Archaeanthus
- ArchaefructusArchaefructusArchaefructus is an extinct genus of herbaceous aquatic seed plants with 3 known species. Fossil material assigned to this genus originates from the Yixian Formation in northeastern China, originally dated as late Jurassic but now thought to be approximately 125 million years old, or early...
- Ephedrites
- Liaoningocladus
- Palaeoaldrovanda (Czech Republic)
- Pagiophyllum
- Pityocladus
- Podozamites
- SagariaSagariaSagaria is an extinct plant which existed in Italy during the Albian period. The type species is Sagaria cilentana....
(Southern Italy) - SphenobaieraSphenobaieraSphenobaiera is a plant that lived in the Late Cretaceous period. The genus Sphenobaiera is used for plants with wedge-shaped leaves that can be distinguished from Ginkgo, Ginkgoites and Baiera by the lack of a petiole. It went extinct about...
- WilliamsoniaWilliamsoniaWilliamsonia is a fossil genus of Bennettitales, an extinct group of seed plants. The plants looked a bit like a cycad, with slender trunks up to two meters tall topped with a crown of leaves....
- Williamsoniella
PaleocenePaleoceneThe Paleocene or Palaeocene, the "early recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era...
- BanksieaeiditesBanksieaeiditesBanksieaeidites is a plant genus that encompasses fossil pollen that can be attributed to the Proteaceae tribe Banksieae, but cannot be attributed to a genus....
(Australia) (species through the Miocene) - Pinus peregrinusPinus peregrinusPinus peregrinus is an extinct species of pine in the Pinaceae family known from Clarkforkian age Paleocene fossils found in western North Dakota, USA....
(Golden Valley Formation)
EoceneEoceneThe Eocene Epoch, lasting from about 56 to 34 million years ago , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Palaeocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the...
- Azolla primaevaAzolla primaevaAzolla primaeva is an extinct species of "water fern" in the Azollaceae family known from Eocene fossils from the Ypresian stage , found in southern British Columbia....
(British Columbia, Canada) - Abies milleriAbies milleriAbies milleri, an extinct species of fir known from fossil remains found in deposits from the early Eocene Ypresian stage in Washington State, USA, is the oldest confirmed record for the fir genus. The species was described from 81 fossil specimens collected from Burke Museum site number A0307 in...
(British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA) - Banksia archaeocarpa (Australia)
- Chamaecyparis eurekaChamaecyparis eurekaChamaecyparis eureka is an extinct species of conifer in the family Cupressaceae. It is known from fossil foliage found in the Buchanan Lake Formation deposits, dated to the middle Eocene Lutetian stage , from western Axel Heiberg Island, located in the Arctic Ocean in the Qikiqtaaluk Region,...
(Axel Heiberg Island, Canada) - Corylus johnsoniiCorylus johnsoniiCorylus johnsonii is an extinct species of hazel known from fossil fruits found in the Klondike Mountain Formation deposits of Northern Washington State, dated to the early Eocene Ypresian stage . Based on described features, C. johnsonii is the oldest definite species in the genus Corylus.The...
(Washington, USA) - DillhoffiaDillhoffiaDillhoffia is an extinct monotypic genus of flowering plant with a single species, Dillhoffia cachensis known from Ypresian age Eocene fossils found in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA...
(British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA) - Nelumbo aureavallisNelumbo aureavallisNelumbo aureavallis is an extinct species of flowering plant in the lotus family known from Ypresian age Eocene fossils found in western North Dakota, USA.The species was described from two leaf specimens with reference to four others...
(North Dakota, USA) - Peltandra primaevaPeltandra primaevaPeltandra primaeva is an extinct species of monocot in the Araceae family known from a Ypresian age Eocene fossil found in western North Dakota, USA....
(North Dakota, USA) - Pinus peregrinusPinus peregrinusPinus peregrinus is an extinct species of pine in the Pinaceae family known from Clarkforkian age Paleocene fossils found in western North Dakota, USA....
(North Dakota, USA) - Saxonipollis ("East Germany")
- Tilia johnsoniTilia johnsoniTilia johnsoni is an extinct species of linden tree that was native to Washington state, USA and British Columbia, Canada. This species lived around 49 million years ago during the Early Eocene. The species was named in honor of Dr. Kirk R. Johnson, paleobotanist who assisted with collecting from...
