This is a list of notable galaxies

Galaxy

A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias , literally "milky", a...

.

List of galaxies

Galaxy	Constellation	Notes
M82 Messier 82 Messier 82 is the prototype nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major...	Ursa Major	Also called the Cigar Galaxy. This is the prototype starburst galaxy Starburst galaxy A starburst galaxy is a galaxy in the process of an exceptionally high rate of star formation, compared to the usual star formation rate seen in most galaxies. Galaxies are often observed to have a burst of star formation after a collision or close encounter between two galaxies... .
M87 Messier 87 Messier 87 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who cataloged it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is located about 16.4 million parsecs from Earth...	Virgo Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is . Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second largest constellation in the sky...	This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster Virgo Cluster The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member... , the central cluster of the Local Supercluster
M102 Messier 102 Messier 102 is a galaxy listed in the Messier Catalogue that has not been identified unambiguously. Its original discoverer Pierre Méchain later said that it was a duplicate observation of Messier 101, but there are historical and observational reasons to believe that it could be NGC 5866,...	Draco Draco (constellation) Draco is a constellation in the far northern sky. Its name is Latin for dragon. Draco is circumpolar for many observers in the northern hemisphere... (Ursa Major)	This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866 NGC 5866 NGC 5866 is a relatively bright lenticular or spiral galaxy in the constellation Draco. NGC 5866 was probably discovered by Pierre Méchain or Charles Messier in 1781, and independently found by William Herschel in 1788.-Dust disk:One of the most outstanding features of NGC 5866 is the extended... , and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770 NGC 2770 NGC 2770 is a type SASc spiral galaxy located about 88 million light years away, in the constellation Lynx.It has been referred to as the 'Supernova Factory' as three supernovas have occurred there recently: SN 1999eh, SN 2007uy, and SN 2008D...	Lynx Lynx (constellation) Lynx is a constellation in the northern sky, introduced in the 17th century by Johannes Hevelius. It is named after the lynx, a genus of cat. It is a very faint constellation; its brightest stars form a zigzag line.-History:...	NGC 2770 is referred to as the Supernova Factory due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.
NGC 3314 NGC 3314 NGC 3314 is a pair of overlapping spiral galaxies between 117-140 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. This unique alignment gives astronomers the opportunity to measure the properties of interstellar dust in the face-on foreground galaxy , which appear dark against the background... NGC 3314a NGC 3314b	Hydra Hydra (constellation) Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, measuring 1303 square degrees. It has a long history, having been included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It is commonly represented as a water snake...	This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001 ESO 137-001 ESO 137-001 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the cluster known as Abell 3627 . As the galaxy moves to the center of the cluster, it is stripped by hot gas thus creating a 260,000 light year long tail...	Triangulum Australe	Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium Intracluster medium In astronomy, the intracluster medium is the superheated plasma present at the center of a galaxy cluster. This is gas heated to temperatures of between roughly 10 and 100 megakelvins and consisting mainly of ionised hydrogen and helium, containing most of the baryonic material in the cluster...  (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.
Comet Galaxy Comet Galaxy The Comet Galaxy is a spiral galaxy located 3.2 billion light-years from Earth, in the galaxy cluster Abell 2667, was found with the Hubble Space Telescope. This galaxy has a little more mass than our Milky Way...	Sculptor Sculptor (constellation) Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris , but the name was later shortened.-Notable features:No stars brighter than 3rd magnitude are...	Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667 Abell 2667 Abell 2667 is a galaxy cluster. It is one of the most luminous galaxy clusters in the X-ray waveband known at redshift about 0.2.This cluster is also a well-known gravitational lens.... , this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.

List of named galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

Galaxy	Constellation	Origin of name	Notes
Milky Way Galaxy	Sagittarius Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is a constellation of the zodiac, the one containing the galactic center. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is , a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur drawing a bow...  (centre)	This is the galaxy that contains Earth Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets... , it is named after the nebulosity in the night sky that marks the densest concentration of stars of our galaxy in the sky, which appears to blur together into a faint glow, called the Milky Way Milky Way The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Solar System. This name derives from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky... .
Andromeda Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...	Andromeda Andromeda (constellation) Andromeda is a constellation in the northern sky. It is named after Andromeda, the princess in the Greek legend of Perseus who was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus...	Commonly just Andromeda, this, called the Andromeda Galaxy, Andromeda Nebula, Great Andromeda Nebula, Andromeda Spiral Nebula, and such, has been traditionally called Andromeda, after the constellation in which it lies.
Bode's Galaxy	Ursa Major	Named for Johann Elert Bode Johann Elert Bode Johann Elert Bode was a German astronomer known for his reformulation and popularization of the Titius-Bode law. Bode determined the orbit of Uranus and suggested the planet's name.-Biography:...  who discovered this galaxy in 1774.
Cartwheel Galaxy Cartwheel Galaxy The Cartwheel Galaxy is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It is about 150,000 light-years across. The estimated mass is solar masses, and it is rotating at ....	Sculptor Sculptor (constellation) Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris , but the name was later shortened.-Notable features:No stars brighter than 3rd magnitude are...	Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.
Cigar Galaxy	Ursa Major	Appears similar in shape to a cigar Cigar A cigar is a tightly-rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco that is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the mouth. Cigar tobacco is grown in significant quantities in Brazil, Cameroon, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Philippines, and the Eastern... .
Comet Galaxy Comet Galaxy The Comet Galaxy is a spiral galaxy located 3.2 billion light-years from Earth, in the galaxy cluster Abell 2667, was found with the Hubble Space Telescope. This galaxy has a little more mass than our Milky Way...	Sculptor Sculptor (constellation) Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris , but the name was later shortened.-Notable features:No stars brighter than 3rd magnitude are...	This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.	The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667 Abell 2667 Abell 2667 is a galaxy cluster. It is one of the most luminous galaxy clusters in the X-ray waveband known at redshift about 0.2.This cluster is also a well-known gravitational lens.... .
Hoag's Object Hoag's Object Hoag's Object is a non-typical galaxy of the type known as a ring galaxy. The appearance of this object has interested amateur astronomers as much as its uncommon structure has fascinated professionals...	Serpens Caput	This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy Ring galaxy A ring galaxy is a galaxy with a ring-like appearance. The ring consists of massive, relatively young blue stars, which are extremely bright. The central region contains relatively little luminous matter. Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through... .	It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy Polar-ring galaxy A polar-ring galaxy is a type of galaxy in which an outer ring of gas and stars rotates over the poles of the galaxy. These polar rings are thought to form when two galaxies gravitationally interact with each other. One possibility is that a material is tidally stripped from a passing galaxy to...  with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.
Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...	Dorado/Mensa Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the southern sky, created in the 18th century. Its name is Latin for table. It covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky stretching from approximately 4h to 7.5h of right ascension, and −71 to −85.5 degrees of declination. Other than the south polar constellation...	Named after Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" ....	This is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group Local Group The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy... , and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Small Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy. It has a diameter of about 7,000 light-years and contains several hundred million stars. It has a total mass of approximately 7 billion times the mass of our Sun....	Tucana	Named after Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" ....	This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Mayall's Object Mayall's Object Mayall's Object is the result of two colliding galaxies located 500 million light years away within the constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered by Nicholas U. Mayall of the Lick Observatory on 13 March 1940, using the Crossley reflector...	Ursa Major	This is named after Nicholas U. Mayall, of the Lick Observatory Lick Observatory The Lick Observatory is an astronomical observatory, owned and operated by the University of California. It is situated on the summit of Mount Hamilton, in the Diablo Range just east of San Jose, California, USA... , who discovered it.	Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.
Pinwheel Galaxy Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major, first discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, and communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the Messier Catalogue as one of its final...	Ursa Major	Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy) Pinwheel (toy) A pinwheel is a simple child's toy made of a wheel of paper or plastic curls attached at its axle to a stick by a pin. It is designed to spin when blown upon by a person or by the wind. It is a predecessor to more complex whirligigs.-History:... .
Sombrero Galaxy Sombrero Galaxy The Sombrero Galaxy is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo located 28 million light years from earth. It has a bright nucleus, an unusually large central bulge, and a prominent dust lane in its inclined disk. The dark dust lane and the bulge give this galaxy the appearance of a...	Virgo Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is . Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second largest constellation in the sky...	Similar in appearance to a sombrero Sombrero Sombrero in English refers to a type of wide-brimmed hat originating in Mexico. In Spanish, however, it is the generic word for "hat", which originates from "sombra", meaning "shade".... .
Sunflower Galaxy Sunflower Galaxy The Sunflower Galaxy is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici consisting of a central disc surrounded by many short spiral arm segments...	Canes Venatici
Tadpole Galaxy Tadpole Galaxy The Tadpole Galaxy is a disrupted barred spiral galaxy located 400 million light years from Earth toward the northern constellation Draco. Its most dramatic features are a trail of stars about 280 thousand light-years long and massive, bright blue star clusters.It is hypothesized that a more...	Draco Draco (constellation) Draco is a constellation in the far northern sky. Its name is Latin for dragon. Draco is circumpolar for many observers in the northern hemisphere...	The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole Tadpole A tadpole or polliwog is the wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad.- Appellation :... .	This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.
Whirlpool Galaxy Whirlpool Galaxy The Whirlpool Galaxy is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy that is estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way Galaxy. in the constellation Canes Venatici...	Canes Venatici	From the whirlpool Whirlpool A whirlpool is a swirling body of water usually produced by ocean tides. The vast majority of whirlpools are not very powerful. More powerful ones are more properly termed maelstroms. Vortex is the proper term for any whirlpool that has a downdraft...  appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.

