Looking Glass Studios was a computer game development company during the 1990s.

The company originally formed as Looking Glass Technologies, when Blue Sky Productions and Lerner Research merged.

Their games were regarded for demonstrating innovative gameplay, pioneering physics simulation

Game physics

Computer animation physics or game physics involves the introduction of the laws of physics into a simulation or game engine, particularly in 3D computer graphics, for the purpose of making the effects appear more real to the observer...

, and well-written, engaging stories. However, many of their games, despite wide critical acclaim, sold poorly in comparison to contemporary rivals.

Their best known games series were Ultima Underworld, System Shock

System Shock

System Shock is a first-person action-adventure video game developed by Looking Glass Technologies and published by Origin Systems. Released in 1994, the game is set aboard the fictional Citadel Station in a cyberpunk vision of 2072...

, and Thief

Thief (series)

Thief is a series of stealth video games in which the player takes the role of Garrett, a thief in a fantasy/steampunk world resembling a cross between the Late Middle Ages and the Victorian era, with more advanced technologies interspersed...

. In 1997, the company merged with Intermetrics, Inc

Intermetrics

Intermetrics, Inc. was a software company founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1969 by several veterans of M.I.T.'s Instrumentation Laboratory who had worked on the software for NASA's Apollo Program including the Apollo Guidance Computer....

 to become Intermetrics Entertainment Software, LLC

Limited liability company

A limited liability company is a flexible form of enterprise that blends elements of partnership and corporate structures. It is a legal form of company that provides limited liability to its owners in the vast majority of United States jurisdictions...

. Intermetrics became AverStar after it acquired Pacer Infotech in February 1998. In March 1999, Intermetrics divested

Divestment

In finance and economics, divestment or divestiture is the reduction of some kind of asset for either financial or ethical objectives or sale of an existing business by a firm...

 Looking Glass Studios Inc. The company went out of business on May 24, 2000 during a financial crisis related to their publisher at the time, Eidos Interactive

Eidos Interactive

Eidos Interactive Ltd. is a British video game publisher and is a label of Square Enix Europe. As an independent company Eidos plc was headquartered in the Wimbledon Bridge House in Wimbledon, London Borough of Merton....

.

Originally based in Lexington

Lexington, Massachusetts

Lexington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 31,399 at the 2010 census. This town is famous for being the site of the first shot of the American Revolution, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.- History :...

, Massachusetts

Massachusetts

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...

, in 1994 the company moved to Cambridge

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. It was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders. Cambridge is home to two of the world's most prominent...

. A significant number of Looking Glass personnel were MIT

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...

 graduates. Looking Glass also had satellite offices in Redmond, Washington

Redmond, Washington

Redmond is a city in King County, Washington, United States, located east of Seattle. The population was 54,144 at the 2010 census,up from 45,256 in 2000....

, Austin, TX

Austin, Texas

Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of :Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 14th most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in...

 and Huntington Beach, California.

People

After the company folded, people from Looking Glass went on to work at Ion Storm

Ion Storm Inc.

Ion Storm Inc. was a Texas based developer of computer games founded by John Romero, Tom Hall , Todd Porter, and Jerry O'Flaherty, under the slogan "Design is Law"...

, Irrational Games

Irrational Games

Irrational Games is a video game developer founded in 1997 by three former employees of Looking Glass Studios: Ken Levine, Jonathan Chey, and Robert Fermier as Irrational Games...

, Harmonix, Mad Doc Software

Mad Doc Software

Rockstar New England, formerly Mad Doc Software, is a computer game development company founded in 1999 by Dr. Ian Lane Davis. The company is based in New England in Andover, Massachusetts, just north of Boston.-Overview:...

, Arkane Studios

Arkane Studios

Arkane Studios is a video game developer based in Lyon, France. It was founded in 1999, and released its first game, Arx Fatalis, in 2002. Arkane Studios opened an Austin, Texas-based office in July 2006....