(Washington, USA) - Trochodendron nastaeTrochodendron nastaeTrochodendron nastae is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Trochodendraceae known from fossil leaves found in the early Eocene Ypresian stage Klondike Mountain Formation deposits of Northern Washington State. T. nastae is one of the oldest members of the genus Trochodendron, which...
(Washington, USA)
OligoceneOligoceneThe Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present . As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly...
- Banksia novae-zelandiaeBanksia novae-zelandiaeBanksia novae-zelandiae is an extinct species of Banksia, known only from fossil leaves found on the South Island of New Zealand.-Description:...
(South Island, New Zealand) (Straddles the Oligocene-Miocene boundary)
MioceneMioceneThe Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...
- Carya washingtonensisCarya washingtonensisCarya washingtonensis is an extinct species of hickory nut in the walnut family Juglandaceae. The species is solely known from the Miocene sediments exposed in Kittitas County near Ellensburg, Washington.-Type locality:...
(Washington State) - DroserapitesDroserapitesDroserapites is a genus of extinct plants of somewhat uncertain droseracean affinity. It is a form taxon known only from fossil pollen.Droserapites pollen grains are united in tetrads . Individual grains are inaperturate...
(Taiwan) - DroserapollisDroserapollisDroserapollis is a genus of extinct plants in the family Droseraceae. It is a form taxon known only from fossil pollen.Droserapollis pollen grains are united in tetrahedral tetrads . Individual grains are possibly porate-like...
(Taiwan) - Hymenaea proteraHymenaea proteraHymenaea protera is an extinct prehistoric leguminous tree, the probable ancestor of present-day Hymenaea species. Most neotropical ambers come from its fossilized resin, including the famous Dominican amber.H...
(Dominican Republic) - PalaeoraphePalaeoraphePalaeoraphe is an extinct genus of palm, represented by one species, Palaeoraphe dominicana from early Miocene Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola. The genus is known from a single, diameter, full flower...
(Dominican Republic) - Roystonea palaeaRoystonea palaeaRoystonea palaea is an extinct species of palm known from fossil flowers found in the early Miocene Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola. The species is known from a single staminate flower and a single pistillate flower both preserved in the same piece of amber...
(Dominican Republic)
PleistocenePleistoceneThe Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....
- Banksia kingiiBanksia kingiiBanksia kingii is an extinct species of tree or shrub in the plant genus Banksia. It is known only from fossil leaves and fruiting "cones" found in Late Pleistocene sediment at Melaleuca Inlet in western Tasmania. These were discovered by Deny King in the workings of his tin mine...
(Western Tasmania) - Banksia strahanensisBanksia strahanensisBanksia strahanensis is an extinct species of tree or shrub in the plant genus Banksia. It is known only from a fossil leaf and several fossil leaf fragments found in Early to Middle Pleistocene sediment at Regatta Point in western Tasmania...
(Western Tasmania)
AfricaAfricaAfrica is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
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- Acalypha rubrinervisAcalypha rubrinervisAcalypha rubrinervis is an extinct plant in the spurge family , from the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. It was called string tree on account of the thin pendulous inflorescences which resembled red strings...
(1870, Saint Helena) - Usambara Annone – Anonidium usambarenseAnonidium usambarenseAnonidium usambarense was a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It was endemic to Tanzania.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
(1910, Tanzania) - Byttneria ivorensisByttneria ivorensisByttneria ivorensis is a tree in the Sterculiaceae family that is now classified as extinct.It was identified from a single herbarium specimen collected in the Upper Guinean forests of Ivory Coast.-External links:* *...
(1896, Côte d'Ivoire) - Coffea lembliniiCoffea lembliniiArgocoffeopsis lemblinii is an extinct relative of the coffee within the Rubiaceae family. It is only known by the holotype collected by French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in January 1907 in the valley of the Agnéby river in Côte d'Ivoire and was not found during subsequent surveys...
(1907, Côte d'Ivoire) - Dryopteris ascensionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- Erythrina schliebeniiErythrina schliebeniiErythrina schliebenii was a species of legume in the Fabaceae family. It was found only in Tanzania.-Source:* Lovett, J. & Clarke, G.P. 1998. . . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
(1938, Tanzania) - Saint Helena Heliotrope – Heliotropium pannifoliumHeliotropium pannifoliumThe Saint Helena Heliotrope is now extinct but was formerly a hairy-leaved small shrub up to 1 m in height. it was only seen once, by the explorer W. Burchell in Broad Gut, Saint Helena and has never been seen again...