List of naked-eye galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked-eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

Naked-eye Galaxies

Galaxy	Apparent Magnitude	Distance	Constellation	Notes
Milky Way Galaxy	-26.74 (the Sun Sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields... )	0	Sagittarius Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is a constellation of the zodiac, the one containing the galactic center. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is , a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur drawing a bow...  (centre)	This is our galaxy, most things visible to the naked-eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance Zone of Avoidance The Zone of Avoidance is the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, the Milky Way.-Term:The ZOA was originally called the "Zone of Few Nebulae" in an 1878 paper by English astronomer Richard Proctor that referred to the distribution of "nebulae" in Sir John Herschel's General... .
Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...	0.9	160 kly (50kpc)	Dorado/Mensa Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the southern sky, created in the 18th century. Its name is Latin for table. It covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky stretching from approximately 4h to 7.5h of right ascension, and −71 to −85.5 degrees of declination. Other than the south polar constellation...	Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.
Small Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy. It has a diameter of about 7,000 light-years and contains several hundred million stars. It has a total mass of approximately 7 billion times the mass of our Sun....  (NGC292)	2.7	200 kly (60kpc)	Tucana	Visible only from the southern hemisphere.
Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...  (M31, NGC224)	3.4	2.5 Mly (780kpc)	Andromeda Andromeda (constellation) Andromeda is a constellation in the northern sky. It is named after Andromeda, the princess in the Greek legend of Perseus who was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus...	Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.
Omega Centauri Omega Centauri Omega Centauri or NGC 5139 is a globular clusterin the constellation of Centaurus, discovered by Edmond Halley in 1677 who listed it as a nebula. Omega Centauri had been listed in Ptolemy's catalog 2000 years ago as a star. Lacaille included it in his catalog as number I.5...  (NGC5139)	3.7	18 kly (5.5kpc)	Centaurus	Once thought to be a star and later a globular cluster Globular cluster A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers. The name of this category of star cluster is... , Omega Centauri was confirmed as having a black hole at its center and thus its status has been changed to being a dwarf galaxy as of April 2010.
Triangulum Galaxy Triangulum Galaxy The Triangulum Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 3 million light years from Earth in the constellation Triangulum. It is catalogued as Messier 33 or NGC 598, and is sometimes informally referred to as the Pinwheel Galaxy, a nickname it shares with Messier 101...  (M33, NGC598)	5.7	2.9 Mly (900 kpc)	Triangulum	Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.
Centaurus A Centaurus A Centaurus A is a prominent galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance...   (NGC 5128)	7.8	13.7 ± 0.9 Mly (4.2 ± 0.3 Mpc)	Centaurus	Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC3031)	7.89	12 Mly (3.6Mpc)	Ursa Major	Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.
Sculptor Galaxy Sculptor Galaxy The Sculptor Galaxy is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor...  (NGC 253)	8.0	11.4 ± 0.7 Mly (3.5 ± 0.2 Mpc)	Sculptor Sculptor (constellation) Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris , but the name was later shortened.-Notable features:No stars brighter than 3rd magnitude are...	According to Brian A. Skiff Brian A. Skiff Brian A. Skiff is an American astronomer noted for discovering a number of comets including the periodic comets 114P/Wiseman-Skiff and 140P/Bowell-Skiff... , the naked-eye visibility of this galaxy is discussed in an old Sky & Telescope letter or note from the late 1960s or early 1970s.
Messier 83 (NGC 5236)	8.2	14.7 Mly (4.5 Mpc)	Hydra Hydra (constellation) Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, measuring 1303 square degrees. It has a long history, having been included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It is commonly represented as a water snake...	M83 has reportedly been seen with the naked eye.

• Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
  Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
  The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is an elliptical loop-shaped satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy. It consists of four globular clusters, the main cluster being discovered in 1994...
  
   is not listed, because it is not discernible as being a separate galaxy in the sky.

