Lordship of Hummel
Encyclopedia
The Lordship of Hummel is a historic landscape in the western part of the former County of Glatz in Silesia
.
had skeches of the castle made during his journey from Neuburg an der Donau
to Kraków
in 1536. These sketches are the only surviving pictures of the castle before its destruction.
. Back then, the Lordship of Hummel consisted only of the eastern part of the later Hummel district, that is, the watershed of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka river, with the town of Duszniki Zdrój and a number of villages (Słoszów, Ocieszów, Bystra, Łężyce, Szczytna
, Kulin Kłodzki and Dolina
).
In the 14th century, the Lordship was held by the Lords of Pannwitz. After the transfer to Dietrich of Janowitz (1392-1411), Hummel was united with the neighbouring Lordship of Náchod
. In 1412, the lordships came into the possession of Henry of Lazan, who traded Hummel and Náchod in 1414 with Boček II of Poděbrady
(d. 1417) for the city and lordship of Bechyně
in South Bohemia. Boček's son Victor
, who was a staunch supporter of the Utraquists, died in 1427. The Taborites then conquered Hummel Castle, and used it as a base for their incursions into Glatz and Silesia. The Lordship of Hummel was ruled jointly by the Taborite captains Jan Holý and Mikuláš Trčka z Lípy. In 1440, the castle came into the hands of the Taborite robber baron Jan Kolda of Žampach. From 1444 to 1454, the Lordship belonged to Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg
, who was also the lien holder of the County of Glatz. After his death, the Lordship was acquired by George of Poděbrady
, who appointed Vaclav Holý as Burgrave of Hummel Castle. In 1458, George transferred the Lordship to his sons Boček IV
(d. 1496) and Victor. After George's deaths in 1471, his sons divided the family possessions, with Henry the Elder
receiving the Lordships of Hummel and Náchod.
In 1477, Henry the Elder enfeoffed the Lordship to Hildebrand of Kauffung and made it administratively part of Glatz, which had been made a County in 1459. At the same time the Bohemian parishes Lewin Kłodzki and Czermna were incorporated into the Lordship of Hummel. The villages of Słone and Brzesowie, that did not belong to the parish of Czermna, but to the parish of St. Lawrence in Náchod, were also incorporated into the Lordship. From this time onwards, the original, eastern part of Hummel was termed the "German" side and the western part was termed the "Bohemian" side.
Under Sigismund of Kauffung, the castle again became a hideout for robber barons. In 1501, Ulrich of Hardegg
bought the County of Glatz, including the Lordship of Hummel. In 1537, his son pledged it to John III of Pernstein
, whose son Vratislav II of Pernstein inherited the Lordship in 1548. In 1459, the County of Glatz, including the Lordship of Hummel, was sold to Ernest of Bavaria
of the House of Wittelsbach. On 10 December 1459, Ernest gave the Lordship of Hummel to his illegitimate son Eustace. In 1550, Eustace was ennobled by Emperor Charles V
as Eustace of Landfried. Eustace was legitimized as a noble son of Ernest by Pope Julius II
. Eustace sold the Lordship after Ernest's death to Ernst Gelhorn von und zu Alten Greckau und Roge. In 1590, the Lordship was acquired by Rudolf of Stubenberg, who pledged it to the city of Reinerz in 1595.
. Several of them were sold to the city of Reinerz and the Lordship of Rückers by Emperor Leopold I
in 1684, to defray the cost of the Turkish wars.
Silesia
Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city and historical capital is Wrocław...
.
The Hummel Castle
The focus of the Lordship of Hummel was Hummel Castle, located on a mountain above the valley of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka river, approximately 3 km west of Duszniki Zdrój. Due to its geographical location, it secured the important road from Prague via the Hummel Pass to Kłodzko and Breslau, the so-called Poland Route. Hummel Castle was called until the 15th century. In 1427, it was conquered by the Hussites, who used it as a base for their attacks on Glatz and Silesia. During this period, the German name Landfried was replaced by the Czech name Homole. After 1560 the castle was uninhabited and dilapidated. Elector Palatine Otto Henry, Elector PalatineOtto Henry, Elector Palatine
Otto-Henry, Elector Palatine, a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty was Count Palatine of Palatinate-Neuburg from 1505 to 1559 and prince elector of the Palatinate from 1556 to 1559...
had skeches of the castle made during his journey from Neuburg an der Donau
Neuburg an der Donau
Neuburg an der Donau, literally Neuburg on the Danube River, is a town which is the capital of the Neuburg-Schrobenhausen district in the state of Bavaria in Germany.-Divisions:The municipality has 16 divisions:-History:...
to Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
in 1536. These sketches are the only surviving pictures of the castle before its destruction.
History of the Lordship of Hummel
In the 10th century, Hummel was part of the territory of the Slavnik dynasty. In 995, it was acquired by the Přemyslid dynastyPremyslid dynasty
The Přemyslids , were a Czech royal dynasty which reigned in Bohemia and Moravia , and partly also in Hungary, Silesia, Austria and Poland.-Legendary rulers:...
. Back then, the Lordship of Hummel consisted only of the eastern part of the later Hummel district, that is, the watershed of the Bystrzyca Dusznicka river, with the town of Duszniki Zdrój and a number of villages (Słoszów, Ocieszów, Bystra, Łężyce, Szczytna
Szczytna
Szczytna is a town in Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district called Gmina Szczytna, close to the Czech border. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany....
, Kulin Kłodzki and Dolina
Dolina, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Dolina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczytna, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany....
).