(1808, Saint Helena) - Saint Helena Olive – Nesiota elliptica (2003, Saint Helena)
- Oldenlandia adscensionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- Orchidea eupolyanthis (1910, Cameroon)
- Pausinystalia brachythyrsumPausinystalia brachythyrsumPausinystalia brachythyrsum was a species of plant in the Rubiaceae family. It was endemic to Cameroon.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1898, Cameroon) - SilphiumSilphiumSilphium was a plant that was used in classical antiquity as a rich seasoning and as a medicine. It was the essential item of trade from the ancient North African city of Cyrene, and was so critical to the Cyrenian economy that most of their coins bore a picture of the plant...
— Ferula ?FerulaFerula is a genus of about 170 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia, mostly growing in arid climates. They are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 1–4 m tall, with stout, hollow, somewhat succulent stems...
(c. 50, Cyrene) - Sporobolus durusSporobolus durusSporobolus durus was a species of grass in the Poaceae family, found only on Ascension Island. It is extinct due to overgrazing and displacement by invasive weeds. Its date of extinction is unknown; it was last recorded in 1886 but not looked for dedicatedly until 1998.-Source:* Gray, A. 2003. . ...
(1886, Ascension Island) - Saint Helena Ebony – Trochetiopsis melanoxylonTrochetiopsis melanoxylonThe Dwarf Ebony of the island of Saint Helena is related to Trochetiopsis ebenus but is now extinct...
(1771, Saint Helena)
AmericasAmericasThe Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
- Galapagos Amaranth – Blutaparon rigidumBlutaparon rigidumBlutaparon rigidum was a species of plant in the Amaranthaceae family. It was endemic to Ecuador.-Source:* Tye, A. 2000. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
(1999, Galápagos Ecuador) - Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – Campomanesia lundianaCampomanesia lundianaAlso known as the Rio de Janeiro Myrtle, Campomanesia lundiana was a species of plant in the Myrtaceae family. It was endemic to Brazil.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1825, Brazil) - Casearia quinduensisCasearia quinduensisCasearia quinduensis was a species of plant in the Salicaceae family. It was endemic to Colombia.-Sources:* Calderon, E. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1997, Colombia) - Rio de Janeiro Sapota – Chrysophyllum januariense (1997, Brazil)
- Havana Fragrant Tree – Cnidoscolus fragransCnidoscolus fragransCnidoscolus fragrans was a tree that was endemic to where the capital city of Cuba is currently present. It was originally described from the area of Regla at the eastern side of Habana Bay over 150 years ago....
(1840, Cuba) - Santa Cruz Bryophyte – Flabellidium spinosumFlabellidium spinosumFlabellidium spinosum was a species of moss in the Brachytheciaceae family. It was endemic to Bolivia. It is also known as the Santa Cruz Bryophyte.-Source:* Bryophyte Specialist Group 2000. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1911, Bolivia) - Cuban Ruta Tree – Galipea ossanaGalipea ossanaGalipea ossana was a species of plant in the Rutaceae family. It was endemic to Cuba.-Sources:* Areces-Mallea, A.E. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1825, Cuba) - Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – Gomidesia cambessedeanaGomidesia cambessedeanaGomidesia cambessedeana was a species of plant in the Myrtaceae family. It was endemic to Brazil.-Sources:* Pires O'Brien, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1825, Brazil) - Cuban Guettarda Tree – Guettarda retusaGuettarda retusaGuettarda retusa was a species of plant in the Rubiaceae family. It was endemic to Cuba. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* Areces-Mallea, A.E. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1975, Cuba) - Cuban Holly – Ilex ternatifloraIlex ternatifloraIlex ternatiflora is an extinct a species of plant in the Aquifoliaceae family. It was endemic to Cuba.-Source:* Areces-Mallea, A.E. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1950, Cuba) - Licania caldasianaLicania caldasianaLicania caldasiana was a species of plant in the Chrysobalanaceae family. It was endemic to Colombia.-Sources:* Calderon, E. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, Colombia) - Mason River Myrtle – Myrcia skeldingiiMyrcia skeldingiiMyrcia skeldingii was a species of plant in the Myrtaceae family. It was endemic to Jamaica. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-References:* Kelly, D.L. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1972, Jamaica) - Hastings County Neomacounia – Neomacounia nitidaNeomacounia nitidaMacoun's Shining Moss is an extinct moss that was found only in a small area of Ontario.-Biology:Macoun's Shining Moss was a large bryophyte with long greenish-brown tufts. The tufts were shiny and up to 6 cm long. The moss was hermaphroditic and capable of fertilizing itself.The plant was an...