Firsts

Galactic Firsts

First	Galaxy	Constellation	Date	Notes
First galaxy Galaxy A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias , literally "milky", a...	Milky Way Galaxy & Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...	Sagittarius Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is a constellation of the zodiac, the one containing the galactic center. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is , a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur drawing a bow...  (centre) & Andromeda Andromeda (constellation) Andromeda is a constellation in the northern sky. It is named after Andromeda, the princess in the Greek legend of Perseus who was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus...	1923	Edwin Hubble Edwin Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who profoundly changed the understanding of the universe by confirming the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way - our own galaxy...  determined the distance to the Andromeda Nebula, and found that it could not be part of the Milky Way, so defining that Milky Way was not the entire universe, and making the two separate objects, and two galaxies. However, the first galaxies seen would be all of the naked-eye galaxies, but they were not identified as such until the 20th century.
First radio galaxy Radio galaxy Radio galaxies and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths, with luminosities up to 1039 W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz. The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process...	Cygnus A Cygnus A Cygnus A is one of the most famous radio galaxies, and among the strongest radio sources in the sky.It was discovered by Grote Reber in 1939. In 1951, Cygnus A, along with Cassiopeia A, and Puppis A were the first "radio stars" identified with an optical source, of these, Cygnus A became the first...	Cygnus Cygnus (constellation) Cygnus is a northern constellation lying on the plane of the Milky Way. Its name is the Latinized Hellenic word for swan. One of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross...	1952	Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.
First quasar Quasar A quasi-stellar radio source is a very energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. Quasars are extremely luminous and were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than...	3C273 3C273 3C 273 is a quasar located in the constellation Virgo. It was the first quasar ever to be identified.It is the optically brightest quasar in our sky , and one of the closest with a redshift, z, of 0.158. A luminosity distance of DL = may be calculated from z...   3C48 3C48 3C48 was the first of many faint, starlike quasi-stellar objects which later were named quasars.3C48 was the first source in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources for which an optical identification was found by Allan Sandage and Thomas Matthews in 1960 through interferometry.Jesse...	Virgo Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is . Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second largest constellation in the sky... Triangulum	1962 1960	3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar. 3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.
First Seyfert galaxy Seyfert galaxy Seyfert galaxies are a class of galaxies with nuclei that produce spectral line emission from highly ionized gas, named after Carl Keenan Seyfert, the astronomer who first identified the class in 1943...	NGC 1068 (M77)	Cetus	1908	The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908, however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.
First low surface brightness galaxy Low surface brightness galaxy A low surface brightness galaxy, or LSB galaxy, is a diffuse galaxy with a surface brightness that, when viewed from Earth, is at least one magnitude lower than the ambient night sky....	Malin 1 Malin 1 Malin 1 is a giant low surface brightness disk galaxy which is 650,000 light years across; 5 and a half times the size of our Milky Way. It was the first LSB galaxy verified to exist, and as such, is the first giant LSB galaxy identified. Its high surface brightness central spiral is 30,000 light...	Coma Berenices	1986	Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.
First radio galaxy Radio galaxy Radio galaxies and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths, with luminosities up to 1039 W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz. The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process...	Cygnus A Cygnus A Cygnus A is one of the most famous radio galaxies, and among the strongest radio sources in the sky.It was discovered by Grote Reber in 1939. In 1951, Cygnus A, along with Cassiopeia A, and Puppis A were the first "radio stars" identified with an optical source, of these, Cygnus A became the first...	Cygnus Cygnus (constellation) Cygnus is a northern constellation lying on the plane of the Milky Way. Its name is the Latinized Hellenic word for swan. One of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross...	1951
First discovered object, later identified to be a cannibalized galaxy	Omega Centauri Omega Centauri Omega Centauri or NGC 5139 is a globular clusterin the constellation of Centaurus, discovered by Edmond Halley in 1677 who listed it as a nebula. Omega Centauri had been listed in Ptolemy's catalog 2000 years ago as a star. Lacaille included it in his catalog as number I.5...	Centaurus		Omega Centauri is considered the core of a disrupted dwarf spheroidal galaxy cannibalized by the Milky Way, and was originally catalogued in 1677 as a nebula. It is currently catalogued as a globular cluster.
First superluminal galactic jet	3C279 3C279 3C 279 is an optically violent variable quasar , which is known in the astronomical community for its variations in the visible, radio, and x-ray bands. The quasar was observed to have undergone a period of extreme activity from 1987 until 1991...	Virgo Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is . Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second largest constellation in the sky...	1971	The jet is emitted by a quasar Quasar A quasi-stellar radio source is a very energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. Quasars are extremely luminous and were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than...
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert	III Zw 2	Pisces Pisces (constellation) Pisces is a constellation of the zodiac. Its name is the Latin plural for fish, and its symbol is . It lies between Aquarius to the west and Aries to the east...	2000
First spiral galaxy	Whirlpool Galaxy Whirlpool Galaxy The Whirlpool Galaxy is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy that is estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way Galaxy. in the constellation Canes Venatici...	Canes Venatici	1845	Lord William Parsons William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Knight of the Order of St Patrick was an Irish astronomer who had several telescopes built. His 72-inch telescope "Leviathan", built 1845, was the world's largest telescope until the early 20th century.-Life:He was born in Yorkshire, England, in the city of... , Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing the M51 white nebula.

Prototypes

This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.

Prototype Galaxies

Class	Galaxy	Constellation	Date	Notes
BL Lac object BL Lac object A BL Lacertae object or BL Lac object is a type of active galaxy with an active galactic nucleus and is named after its prototype, BL Lacertae. In contrast to other types of active galactic nuclei, BL Lacs are characterized by rapid and large-amplitude flux variability and significant optical...	BL Lacertae BL Lacertae BL Lacertae or BL Lac is a highly variable, extragalactic AGN . It was first discovered by Cuno Hoffmeister in 1929, but was originally thought to be an irregular variable star in the Milky Way galaxy and so was given a variable star designation...  (BL Lac)	Lacerta		This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star Variable star A star is classified as variable if its apparent magnitude as seen from Earth changes over time, whether the changes are due to variations in the star's actual luminosity, or to variations in the amount of the star's light that is blocked from reaching Earth... , and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.
Hoag-type Galaxy	Hoag's Object Hoag's Object Hoag's Object is a non-typical galaxy of the type known as a ring galaxy. The appearance of this object has interested amateur astronomers as much as its uncommon structure has fascinated professionals...	Serpens Caput		This is the prototype Hoag-type Ring Galaxy Ring galaxy A ring galaxy is a galaxy with a ring-like appearance. The ring consists of massive, relatively young blue stars, which are extremely bright. The central region contains relatively little luminous matter. Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through...
Giant LSB galaxy	Malin 1 Malin 1 Malin 1 is a giant low surface brightness disk galaxy which is 650,000 light years across; 5 and a half times the size of our Milky Way. It was the first LSB galaxy verified to exist, and as such, is the first giant LSB galaxy identified. Its high surface brightness central spiral is 30,000 light...	Coma Berenices	1986
FR II radio galaxy Radio galaxy Radio galaxies and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths, with luminosities up to 1039 W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz. The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process...   (double-lobed radio galaxy)	Cygnus A Cygnus A Cygnus A is one of the most famous radio galaxies, and among the strongest radio sources in the sky.It was discovered by Grote Reber in 1939. In 1951, Cygnus A, along with Cassiopeia A, and Puppis A were the first "radio stars" identified with an optical source, of these, Cygnus A became the first...	Cygnus Cygnus (constellation) Cygnus is a northern constellation lying on the plane of the Milky Way. Its name is the Latinized Hellenic word for swan. One of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross...	1951