, Valve

Valve Corporation

Valve Corporation is an American video game development and digital distribution company based in Bellevue, Washington, United States...

, and to found Floodgate Entertainment

Floodgate Entertainment

Floodgate Entertainment is a Boston-based video game developer, founded by Paul Neurath in 2000. Many of the company's employees are former Looking Glass Studios employees....

 and Digital Eel

Digital Eel

Digital Eel is a self-funded independent video game development team located in the Seattle, Washington area. The group was formed in 2001 by Rich Carlson , Iikka Keränen and Bill "Phosphorus" Sears .-Developers:*Rich Carlson - design, sound, music and art*Iikka Keränen - design, code and...

, amongst other later studios. Ion Storm Austin developed Deus Ex

Deus Ex

Deus Ex is an action role-playing game developed by Ion Storm Inc. and published by Eidos Interactive in 2000, which combines gameplay elements of first-person shooters with those of role-playing video games...

, Deus Ex: Invisible War

Deus Ex: Invisible War

Deus Ex: Invisible War is an action role-playing game developed by Ion Storm Inc. and published by Eidos Interactive. Released simultaneously for Microsoft Windows and the Xbox video game console on December 2, 2003, the game is a sequel to the critically acclaimed Deus Ex...

, the second game in the Deus Ex series and Thief: Deadly Shadows

Thief: Deadly Shadows

Thief: Deadly Shadows is a stealth video game in which the player takes the role of Garrett, a master thief. It is set in a fantasy/steampunk world resembling a cross between the Late Middle Ages and the Victorian era, with more advanced technologies interspersed...

, the third game in the Thief series. Arkane Studios went on to develop Arx Fatalis

Arx Fatalis

Arx Fatalis is a partially open source first-person role-playing video game for the Xbox and PC, released on November 2002 by Arkane Studios, a video game developer based in Lyon, France....

, a dungeon crawling game that bore heavy resemblance to Looking Glass' cult series Ultima Underworld, and Dark Messiah of Might and Magic

Dark Messiah of Might and Magic

Dark Messiah of Might and Magic, additionally subtitled Elements on Xbox 360, is a first-person action game developed by Arkane Studios and Floodgate Entertainment. Kuju Entertainment developed the multiplayer mode...

, which was co-designed by Floodgate. Ex-Looking Glass personnel have worked on such games as Deus Ex

Deus Ex

Deus Ex is an action role-playing game developed by Ion Storm Inc. and published by Eidos Interactive in 2000, which combines gameplay elements of first-person shooters with those of role-playing video games...

, Guitar Hero, Rock Band

Rock Band

Rock Band is a music video game developed by Harmonix Music Systems, published by MTV Games and Electronic Arts. It is the first title in the Rock Band series. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released in the United States on November 20, 2007, while the PlayStation 2 version was...

, Half-Life 2

Half-Life 2

Half-Life 2 , the sequel to Half-Life, is a first-person shooter video game and a signature title in the Half-Life series. It is singleplayer, story-driven, science fiction, and linear...

, Freedom Force

Freedom Force (2002 video game)

Freedom Force is a real-time tactical role-playing game developed by Irrational Games and published by Electronic Arts and Crave Entertainment in 2002. The player guides a team of superheroes as they defend Patriot City from a variety of villains, monsters, and other menaces. A sequel, Freedom...

, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is a single-player action role-playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks and the Take-Two Interactive subsidiary 2K Games...

, Fallout 3

Fallout 3

Fallout 3 is an action role-playing game released by Bethesda Game Studios, and the third major installment in the Fallout series. The game was released in North America, Europe and Australia in October 2008, and in Japan in December 2008 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360...

, Bioshock

Bioshock

BioShock is a first-person shooter video game developed by 2K Boston and designed by Ken Levine. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 on August 21, 2007 in North America, and three days later in Europe and Australia. It became available on Steam on August 21, 2007...