(1864, Canada) - Extinct spruce - Picea critchfieldi (Late Pleistocene, North America)
- Rio de Janeiro Pouteria – Pouteria stenophyllaPouteria stenophyllaPouteria stenophylla was a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It was endemic to Brazil. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* Pires O'Brien, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1997, Brazil) - Cajamarca Pradosia – Pradosia argenteaPradosia argenteaPradosia argentea was a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It was endemic to Peru.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1820, Peru) - Rio de Janeiro Pradosia – Pradosia glazioviiPradosia glazioviiPradosia glaziovii was a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It was endemic to Brazil. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* Pires O'Brien, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1997, Brazil) - Colombian Pradosia – Pradosia mutisiiPradosia mutisiiPradosia mutisii was a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It was endemic to Colombia.-Source:* Calderon, E. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1925, Colombia) - Jamaican Psidium – Psidium dumetorumPsidium dumetorumPsidium dumetorum was a species of plant in the Myrtaceae family endemic to Jamaica. It is now extinct.-Source:* Kelly, D.L. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1976, Jamaica) - Juan Fernandez Santalum – Santalum fernandezianumSantalum fernandezianumSantalum fernandezianum was a species of plant in the Santalaceae family. It was endemic to Chile. Last seen in 1908 by Carl Skottsberg, the species was cut to extinction for its aromatic wood.-Source:...
(1908, Chile) - Thismia americanaThismia americanaThismia americana was a species of flowering plant that was described and published as living in wetlands surrounding Chicago's Lake Calumet in the 1910s. The plant has not been seen since 1916, and the ground where it was observed has since been extensively altered by industrial development. The...
– Thismia americanaThismia americanaThismia americana was a species of flowering plant that was described and published as living in wetlands surrounding Chicago's Lake Calumet in the 1910s. The plant has not been seen since 1916, and the ground where it was observed has since been extensively altered by industrial development. The...
(1916, Chicago, IL, USA)
AsiaAsiaAsia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
- Adiantum lianxianenseAdiantum lianxianenseAdiantum lianxianense was a species of fern in the Adiantaceae family. It was endemic to China. Its natural habitat was subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:...
(Guangdong, China) - Sri Lanka Legume Tree – Crudia zeylanicaCrudia zeylanicaCrudia zeylanica was a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It was found only in Sri Lanka.-Sources:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
(1990, Sri Lanka) - Kerala Legume Tree – Cynometra beddomeiCynometra beddomeiCynometra beddomei was a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It was found only in India.It was threatened by habitat loss.-Sources:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
(1870, India) - Sumatra Dipterocarpus – Dipterocarpus cinereus (1996, Sumatera, Indonesia)
- Arunchal Hopea Tree – Hopea shingkengHopea shingkengHopea shingkeng was a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It was endemic to India.-Source:* Ashton, P. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1996, India) - Nilgiri Holly – Ilex gardnerianaIlex gardnerianaIlex gardneriana was a species of plant in the Aquifoliaceae family. It was endemic to India. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1859, India) - Karnataka Sapota – Madhuca insignisMadhuca insignisMadhuca insignis was a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It was endemic to India. It became extinct due to habitat loss. Madhuca insignis population has been rediscovered in Karnataka.-References:...
(1900, India) - Hainan Ormosia – Ormosia howiiOrmosia howiiOrmosia howii is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It was found only in China, but is apparently extinct nowadays.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
(1997, Southern China) - Hainan Otophora – Otophora unilocularisOtophora unilocularisOtophora unilocularis was a species of plant in the Sapindaceae family. It was endemic to China. It is extinct in nature-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1935, Hainan, China) - Pluchea glutinosaPluchea glutinosaPluchea glutinosa is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.It is found only in Yemen.-Source:* Miller, A. 2004. . Downloaded on 20 July 2007....
(19th Century, Yemen) - Psiadia schweinfurthiiPsiadia schweinfurthiiPsiadia schweinfurthii is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.It was found only in Yemen.-Source:* Miller, A. 2004. . Downloaded on 20 July 2007....