Extremes

Title	Galaxy	Data	Constellation	Notes
Least separation between binary central black holes	4C 37.11	24 ly (7.3pc)	Perseus Perseus (constellation) Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, named after the Greek hero Perseus. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union...	OJ 287 OJ 287 OJ 287 is a BL Lac object located 3.5 billion light years away that has produced quasi-periodic optical outbursts going back approximately 120 years, as first apparent on photographic plates from 1891...  has an inferred pair with a 12 year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.

Distances

Title	Galaxy	Constellation	Distance	Notes
Closest neighbouring galaxy	Canis Major Dwarf	Canis Major	0.025 Mly	Discovered in 2003, a satellite of the Milky Way, slowly being cannibalized by it.
Most distant galaxy	UDFj-39546284 UDFj-39546284 UDFj-39546284 is a compact galaxy of blue stars that existed as we see it 13.2 billion years ago, around 480 million years after the Big Bang. It is the oldest galaxy found and exceeds the previous distance record holder by roughly 150 million years. It could remain so until the anticipated launch...	Fornax	z≃10.3	With an estimated distance of about 13.2 billion LY, it is announced as the oldest and farthest astronomical object known.
Closest quasar	3C 273	Virgo Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is . Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second largest constellation in the sky...	z=0.158	First identified quasar, this is the most commonly accepted nearest quasar.
Most distant quasar	CFHQS J2329-0301 CFHQS J2329-0301 CFHQS J2329-0301 is a quasar discovered in 2007 by the Canada-France-Hawaii High-z Quasar Survey using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. It was the farthest known quasar with a distance of about 12.7 billion light years from Earth. Because it is very bright, its light can be used to determine...	Pisces Pisces (constellation) Pisces is a constellation of the zodiac. Its name is the Latin plural for fish, and its symbol is . It lies between Aquarius to the west and Aries to the east...	z=6.43	Discovered in 2007.
Closest radio galaxy	Centaurus A Centaurus A Centaurus A is a prominent galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance...  (NGC 5128, PKS 1322-427)	Centaurus	13.7 Mly
Most distant radio galaxy	TN J0924-2201 TN J0924-2201 TN J0924-2201 is the most distant radio galaxy known to date. It was discovered by Wil van Breugel in 1999.-External links:*...	Hydra Hydra (constellation) Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, measuring 1303 square degrees. It has a long history, having been included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It is commonly represented as a water snake...	z=5.2
Closest Seyfert galaxy	Circinus Galaxy Circinus Galaxy The Circinus Galaxy is a Seyfert Galaxy in the Circinus constellation. It is only 4 degrees below the Galactic plane, and 13 million light-years away. The galaxy is undergoing tumultuous changes, as rings of gas are being ejected from the galaxy. The outermost ring is 700 light-years from the...	Circinus	13 Mly	This is also the closest Seyfert 2 galaxy. The closest Seyfert 1 galaxy is NGC 4151 NGC 4151 NGC 4151 is an intermediate spiral Seyfert galaxy located 43 million light years from Earth in the constellation Canes Venatici, discovered by Frederick William Herschel on March 17, 1787... .
Most distant Seyfert galaxy			z=
Closest blazar	Markarian 421 Markarian 421 Markarian 421 is a blazar located in the constellation Ursa Major. The object is an active galaxy and a BL Lacertae object, and is a strong source of gamma rays. It is about 397 million light-years to 434 million light-years from the Earth...  (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)	Ursa Major	z=0.030	This is a BL Lac object.
Most distant blazar	Q0906+6930 Q0906+6930 Q0906+6930 is the most distant known blazar , discovered in July, 2004. The engine of the blazar is a supermassive black hole approximately 2 billion times the mass of the Sun . The event horizon volume is on the order of 1000 times that of the Solar System...	Ursa Major	z=5.47	This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar type blazar.
Closest BL Lac object	Markarian 421 Markarian 421 Markarian 421 is a blazar located in the constellation Ursa Major. The object is an active galaxy and a BL Lacertae object, and is a strong source of gamma rays. It is about 397 million light-years to 434 million light-years from the Earth...  (Mkn 421, Mrk 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)	Ursa Major	z=0.030
Most distant BL Lac object			z=
Closest LINER
Most distant LINER			z=
Closest LIRG
Most distant LIRG			z=
Closest ULIRG	IC 1127 (Arp 220 Arp 220 Arp 220 is the result of a collision between two galaxies which are now in the process of merging. Located 250 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens, it is the 220th object in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies.-Features:... , APG 220)	Serpens Caput	z=0.018
Most distant ULIRG			z=
Closest starburst galaxy	Cigar Galaxy (M82 Messier 82 Messier 82 is the prototype nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major... , Arp 337/APG 337, 3C 231, Ursa Major A)	Ursa Major	3.2Mpc
Most distant starburst galaxy			z=

Brightness and power

Title	Galaxy	Data	Notes
Apparently brightest galaxy	Baby Boom Galaxy Baby Boom Galaxy The Baby Boom Galaxy is a starburst galaxy located 12.2 billion light years away. Discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, the galaxy is notable for being the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, with...		Starburst galaxy Starburst galaxy A starburst galaxy is a galaxy in the process of an exceptionally high rate of star formation, compared to the usual star formation rate seen in most galaxies. Galaxies are often observed to have a burst of star formation after a collision or close encounter between two galaxies...  located in the very distant universe.
Apparently faintest galaxy		Apparent magnitude Apparent magnitude The apparent magnitude of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere...
Intrinsically brightest galaxy		Absolute magnitude Absolute magnitude Absolute magnitude is the measure of a celestial object's intrinsic brightness. it is also the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 32.6 light years away from Earth...	Markarian 231 Markarian 231 Markarian 231 , was discovered in 1969 as part of a search of galaxies with strong ultraviolet radiation. It is a Type-1 Seyfert galaxy. There are clear signs that a powerful quasar is present in the center of the galaxy. It is located about 600 Million light years away from...  is the most luminous nearby galaxy (~590Mly; apmag 13.8).
Intrinsically faintest galaxy	Boötes Dwarf Galaxy Boötes Dwarf Galaxy The Boötes Dwarf Galaxy is a faint galaxy, with a total luminosity of 100,000 Suns and an absolute magnitude of –5.8. It lies about 197,000 light-years away in the constellation Boötes. This dwarf spheroidal galaxy appears to be tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, which it orbits, and has...  (Boo dSph)	Absolute magnitude Absolute magnitude Absolute magnitude is the measure of a celestial object's intrinsic brightness. it is also the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 32.6 light years away from Earth...  -6.75	This does not include dark galaxies.
Highest surface brightness galaxy
Lowest surface brightness galaxy	Andromeda IX Andromeda IX Andromeda IX is a dwarf spheroidal satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, it was discovered in 2004 by resolved stellar photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , by Zucker et al....
Visually brightest galaxy	Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...	Apparent magnitude Apparent magnitude The apparent magnitude of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere...  0.6	This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.
Visually faintest galaxy			This galaxy has low surface brightness combined with low apparent brightness.