In the 14th century, the Lordship was held by the Lords of Pannwitz. After the transfer to Dietrich of Janowitz (1392-1411), Hummel was united with the neighbouring Lordship of Náchod
Náchod
Náchod -History:Náchod was founded in 14th century by knight Hron of Načeradice, who founded a castle on a strategical place, where local trade road reaches the defile called Branka. The first written note dates back to 1254.-Castle:...
. In 1412, the lordships came into the possession of Henry of Lazan, who traded Hummel and Náchod in 1414 with Boček II of Poděbrady
Boček II of Poděbrady
Boček II of Poděbrady may have been treasurer or even chief treasurer of Bohemia between 1377 and 1387. Between 1403 and 1408, he held the office of of Bohemia.- Life :It is not known when and where Boček II was born...
(d. 1417) for the city and lordship of Bechyně
Bechyne
Bechyně , is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It is located on the Lužnice River 20 km southwest of Tábor and has a population of 5,695 ....
in South Bohemia. Boček's son Victor
Victor of Kunštát and Poděbrady
Victor of Kunštát and Poděbrady was a Bohemian-Moravian nobleman and a member of the House of Poděbrady...
, who was a staunch supporter of the Utraquists, died in 1427. The Taborites then conquered Hummel Castle, and used it as a base for their incursions into Glatz and Silesia. The Lordship of Hummel was ruled jointly by the Taborite captains Jan Holý and Mikuláš Trčka z Lípy. In 1440, the castle came into the hands of the Taborite robber baron Jan Kolda of Žampach. From 1444 to 1454, the Lordship belonged to Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg
Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg
Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg was a Hussite commander and governor and lien holders of the County of Glatz, the Duchy of Münsterberg and the city of Ząbkowice Śląskie ....
, who was also the lien holder of the County of Glatz. After his death, the Lordship was acquired by George of Poděbrady
George of Podebrady
George of Kunštát and Poděbrady , also known as Poděbrad or Podiebrad , was King of Bohemia...
, who appointed Vaclav Holý as Burgrave of Hummel Castle. In 1458, George transferred the Lordship to his sons Boček IV
Boček IV of Poděbrady
Boček IV of Poděbrady , was, by title, the last member of the Bohemian noble family of Poděbrady, who were descended from the Lords of Kunštát.- Life :Boček's parents were the later King of Bohemia George of Poděbrady and his wife Kunigunde of...
(d. 1496) and Victor. After George's deaths in 1471, his sons divided the family possessions, with Henry the Elder
Henry I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels
Henry the Elder of Münsterberg was an Imperial Count and Count of Kladsko. He was also Duke of Silesian duchies Münsterberg and Oels and 1465–1472 Duke of Opava...
receiving the Lordships of Hummel and Náchod.
In 1477, Henry the Elder enfeoffed the Lordship to Hildebrand of Kauffung and made it administratively part of Glatz, which had been made a County in 1459. At the same time the Bohemian parishes Lewin Kłodzki and Czermna were incorporated into the Lordship of Hummel. The villages of Słone and Brzesowie, that did not belong to the parish of Czermna, but to the parish of St. Lawrence in Náchod, were also incorporated into the Lordship. From this time onwards, the original, eastern part of Hummel was termed the "German" side and the western part was termed the "Bohemian" side.
Under Sigismund of Kauffung, the castle again became a hideout for robber barons. In 1501, Ulrich of Hardegg
Ulrich of Hardegg
Ulrich of Hardegg was an Austrian nobleman from the Prüschenk family of Count of Hardegg. He was "Cup-bearer" of Austria, which, by this time, was a title of nobility and no longer involved looking after the arch-duke's wine cellar...
bought the County of Glatz, including the Lordship of Hummel. In 1537, his son pledged it to John III of Pernstein
John III of Pernstein
John of Pernstein was High Treasurer of Moravia from 1506 and 1516 and Landeshauptmann of Moravia from 1515 to 1519 and from 1526 to 1528 and Governor of Moravia from 1530 to 1532...
, whose son Vratislav II of Pernstein inherited the Lordship in 1548. In 1459, the County of Glatz, including the Lordship of Hummel, was sold to Ernest of Bavaria
Ernest of Bavaria (1500–1560)
Duke Ernest of Bavaria was Administrator of the dioceses of Passau and Salzburg and pledge Lord of Glatz.- Background and education :Ernest was a member of the Bavarian noble Wittelsbach family...
of the House of Wittelsbach. On 10 December 1459, Ernest gave the Lordship of Hummel to his illegitimate son Eustace. In 1550, Eustace was ennobled by Emperor Charles V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
as Eustace of Landfried. Eustace was legitimized as a noble son of Ernest by Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II , nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope" , born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513...
. Eustace sold the Lordship after Ernest's death to Ernst Gelhorn von und zu Alten Greckau und Roge. In 1590, the Lordship was acquired by Rudolf of Stubenberg, who pledged it to the city of Reinerz in 1595.
Dissolution of the Lordship
The Lordship was dissolved in 1598. Rudolf of Stubenberg acquired most of the land the belonged to the castle estate. Most of the towns and villages ware assigned to the Bohemian Chamber, and thus became part of the Bohemian CrownLands of the Bohemian Crown
The Lands of the Bohemian Crown , also called the Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas or simply the Bohemian Crown or Czech Crown lands , refers to the area connected by feudal relations under the joint rule of the Bohemian kings...
. Several of them were sold to the city of Reinerz and the Lordship of Rückers by Emperor Leopold I
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
| style="float:right;" | Leopold I was a Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia. A member of the Habsburg family, he was the second son of Emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria...
in 1684, to defray the cost of the Turkish wars.