, Empire Earth II, Boom Blox

Boom Blox

Boom Blox is a puzzle video game for the Wii console, mobile devices and N-Gage 2.0 developed by EA Los Angeles in conjunction with film director Steven Spielberg. The game was released on May 6, 2008, in North America and on May 9, 2008, in Europe...

, and Star Trek: Armada II among others.

The following people worked on projects with Looking Glass Studios (by no means an all-inclusive list):

Steve Aarnio Jonathan Arnold Sean Barrett Seamus Blackley Seamus Blackley Seamus Blackley is a former agent with Creative Artists Agency representing video game creators.After entering Tufts University to study jazz piano, Blackley switched to study physics and graduated Summa cum Honore en Tesis. As a sophomore, he published his first paper in the Journal of Magnetic... Eric Brosius Eric Brosius Eric Brosius is a musician and video game developer, and a former employee of Looking Glass Studios. He is a former member of the band Tribe, and is married to Terri Brosius, also a former Looking Glass employee and Tribe member.... Terri Brosius Terri Brosius Terri Brosius is an American musician and voice actor, best known in computer gaming circles as the voice of SHODAN in the System Shock series.-Tribe:... Wes Carroll Wes Carroll Wes Carroll is one of the pioneering practitioners of vocal percussion in contemporary a cappella music. He is credited as a primary teacher of this art form, primarily through instructional videos and DVDs first created in the late 1990s.He was the founding vocal percussionist for the Boston... Rich Carlson Dr. Cat Dr. Cat Dr. Cat is president, co-founder, executive producer and creative director of Dragon's Eye Productions. He is best known for creating the 2003 Independent Games Festival finalist MMORPG Furcadia with game artist Talzhemir...

Jon Chey Doug Church Doug Church Doug Church is an American computer game designer and producer. He attended MIT in the late 1980s, but left and went to work with Looking Glass Studios, when they were making primarily MS-DOS-based first-person adventure/shooter/roleplaying games, including Ultima Underworld, Ultima Underworld II,... Michael Dornbrook Austin Grossman Austin Grossman Austin Grossman [b. ] is a writer and game designer who has contributed to the New York Times and a number of video games.He is the author of the novel Soon I Will Be Invincible, which was published by Pantheon Books in 2007.... Frank Kane Iikka Keränen Iikka Keränen Ilkka Keränen, a native of Finland, lives in Seattle, Washington with his wife Rose and two cats. He is a level designer at Valve Software. He also co-founded Digital Eel, an independent video game development group, in 2001... Marc LeBlanc Marc LeBlanc Marc "Mahk" LeBlanc is an educator about and designer of video games.LeBlanc attended MIT where he received a B.S. and M.S. in Computer Science.... Ken Levine Greg LoPiccolo Mike Chrzanowski

Art Min Paul Neurath Paul Neurath Paul Neurath is a veteran game designer and creative director in the computer game industry. He founded both Blue Sky Productions and Floodgate Entertainment. He is currently Creative Director of Zynga Boston.... Emil Pagliarulo Emil Pagliarulo Emil Pagliarulo is a video game designer working for Bethesda Softworks since 2002. He is best known for being the lead designer of Fallout 3, for which he received the Best Writing award at the 2008 Game Developers Choice Awards.- Video game credits :... Michael Ryan Bruce Seder Dan Schmidt Harvey Smith Randy Smith Randy Smith (game designer) Randy Smith is a game designer who has worked extensively on the Thief series with both Looking Glass Studios and Ion Storm Austin. In addition, Smith has participated in the Indie Game Jam.... Rob Caminos

Warren Spector Warren Spector Warren Spector is a role-playing game designer and a video game designer. He is known for having worked to merge elements of role-playing games and first-person shooters. He currently resides in Austin, Texas with his wife, fantasy writer Caroline L. Spector... Tim Stellmach Allen Varney Allen Varney Allen Varney is an American writer and game designer born in St. Louis, Missouri. He has a dual B.A. in English and History from the University of Nevada, Reno.... Sara Verrilli Mike Kulas Nathaniel Thurston Matt Toschlog Jeff Dixon

List of titles

List of video games developed by Looking Glass Studios

• System Shock
  System Shock
  System Shock is a first-person action-adventure video game developed by Looking Glass Technologies and published by Origin Systems. Released in 1994, the game is set aboard the fictional Citadel Station in a cyberpunk vision of 2072...
  