(19th Century, Yemen) - Sarawak Shorea – Shorea cuspidataShorea cuspidataShorea cuspidata was a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It was endemic to Malaysia.-Source:* Ashton, P. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1996, Malaysia) - Meghalaya Sterculia – Sterculia khasianaSterculia khasianaSterculia khasiana was a species of plant in the Sterculiaceae family. It was endemic to India. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1877, India) - Valerianella affinisValerianella affinisValerianella affinis was a species of plant in the Valerianaceae family. It was endemic to Yemen.-Source:* MIller, A. 2004. . Downloaded on 24 August 2007....
(19th century, Yemen) - Courtallum Wendlandia – Wendlandia angustifoliaWendlandia angustifoliaWendlandia angustifolia was a species of plant in the Rubiaceae family. It was endemic to India. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 24 August 2007....
(1997, India) - Woolly-stalked Begonia - Begonia eiromischaBegonia eiromischaBegonia eiromischa, commonly known as Woolly-stalked Begonia, is a presumed extinct plant from Malaysia.It occurred at granite rocks in an altitude of 170 m in the proximity of dipterocarp forests. Begonia eiromischa is only known from two collections made in 1886 and 1898 at Pulau Betong, Penang...
(20th century, Penang, Malaysia)
EuropeEuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
- Astragalus nitidiflorusAstragalus nitidiflorusAstragalus nitidiflorus is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is endemic to Cartagena, southeast of Spain.Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation...
(1909, Spain) - Italian Bryophyte – Radula visiniacaRadula visiniacaRadula visiniaca was a species of liverwort in the Radulaceae family. It was endemic to Italy.-Source:* Bryophyte Specialist Group 2000. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1938, Italy) - Cry Pansy – Viola cryanaViola cryanaViola cryana, the Cry Violet, also known as Cry Pansy, is an extinct plant species from the violet genus Viola which was endemic to the French Department Yonne. Vioala cryana was discovered in 1860 but first described in 1878....
(1933, France)
OceaniaOceaniaOceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago...
- Hawaii Chaff Flower – Achyranthes atollensisAchyranthes atollensisAchyranthes atollensis was a species of plant in the Amaranthaceae family. It was endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Its natural habitat was sandy shores. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-References:* Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003....
(1964, Hawaiian Is.) - Argyroxiphium virescensArgyroxiphium virescensArgyroxiphium virescens was a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.It was found only in the Hawaiian Islands.Its natural habitats were subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland....
(1996, Hawaiian Is.) - Casearia tinifoliaCasearia tinifoliaCasearia tinifolia was a species of plant in the Salicaceae family. It was endemic to Mauritius.-Sources:* Strahm, W. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1976, Mauritius) - Clermontia multiflora (1871, Hawaiian Is.)
- New Calodonia Sapinda – Cupaniopsis crassivalvis (1869, New Caledonia)
- Haleakala Cyanea Tree – Cyanea arborea (1928, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea comata (late 19th century, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea cylindrocalyx (1909, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea dolichopodaCyanea dolichopodaCyanea dolichopoda was a species of shrub in the bellflower family that was endemic to Kauai. It was discovered in 1990 and has not been located in the wild since 1992. Like other Cyanea it is known as haha in Hawaiian....
(1990, Hawaiian Is.) - Giffard's Cyanea Tree – Cyanea giffardii (1917, Hawaiian Is.)
- Mark's Cyanea Tree – Cyanea marksii (1900, Hawaiian Is.)
- Pohaku Cyanea Tree – Cyanea pohaku (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- Kohala Cyanea Tree – Cyanea pycnocarpa (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oak-leaved Cyanea Tree – Cyanea quercifolia (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Dracaena umbraculifera (Mauritius)
- Taravai Aster Tree – Fitchia mangarevensisFitchia mangarevensisFitchia mangarevensis was a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. It was found only in French Polynesia and is now extinct.-Source:* Florence, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 13 February 2011....
(1997, Taravai, French Polynesia) - Moorea Laurel – Hernandia drakeanaHernandia drakeanaHernandia drakeana was a species of plant in the Hernandiaceae family. It was endemic to French Polynesia.-Source:* Florence, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
(1997, French Polynesia) - Kawaihae Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus bombycinusHibiscadelphus bombycinusThe Kawaihae Hibiscadelphus was a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae family. It was found only in Hawaii. It has not been collected since 1868.-Source:...
(1868, Hawaiian Is.) - Puhielelu Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatusHibiscadelphus crucibracteatusHibiscadelphus crucibracteatus was a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae family. It was found only in Hawaii.It was discovered in 1981 and the single known specimen has since died.-Source:...