Mass

Title	Galaxy	Mass	Notes
Least massive galaxy	Willman 1 Willman 1 Willman 1 is an ultra low-luminosity dwarf galaxy or a star cluster. It is named after Beth Willman of Haverford College, the lead author of a study based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. The object is a satellite of the Milky Way; ~120,000 light-years away. Willman 1 has an elliptical shape...	~500,000 MSun
Most massive galaxy	Messier 87 Messier 87 Messier 87 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who cataloged it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is located about 16.4 million parsecs from Earth...  (M87, NGC 4486, Virgo A)	6×1012 MSun
Most massive spiral galaxy	ISOHDFS 27 ISOHDFS 27 ISOHDFS 27 is the most massive spiral galaxy known so far. It is approximately 6 billion light years from Earth. It has a mass of 1.04 solar masses , about four times as massive as the Milky Way....	1.04 MSun	The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s)	Andromeda I Andromeda I Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the Local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy . It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31...

Dimension

Title	Galaxy	Size	Notes
Most expansive galaxy	IC 1101 IC 1101 IC 1101 is a supergiant lenticular galaxy at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Serpens and is classified as a cD class of galaxy.-Size:...	5-6 million light-years
Least expansive galaxy
Visually largest galaxy	Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...	650 × 550 arcsec	The LMC takes up more of the sky than any other galaxy, due to its nearness to us. NOTE: The Milky Way Galaxy, our galaxy, cannot be measured, as we reside inside it. However, if only counting the Milky Way, that bright path in the sky, it would be by far the largest.
Visually smallest galaxy	Many distant galaxies are unresolvable, and cannot have their angular size determined.

Closest galaxies

5 Closest Galaxies

Rank	Galaxy	Distance	Notes
1	Milky Way Galaxy	0	This is our galaxy, we are part of it.
2	Omega Centauri Omega Centauri Omega Centauri or NGC 5139 is a globular clusterin the constellation of Centaurus, discovered by Edmond Halley in 1677 who listed it as a nebula. Omega Centauri had been listed in Ptolemy's catalog 2000 years ago as a star. Lacaille included it in his catalog as number I.5...	0.0183 Mly
3	Canis Major Dwarf	0.025 Mly
4	Virgo Stellar Stream Virgo Stellar Stream The Virgo Stellar Stream, also known as Virgo Overdensity, is the proposed name for a stellar stream in the constellation of Virgo which was discovered in 2005. The stream is thought to be the remains of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that is in the process of merging with the Milky Way...	0.030 Mly
5	Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is an elliptical loop-shaped satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy. It consists of four globular clusters, the main cluster being discovered in 1994...	0.081 Mly
6	Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...	0.163 Mly
Mly represents millions of light-year Light-year A light-year, also light year or lightyear is a unit of length, equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres... s, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

Nearest Galaxies by Type

Title	Galaxy	Date	Distance	Notes
Nearest galaxy	Milky Way Milky Way The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Solar System. This name derives from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky...	always	0	This is our galaxy
Nearest galaxy to our own	Canis Major Dwarf	2003	0.025 Mly
Nearest dwarf galaxy	Canis Major Dwarf	2003	0.025 Mly
Nearest large galaxy to our own	Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...	always	2.54 Mly	First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923
Nearest giant galaxy	Centaurus A Centaurus A Centaurus A is a prominent galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance...		12 Mly

Nearest Neighbouring Galaxy Title-holder

Galaxy	Date	Distance	Notes
Canis Major Dwarf	2003 -	0.025 Mly
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is an elliptical loop-shaped satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy. It consists of four globular clusters, the main cluster being discovered in 1994...	1994 − 2003	0.081 Mly
Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...	antiquity − 1994	0.163 Mly	This is the upper bound, as it is nearest galaxy observable with the naked-eye.
Small Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy. It has a diameter of about 7,000 light-years and contains several hundred million stars. It has a total mass of approximately 7 billion times the mass of our Sun....	1913–1914		This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung Ejnar Hertzsprung Ejnar Hertzsprung was a Danish chemist and astronomer.Hertzsprung was born in Copenhagen. In the period 1911–1913, together with Henry Norris Russell, he developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram....  measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variable Cepheid variable A Cepheid is a member of a class of very luminous variable stars. The strong direct relationship between a Cepheid variable's luminosity and pulsation period, secures for Cepheids their status as important standard candles for establishing the Galactic and extragalactic distance scales.Cepheid... s. In 1914, he did it for LMC.
Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...	1923		This was the first galaxy determined to be not part of the Milky Way.
Mly represents millions of light-year Light-year A light-year, also light year or lightyear is a unit of length, equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres... s, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

• Omega Centauri
  Omega Centauri
  Omega Centauri or NGC 5139 is a globular clusterin the constellation of Centaurus, discovered by Edmond Halley in 1677 who listed it as a nebula. Omega Centauri had been listed in Ptolemy's catalog 2000 years ago as a star. Lacaille included it in his catalog as number I.5...
  
   does not appear on this list because is not currently considered a galaxy, per se, it is considered a former galaxy, and all that remains of one that was cannibalized by the Milky Way.