  
• System Shock 2
  System Shock 2
  System Shock 2 is a 1999 first-person action role-playing video game, designed by Ken Levine for Microsoft Windows. The title is a sequel to the 1994 PC game System Shock, and was co-developed by Irrational Games and Looking Glass Studios...
  
  
• Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri
  Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri
  Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri is a 1996 tactical first-person shooter video game developed and published by Looking Glass Technologies. Set in a science fictional depiction of the 24th century, the game follows a faction of humans who colonize the Alpha Centauri star system to escape from a...
  
  
• Thief: The Dark Project
  Thief: The Dark Project
  Thief: The Dark Project is a 1998 first-person stealth game developed for Windows by Looking Glass Studios and published by Eidos Interactive...
  
  
• Thief II: The Metal Age
  Thief II: The Metal Age
  Thief II: The Metal Age is a 2000 first-person stealth game developed by Looking Glass Studios and published by Eidos Interactive. The sequel to Thief: The Dark Project, the game's plot follows Garrett, a master thief, as he attempts to uncover a conspiracy in a medieval, steampunk city...
  
  
• Flight Unlimited
  Flight Unlimited
  Flight Unlimited is a 1995 aerobatic flight simulator video game developed and published by Looking Glass Technologies. It allows players to pilot reproductions of real-world aircraft and to perform aerobatic maneuvers. They may fly freely, race through floating rings against a timer or take...
  
  
• Flight Unlimited 2 (1997)
• Flight Unlimited 3 (1999)

Lerner Research

• Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer
  Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer
  Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer is a 1987 computer aircraft simulation game produced by Electronic Arts that was orginially released as Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Simulator...
  
  (1987)
• F-22 Interceptor
  F-22 Interceptor
  F-22 Interceptor is a 1991 flight simulator created by Ned Lerner and Gene Kusmiak. It was released by Electronic Arts and Ingram Entertainment for the Mega Drive/Genesis....
  
  for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis
  Sega Mega Drive
  The Sega Genesis is a fourth-generation video game console developed and produced by Sega. It was originally released in Japan in 1988 as , then in North America in 1989 as Sega Genesis, and in Europe, Australia and other PAL regions in 1990 as Mega Drive. The reason for the two names is that...
  
   (1991)
• Car and Driver
  Car and Driver (game)
  Car and Driver is a computer racing game, developed by Lerner Research and published by Electronic Arts in 1992.- Cars :*Porsche 959*Ferrari F40*Lotus Esprit V8*Lamborghini Countach*Shelby Cobra*Ferrari 250GTO*Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1...
  
  (1992)

External links

• Looking Glass Studios profile from MobyGames
  MobyGames
  -Platforms not yet included:- Further reading :* Rusel DeMaria, Johnny L. Wilson, High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games, McGraw-Hill/Osborne Media; 2 edition , ISBN 0-07-223172-6...
  
  
• An illustrated history of Looking Glass Studios from the-nextlevel.com
• To all the fans and supporters of LookingGlass: Final message from Looking Glass Studios website, from Archive.org
• Article on the closure of Looking Glass from IGN PC
  IGN
  IGN is an entertainment website that focuses on video games, films, music and other media. IGN's main website comprises several specialty sites or "channels", each occupying a subdomain and covering a specific area of entertainment...
  
  
• Through The Looking Glass: Honoring the Legacy of Looking Glass Studios from TTLG.com
• "Reasons for the Fall: A Post-Mortem On Looking Glass Studios" from TTLG.com
• Final Days a photographic tribute to LGS employees, particularly on the last day of the company's existence