(1981, Hawaiian Is.) - Auwahi Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus wilderianusHibiscadelphus wilderianusHibiscadelphus wilderianus was a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae family.It was found only in Hawaii. The species was known from a single specimen discovered on Maui in 1910. Today it is believed to be extinct.-Source:...
(1910, Hawaiian Is.) - Oahu Kokia – Kokia lanceolataKokia lanceolataKokia lanceolata was a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae family. It was the only species of Kokia to occur on the island of Oahu. Originally known from the hills of Makapu'u, Koko Head and Wailupe Valley...
(1888, Hawaiian Is.) - Cross-bearing Pelea – Melicope cruciataMelicope cruciataMelicope cruciata was a species of plant in the Rutaceae family. It was endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, Hawaiian Is.) - Maui Ruta Tree – Melicope haleakalaeMelicope haleakalaeMelicope haleakalae was a species of plant in the Rutaceae family. It was endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It became extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1919, Hawaiian Is.) - Obovate Melicope – Melicope obovataMelicope obovataMelicope obovata was a species of plant in the Rutaceae family. It was endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, Hawaiian Is.) - Nuku Hiva Neisosperma – Neisosperma browniiNeisosperma browniiNeisosperma brownii was a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It was endemic to French Polynesia.-Source:* Florence, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, French Polynesia) - Fatu Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia fatuhivensisOchrosia fatuhivensisOchrosia fatuhivensis was a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It was endemic to French Polynesia.-Source:* Florence, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, French Polynesia) - Nuku Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia nukuhivensisOchrosia nukuhivensisOchrosia nukuhivensis was a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It was endemic to French Polynesia.-Source:* Florence, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, French Polynesia) - Tahiti Ochrosia – Ochrosia tahitensisOchrosia tahitensisOchrosia tahitensis was a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It was endemic to French Polynesia.-Source:* Florence, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
(1997, French Polynesia) - Hawaii Ruta Tree – Pelea obovata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Koé Stenocarpus – Stenocarpus dumbeensisStenocarpus dumbeensisStenocarpus dumbeensis was a species of plant in the Proteaceae family. It was endemic to New Caledonia.-Source:* Jaffré, T. et al. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(1905, New Caledonia) - Norfolk Island Streblorrhiza – Streblorrhiza speciosaStreblorrhiza speciosaStreblorrhiza speciosa was a perennial shrub endemic to Phillip Island. A species of legume in the Fabaceae family, and the sole species of this genus, it is now presumed extinct....
(1997, Norfolk Island) - Fijian Weinmannia – Weinmannia spiraeoidesWeinmannia spiraeoidesWeinmannia spiraeoides was a species of plant in the Cunoniaceae family. It was endemic to Fiji.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 24 August 2007....
(1840, Fiji) - Skottsberg's Wikstroemia – Wikstroemia skottsbergianaWikstroemia skottsbergianaWikstroemia skottsbergiana was a species of flowering plant in the Thymelaeaceae family. It was endemic to the island of Kauai in Hawaii, but became extinct due to habitat loss.-References:...
(1997, Hawaiian Is.) - Hakeakala Wikstroemia – Wikstoemia villosa (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Prony Bay Xanthostemon – Xanthostemon sebertiiXanthostemon sebertiiXanthostemon sebertii was a species of plant in the Myrtaceae family. It was endemic to New Caledonia.-Source:* Jaffré, T. et al. 1998. . Downloaded on 24 August 2007....
(1869, New Caledonia)
Plants extinct in the wild
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Africa
- St. Helena Roundleaf GumwoodCommidendrum rotundifoliumThe Bastard Gumwood is a species of tree endemic to the island of Saint Helena. It was thought to be extinct, but one last tree was discovered in Horse Pasture in 1982. This tree, long believed to be the last, was destroyed in 1986 by a gale. Fortunately seedlings were grown from this tree before...
– (Commidendrum rotundifolium) (Saint Helena) - Encephalartos brevifoliolatusEncephalartos brevifoliolatusEncephalartos brevifoliolatus is a cycad in the African genus Encephalartos. It is extinct in the wild....
(South Africa) - Encephalartos nubimontanus (South Africa)
- Encephalartos relictus (Swaziland)
- Encephalartos woodiiEncephalartos woodiiWood's Cycad is a cycad in the genus Encephalartos, and is endemic to the Ongoye Forest of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is one of the rarest plants in the world, being extinct in the wild with all specimens being clones of the type...