Farthest galaxies

Most Remote Galaxies by Type

Title	Galaxy	Date	Distance	Notes
Most remote galaxy	UDFj-39546284 UDFj-39546284 UDFj-39546284 is a compact galaxy of blue stars that existed as we see it 13.2 billion years ago, around 480 million years after the Big Bang. It is the oldest galaxy found and exceeds the previous distance record holder by roughly 150 million years. It could remain so until the anticipated launch...	2011	z=10.3
Most remote normal galaxy	UDFy-38135539 UDFy-38135539 UDFy-38135539 is the Hubble Ultra Deep Field identifier for a galaxy which has been calculated to have a light travel time of 13.1 billion years with a present comoving distance of around 30 billion light-years...	2010	z=8.55
Most remote quasar	ULAS J1120+0641 ULAS J1120+0641 ULAS J1120+0641 is a quasar, the discovery of which was reported on 29 June 2011. , it is the most distant known quasar, and it was the first quasar discovered beyond a redshift of 7. Various news reports, including those provided by the Associated Press, have stated that it is the brightest object...	2011	z=7.085	This is the undisputed most remote quasar of any type, and the first with a redshift Redshift In physics , redshift happens when light seen coming from an object is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum...  beyond 7.
Most distant non-quasar SMG	Baby Boom Galaxy Baby Boom Galaxy The Baby Boom Galaxy is a starburst galaxy located 12.2 billion light years away. Discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, the galaxy is notable for being the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, with...  (EQ J100054+023435)	2008	z=4.547
z represents redshift Redshift In physics , redshift happens when light seen coming from an object is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum... , a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders

Galaxy	Date	Distance	Notes
UDFj-39546284 UDFj-39546284 UDFj-39546284 is a compact galaxy of blue stars that existed as we see it 13.2 billion years ago, around 480 million years after the Big Bang. It is the oldest galaxy found and exceeds the previous distance record holder by roughly 150 million years. It could remain so until the anticipated launch...	2011 -	z=10.3	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
UDFy-38135539 UDFy-38135539 UDFy-38135539 is the Hubble Ultra Deep Field identifier for a galaxy which has been calculated to have a light travel time of 13.1 billion years with a present comoving distance of around 30 billion light-years...	2010 − 2011	z=8.55	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. It exceeded the distance of IOK-1 and GRB 090423 GRB 090423 GRB 090423 is a gamma-ray burst detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission on April 23, 2009 at 07:55:19 UTC. The afterglow of GRB 090423 was detected in the infrared, and allowed astronomers to determine that the redshift of GRB 090423 is z = 8.2, which makes GRB 090423 the second...
IOK-1 IOK-1 IOK-1 is a distant galaxy in Coma Berenices. When discovered in 2006, it was the oldest and most distant galaxy ever found, at redshift 6.96....	2006 − 2010	z=6.96	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB 090423 GRB 090423 GRB 090423 is a gamma-ray burst detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission on April 23, 2009 at 07:55:19 UTC. The afterglow of GRB 090423 was detected in the infrared, and allowed astronomers to determine that the redshift of GRB 090423 is z = 8.2, which makes GRB 090423 the second...  was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.
SDF J132522.3+273520	2005 − 2006	z=6.597	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
SDF J132418.3+271455	2003 − 2005	z=6.578	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
HCM-6A HCM-6A HCM-6A is a galaxy that was found in 2002 by a team led by Esther Hu from the University of Hawaii, using the Keck II Telescope in Hawaii. HCM-6A is located behind the Abell 370 galactic cluster, near M77 in the constellation Cetus, which enabled the astronomers to use Abell 370 as a gravitational...	2002 − 2003	z=6.56	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370 Abell 370 Abell 370 is a galaxy cluster located approximately 6 billion light years away from the Earth , in the constellation Cetus. Its core is made up of several hundred galaxies... . This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28
SSA22−HCM1	1999 − 2002	z=5.74	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28
HDF 4-473.0	1998 − 1999	z=5.60	This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.
RD1 RD1 RD1 or 0140+326 RD1 is a distant galaxy, it once held the title of most distant galaxy known. RD1 was discovered in March 1998, and is at z=5.34, and was the first object found to exceed redshift 5. It bested the previous recordholders, a pair of galaxies at z=4.92 lensed by the galaxy cluster CL...  (0140+326 RD1)	1998	z=5.34	This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2	1997 − 1998	z=4.92	These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 CL1358+62 CL 1358+62 is a galaxy cluster located at z=0.33 redshift. Behind the cluster, lensed into a red arc is an infant galaxy that was the farthest object in the observable universe for a few months. It had a record redshift of z=4.92 and was discovered on July 31, 1997 by M. Franx and G. Illingsworth....  (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar Quasar A quasi-stellar radio source is a very energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. Quasars are extremely luminous and were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than...  held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
8C 1435+63	1994 − 1997	z=4.25	This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.
4C 41.17	1990 − 1994	z=3.792	This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)	1988 − 1990	z=3.395	This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.
3C 256	1984 − 1988	z=1.819	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 is a quasar located in the constellation Sagittarius. When identified in 1982, it was the most distant and most luminous object known.-Distance measurements:... , at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 241	1984	z=1.617	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 is a quasar located in the constellation Sagittarius. When identified in 1982, it was the most distant and most luminous object known.-Distance measurements:... , at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 324	1983 − 1984	z=1.206	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 is a quasar located in the constellation Sagittarius. When identified in 1982, it was the most distant and most luminous object known.-Distance measurements:... , at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 65	1982 − 1983	z=1.176	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 PKS 2000-330 is a quasar located in the constellation Sagittarius. When identified in 1982, it was the most distant and most luminous object known.-Distance measurements:...  at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 368	1982	z=1.132	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 252	1981 − 1982	z=1.105	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 6.1	1979 -	z=0.840	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 318	1976 -	0.752	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 411	1975 -	0.469	This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
3C 295 3C 295 3C 295 is a narrow-line radio galaxy located in the constellation of Boötes. With a redshift of 0.464, it is approximately 5 billion light-years from Earth...	1960 -	z=0.461	This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 3C 147 3C 147 is a compact steep-spectrum quasar that was discovered in 1964. It is located in the constellation Auriga not far in the sky from the 5th magnitude star Omicron Aurigae....  became the most distant object in the universe known.
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)	1951 − 1960	z=0.2 (V=61000 km/s)	This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0  and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)	1936 -	z=0.13 (V=39000 km/s)	The brightest cluster galaxy Brightest cluster galaxy Brightest cluster galaxy is defined as the brightest galaxy in a cluster of galaxies. BCGs include the most massive galaxies in the universe. They are generally elliptical galaxies which lie close to the geometric and kinematical center of their host galaxy cluster, hence at the bottom of the...  of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0  apparent magnitude Apparent magnitude The apparent magnitude of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere...  17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason Milton L. Humason Milton Lasell Humason was an American astronomer. He was born in Dodge Center, Minnesota.He dropped out of school and had no formal education past the age of 14. Because he loved the mountains, and Mount Wilson in particular, he became a "mule skinner" taking materials and equipment up the...  in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)	1932 -	z=0.075 (V=23000 km/s)	This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster	1931 − 1932	z= (V=19700 km/s)
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster	1930 − 1931	z= (V=11700 km/s)
NGC 4860	1929 − 1930	z=0.026 (V=7800 km/s)
NGC 7619	1929	z=0.012 (V=3779 km/s)	Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.
NGC 584 NGC 584 NGC 584 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cetus. The galaxy was discovered on 10 September 1785 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel.-External links:*...  (Dreyer nebula 584)	1921 − 1929	z=0.006 (V=1800 km/s)	At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.
M104 Sombrero Galaxy The Sombrero Galaxy is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo located 28 million light years from earth. It has a bright nucleus, an unusually large central bulge, and a prominent dust lane in its inclined disk. The dark dust lane and the bulge give this galaxy the appearance of a...  (NGC 4594)	1913 − 1921	z=0.004 (V=1180 km/s)	This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda - which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.
M81 Messier 81 Messier 81 is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Due to its proximity to Earth, large size and active galactic nucleus Messier 81 (also known as NGC 3031 or Bode's Galaxy) is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa...	antiquity - 20th century antiquity - 1913 (based on redshift) antiquity - 1930 (based on Cepheids)	11.8 Mly (z=-0.10)	This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked-eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it's moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 101	1930 -		Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.
Triangulum Galaxy Triangulum Galaxy The Triangulum Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 3 million light years from Earth in the constellation Triangulum. It is catalogued as Messier 33 or NGC 598, and is sometimes informally referred to as the Pinwheel Galaxy, a nickname it shares with Messier 101...	1924–1930		In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.
Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...	1923–1924		In 1923, Edwin Hubble Edwin Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who profoundly changed the understanding of the universe by confirming the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way - our own galaxy...  measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question whether there were galaxies, or was everything in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy. It has a diameter of about 7,000 light-years and contains several hundred million stars. It has a total mass of approximately 7 billion times the mass of our Sun....	1913–1923		This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung Ejnar Hertzsprung Ejnar Hertzsprung was a Danish chemist and astronomer.Hertzsprung was born in Copenhagen. In the period 1911–1913, together with Henry Norris Russell, he developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram....  measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variable Cepheid variable A Cepheid is a member of a class of very luminous variable stars. The strong direct relationship between a Cepheid variable's luminosity and pulsation period, secures for Cepheids their status as important standard candles for establishing the Galactic and extragalactic distance scales.Cepheid... s.
z represents redshift Redshift In physics , redshift happens when light seen coming from an object is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum... , a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion quasars and other AGN Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion, and possibly all, of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such excess emission has been observed in the radio, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and...  are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant

• A1689-zD1
  A1689-zD1
  A1689-zD1 was the most distant and therefore oldest known galaxy discovered as of February 2008. In October 2010, the discovery of galaxy UDFy-38135539 at 13 billion light-years made A1689-zD1 the second most distant galaxy in the universe....
  
  , discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.

• Abell 68 c1 and Abell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.

• IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.

• Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-up observations have failed to find the object at all.

• STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.

• BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07) refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947

• BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558

• Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725, BRI 1202-0725, BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695

• In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references). However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy.

• An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197

• In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218)

• From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.

• In 1958, cluster Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35 respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.

Field galaxies

List of field galaxies

Galaxy	Data	Notes
NGC 4555 NGC 4555 NGC 4555 is a solitary elliptical galaxy about 40,000 parsecs across. Observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory have shown it to be surrounded by a halo of hot gas about 120,000 parsecs across. The hot gas has a temperature of around 10,000,000 kelvins. The galaxy is one of the few elliptical...

Interacting galaxies

List of galaxies in tidal interaction

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Milky Way Galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center... Small Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy. It has a diameter of about 7,000 light-years and contains several hundred million stars. It has a total mass of approximately 7 billion times the mass of our Sun....		The Magellanic Clouds Magellanic Clouds The two Magellanic Clouds are irregular dwarf galaxies visible in the southern hemisphere, which are members of our Local Group and are orbiting our Milky Way galaxy...  are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream Magellanic Stream The Magellanic Stream is a high-velocity cloud of gas connecting the Large and the Small Magellanic Clouds. It came into existence by a near-collision of both galaxies some 2.5 billion years ago.-Discovery and early observations:...  drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge Magellanic Bridge The Magellanic Bridge is a stream of neutral hydrogen that links the two Magellanic Clouds. It is mostly a low-metallicity gas feature, though a few stars have been found inside it. It should not be confused with the Magellanic Stream, which links the MCs to the Milky Way.-References:* SIMBAD,...  drawing material from the clouds to our galaxy.
Messier 51 (Arp 85) Whirlpool Galaxy Whirlpool Galaxy The Whirlpool Galaxy is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy that is estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way Galaxy. in the constellation Canes Venatici...  (NGC 5194, M51a) NGC 5195 NGC 5195 NGC 5195 is a dwarf galaxy that is interacting with the Whirlpool Galaxy . Both galaxies are located approximately 25 million light-years away in the constellation Canes Venatici...  (M51b)		The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy Grand design spiral galaxy A grand design spiral galaxy is a type of spiral galaxy with prominent and well-defined spiral arms, as opposed to multi-arm and flocculent spirals which have subtler structural features. The spiral arms of a grand design galaxy extend clearly around the galaxy through many radians and can be...  architecture.
M81 Messier 81 Messier 81 is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Due to its proximity to Earth, large size and active galactic nucleus Messier 81 (also known as NGC 3031 or Bode's Galaxy) is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa... M82 Messier 82 Messier 82 is the prototype nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major... NGC 3077 NGC 3077 NGC 3077 is a smaller member of the M81 Group. It looks much like an elliptical galaxy. However, it is peculiar for two reasons. First, it shows wispy edges and scattered dust clouds that are probably a result of gravitational interaction with its larger neighbors, similar to the galaxy M82....		These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.
NGC 6872 and IC 4970 NGC 6872 and IC 4970 NGC 6872 and IC 4970 are a set of interacting galaxies over 200 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.On March 29, 1999, the European Southern Observatory took a look at these galaxies. It shows the spectacular barred spiral galaxy NGC 6872 that is shaped like an "integral sign"... NGC 6872 IC 4970		NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design Grand design spiral galaxy A grand design spiral galaxy is a type of spiral galaxy with prominent and well-defined spiral arms, as opposed to multi-arm and flocculent spirals which have subtler structural features. The spiral arms of a grand design galaxy extend clearly around the galaxy through many radians and can be...  spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.
Tadpole Galaxy Tadpole Galaxy The Tadpole Galaxy is a disrupted barred spiral galaxy located 400 million light years from Earth toward the northern constellation Draco. Its most dramatic features are a trail of stars about 280 thousand light-years long and massive, bright blue star clusters.It is hypothesized that a more...		The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.

List of galaxies in non-merger significant collision

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Arp 299 Arp 299 Arp 299 is a set of galaxies approximately 134 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.Both of the galaxies involved in the collision are barred irregular galaxies....  (NGC 3690 & IC 694)		These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.

List of galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisions

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Mayall's Object Mayall's Object Mayall's Object is the result of two colliding galaxies located 500 million light years away within the constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered by Nicholas U. Mayall of the Lick Observatory on 13 March 1940, using the Crossley reflector...		This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.