(South Africa) - St. Helena RedwoodTrochetiopsis erythroxylonAlthough the Saint Helena Redwood is now extinct in the wild, it was formerly abundant enough in the upland parts of the island of Saint Helena for early settlers in the 17th century to use the timber to make their homes....
– (Trochetiopsis erythroxylon) (Saint Helena)
Americas
- Cosmos atrosanguineusCosmos atrosanguineusCosmos atrosanguineus is a species of Cosmos, native to Mexico, where it is extinct in the wild. The species was introduced into cultivation in 1902, where it survives as a single clone reproduced by vegetative propagation....
(Mexico) - Csapodya splendens (syn. Deppea splendens) (Mexico)
- Root-spine PalmCryosophila williamsiiCryosophila williamsii, also known as Lago Yojoa Palm or Root-spine Palm is a species of flowering plant in the Arecaceae family.It is found only in Honduras.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
– (Cryosophila williamsii) (Honduras) - Cuban ErythroxylumErythroxylum echinodendronErythroxylum echinodendron was a species of plant in the Erythroxylaceae family. It was endemic to Cuba.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
– (Erythroxylum echinodendron) (Cuba) - Franklin Tree – (Franklinia alatamaha) (Georgia, U.S.)
- Laelia gouldianaLaelia gouldianaLaelia gouldiana is a plant of the orchid genus Laelia and native to Mexico.Laelia gouldiana can grow 1 meter tall. It has pink flowers....
(Mexico) - BiznaguitaMammillaria glochidiataMammillaria glochidiata was a species of plant in the Cactaceae family. It was endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat was hot deserts.-Source:* Fitz Maurice, W.A. & Fitz Maurice, B. 2002. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
– (Mammillaria glochidiata) (Mexico) - BiznaguitaMammillaria guillauminianaMammillaria guillauminiana was a species of plant in the Cactaceae family. It was endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat was hot deserts.-Source:* Fitz Maurice, W.A. & Fitz Maurice, B. 2002. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
– (Mammillaria guillauminiana) (Mexico) - Rio de Janeiro TerminaliaTerminalia acuminataTerminalia acuminata was a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It was endemic to Brazil.-Source:* Silva, N.M.F. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
– (Terminalia acuminata) (Brazil)
Asia
- India Monocarpic PalmCorypha talieraCorypha taliera is a species of palm, native to Bengal region of South Asia.There is one last plant left of this extinct species, which is protected and grows in the scrub jungle on the Dhaka University campus, Bangladesh....
– (Corypha taliera) - (Bengal) - Pallasana SpurgeEuphorbia mayurnathaniiEuphorbia mayurnathanii is a species of plant in the Euphorbiaceae family. It was endemic to the Palghat Gap in India, but is now believed to be extinct in the wild. It still exists in cultivation, but international trade is controlled as it is included on Appendix II of CITES.-Source:* World...
– (Euphorbia mayurnathanii) (India) - Yunnan MalvaFirmiana majorFirmiana major is a species of flowering plant in the Sterculiaceae family.It is found only in China in the Yunnan province.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Sun, W. 1998. . Downloaded on 10 July 2007....
– (Firmiana major) (Yunnan, China) - Kalimantan MangoMangifera casturiMangifera casturi was a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It was endemic to Indonesia, but is now considered extinct in the wild.-Source:*...
– (Mangifera casturi) (Kalimantan, Indonesia) - Sarawak MangoMangifera rubropetalaMangifera rubropetala was a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It was found in possibly Indonesia and Malaysia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
– (Mangifera rubropetala) (Kalimantan & Sumatra) - Kanehira AzaleaRhododendron kanehiraiRhododendron kanehirai was a species of plant in the Ericaceae family. It was endemic to Taiwan. It became extinct in the wild and exists only in cultivated form.-Source:* Lu, S.Y. & Pan, F.J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
– (Rhododendron kanehirai) (Taiwan) - Tulipa sprengeri (Turkey)
Europe
- Szaferi BirchBetula szaferiBetula szaferi was a species of plant in the Betulaceae family. It was endemic to Poland.-Source:* Boratynski, A. 1998. . Downloaded on 20 August 2007....
– (Betula szaferi) (Poland) - Lysimachia minoricensisLysimachia minoricensisLysimachia minoricensis is a species of plant in the Primulaceae family. It was endemic to Spain. Its natural habitat was Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It became extinct within its natural range due to habitat loss.-Source:...
(Spain) - Lotus berthelotiiLotus berthelotiiLotus berthelotii is a perennial plant endemic to the Canary Islands, in the genus Lotus. This plant is either extinct in the wild or persists as a few individuals...
(Canary Islands)
Oceania
- Cyanea pinnatifidaCyanea pinnatifidaCyanea pinnatifida is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name sharktail cyanea. It is endemic to Oahu, but it is now extinct in the wild and only exists in cultivation...
(Hawaiian Is.) - Royal Cyanea TreeCyanea superbaCyanea superba is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names Mt. Kaala cyanea and superb cyanea. It is endemic to the island of Oahu, but it is now extinct in the wild. It exists in cultivation and some individuals have been planted in appropriate habitat....
– (Cyanea superba) (Hawaiian Is.) - Punaluu CyaneaCyanea truncataCyanea truncata is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Punaluu cyanea. It is endemic to the islands of Oahu and Molokai in Hawaii, but it is now extinct in the wild. It exists in cultivation and some individuals have been planted in appropriate...
– (Cyanea truncata) (Hawaiian Is.) - Fuzzyflower Cyrtandra – (Cyrtandra waiolani) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Hemiandra rutilans (Australia)
- Cooke's KokiaKokia cookeiKokia cookei is a small, deciduous tree commonly known as the kokio, Molokai treecotton, Cooke's kokio, or Molokai kokio. It is considered one of the rarest and most endangered plant species in the world. Even when first found in the 1860s, only three trees could be located. It was presumed extinct...
– (Kokia cookei) (Hawaiian Is) - Toromiro – (Sophora toromiro) (Easter IslandEaster IslandEaster Island is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile that was annexed in 1888, Easter Island is famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapanui people...
, ChileChileChile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
)
Extinct plant cultivars
- Ansault - pear cultivar
- Semper Augustus - a tulip from the days of tulip maniaTulip maniaTulip mania or tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed...
- TaliaferroTaliaferro (apple)The Taliaferro , Robinson or Robertson was a small-sized apple grown at Monticello by Thomas Jefferson. This cultivar appears to be extinct, though some horticulturalists assert that the Highland County cultivar may be related, or even the same cultivar under a different name.Jefferson called the...
- apple cultivar - Viceroy - tulip traded during tulip maniaTulip maniaTulip mania or tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed...
Plants previously thought extinct and subsequently rediscovered
See Lazarus speciesLazarus taxon
In paleontology, a Lazarus taxon is a taxon that disappears from one or more periods of the fossil record, only to appear again later. The term refers to the account in the Gospel of John, in which Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead...
- Badula ovalifolia – from Mauritius. Known in 1830's; collected in 1970 and 1997 but misidentified (Page and D'Argent 1997, IUCN report)/confirmed identity in 2008 (Florens et al, Kew Bulletin)
- Café marronCafé marronCafé marron or Ramosmania rodriguesii is native to the island of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean.-History:It was thought Ramosmania rodriguesii was extinct until a single surviving tree was spotted by a schoolboy in 1980, who was shown a drawing of the plant by his teacher. The only image of the...
(Ramosmania rodriguesii) - rediscovered on Rodrigues in 1979 - Jellyfish tree (Medusagyne oppositifolia) - rediscovered in Seychelles in the 1970s
- Sichuan ThujaThuja sutchuenensisThuja sutchuenensis is a species of thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae. It is native to China, where it is a critically endangered local endemic in Chongqing Municipality in eastern Sichuan....
– (Thuja sutchuenensis) – rediscovered 1999 (Sichuan, China) - Gibraltar CampionSilene tomentosaSilene tomentosa, the Gibraltar campion, is a very rare flowering plant of the genus Silene and the family Caryophyllaceae. It is a woody-based perennial about 40cm high, with bilobed flowers ranging from pink to pale violet and is endemic to Gibraltar.-Re-discovery and conservation:Although the...
(Silene tomentosa) - rediscovered on Gibraltar in 1994
Extinct algae
- Bennett's Seaweed - Vanvoorstia bennettianaVanvoorstia bennettianaBennett's Seaweed is an extinct red alga from Australia. It is named after naturalist George Bennett. -Biology:...
- a red alga. (1886, Australia)
Further reading
- The Evolution of Plants, by K. J. Willis, J. C. McElwain, Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0198500653
- Principles and Practice of Plant Conservation, by David R. Given, Timber Press, 1995. ISBN 0881922498
- Earth WitnessCommunity - Extinct Plants Page One Earth Witness Community (accessed 19 October 2005)