Galaxy mergers

List of galaxies undergoing near-equal merger

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Antennae Galaxies Antennae Galaxies The Antennae Galaxies are a pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus. They are currently going through a phase of starburst. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785...  (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.
Mice Galaxies Mice Galaxies NGC 4676, or the Mice Galaxies, are two spiral galaxies in the constellation Coma Berenices. About 290 million light-years away, they are presently in the process of colliding and merging...  (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.
NGC 520 NGC 520 NGC 520 is a pair of colliding spiral galaxies about 90 million light-years away in the constellation Pisces. It has a H II nucleus.-External links:*...	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 NGC 2207 and IC 2163 NGC 2207 and IC 2163 are a pair of colliding spiral galaxies about 80 million light-years away in the constellation Canis Major. Both galaxies were discovered by John Herschel in 1835. So far three supernovae have been observed in NGC 2207...  (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)	2 galaxies	These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 are a set of galaxies approximately 150 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. They are in the process of colliding and merging with some evidence of tidal disruption of NGC 5091....  (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)	2 galaxies	These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.
NGC 7318 NGC 7318 NGC 7318 are a set of galaxies about 300 million light-years away in the Constellation Pegasus...  (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)	2 galaxies	These are two starting to collide
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702	4 galaxies	These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377 LBG-2377 LBG-2377 is the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered, at a distance of 11.4 billion light years. This galaxy merger is so distant that the universe was in its infancy when its light was emitted...	z=3.03	This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge together to form a brightest cluster galaxy Brightest cluster galaxy Brightest cluster galaxy is defined as the brightest galaxy in a cluster of galaxies. BCGs include the most massive galaxies in the universe. They are generally elliptical galaxies which lie close to the geometric and kinematical center of their host galaxy cluster, hence at the bottom of the... , and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.

List of recently merged galaxies of near-equals

Galaxy	Data	Notes
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240 NGC 6240 NGC 6240 is a well-studied nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxy in the constellation Ophiuchus. The galaxy is the remnant of a merger between two smaller galaxies... , IC 4625)		This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.

List of galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalization

Disintegrating Galaxy	Consuming Galaxy	Notes
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy The Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy is located in the same part of the sky as the constellation Canis Major. The galaxy contains a relatively high percentage of red giant stars, and is thought to contain an estimated one billion stars in all....	Milky Way Galaxy	The Monoceros Ring Monoceros Ring The Monoceros Ring is a ring of stars around the Milky Way which is proposed to consist of a stellar stream torn from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy as it merges with the Milky Way over the course of billions of years...  is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.
Virgo Stellar Stream Virgo Stellar Stream The Virgo Stellar Stream, also known as Virgo Overdensity, is the proposed name for a stellar stream in the constellation of Virgo which was discovered in 2005. The stream is thought to be the remains of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that is in the process of merging with the Milky Way...	Milky Way Galaxy	This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is an elliptical loop-shaped satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy. It consists of four globular clusters, the main cluster being discovered in 1994...	Milky Way Galaxy	M54 Messier 54 Messier 54 is a globular cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1778 and subsequently included in his catalog of comet-like objects....  is thought to the be core of this dwarf galaxy.

List of objects considered destroyed galaxies

Defunct Galaxy	Galaxy	Notes
Omega Centauri Omega Centauri Omega Centauri or NGC 5139 is a globular clusterin the constellation of Centaurus, discovered by Edmond Halley in 1677 who listed it as a nebula. Omega Centauri had been listed in Ptolemy's catalog 2000 years ago as a star. Lacaille included it in his catalog as number I.5...	Milky Way Galaxy	This is now categorized a globular cluster Globular cluster A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers. The name of this category of star cluster is...  of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.
Mayall II Mayall II Mayall II also known as NGC-224-G1, SKHB 1, GSC 2788:2139, HBK 0-1, M31GC J003247+393440 or Andromeda's Cluster is a globular cluster orbiting M31, the Andromeda Galaxy....	Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...	This is now categorized a globular cluster Globular cluster A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers. The name of this category of star cluster is...  of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.

List of objects mistakenly identified as galaxies

"Galaxy"	Object	Data	Notes
G350.1-0.3 G350.1-0.3 G350.1-0.3 is a supernova remnant in the Milky Way, possibly associated with a neutron star formed in the same supernova explosion...	Supernova remnant Supernova remnant A supernova remnant is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave, and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion, and the interstellar material it sweeps up and shocks along the way.There are two...		Due to its unusual shape, it was originally misidentified as a galaxy.

Lists of galaxies

• Local Group
  Local Group
  The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
  
  
• List of nearest galaxies
• List of polar-ring galaxies
• List of spiral galaxies
• List of quasars

See also

• Galaxy
  Galaxy
  A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias , literally "milky", a...
  
  
• Milky Way Galaxy
• Local Group
  Local Group
  The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
  
  
• Galaxy groups and clusters
  Galaxy groups and clusters
  Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large scale structure of the universe...
  
  
  • List of galaxy clusters
• Local Supercluster
• Supercluster
  Supercluster
  Superclusters are large groups of smaller galaxy groups and clusters and are among the largest known structures of the cosmos. They are so large that they are not gravitationally bound and, consequently, partake in the Hubble expansion.-Existence:...
  
  
  • List of galaxy superclusters

External links

• Wolfram Research: Scientific Astronomer Documentations - Brightest Galaxies
• 1956 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae by Milton L. Humason
  Milton L. Humason
  Milton Lasell Humason was an American astronomer. He was born in Dodge Center, Minnesota.He dropped out of school and had no formal education past the age of 14. Because he loved the mountains, and Mount Wilson in particular, he became a "mule skinner" taking materials and equipment up the...
  
  , Nicholas U. Mayall, Allan Sandage
  Allan Sandage
  Allan Rex Sandage was an American astronomer. He was Staff Member Emeritus with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California. He is best known for determining the first reasonably accurate value for the Hubble constant and the age of the universe.-Career:Sandage was one of the most...
  
  
• 1936 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae by Milton L. Humason
  Milton L. Humason
  Milton Lasell Humason was an American astronomer. He was born in Dodge Center, Minnesota.He dropped out of school and had no formal education past the age of 14. Because he loved the mountains, and Mount Wilson in particular, he became a "mule skinner" taking materials and equipment up the...
  
  
• 1925 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: [ ] by Vesto Slipher
  Vesto Slipher
  Vesto Melvin Slipher was an American astronomer. His brother Earl C. Slipher was also an astronomer and a director at the Lowell Observatory....
  
  
• (1917) First Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: Nebulae by Vesto Slipher
  Vesto Slipher
  Vesto Melvin Slipher was an American astronomer. His brother Earl C. Slipher was also an astronomer and a director at the Lowell Observatory....