Lupin
Encyclopedia
Lupinus, commonly known as Lupins or lupines (North America
), is a genus in the legume family
(Fabaceae
). The genus comprises about 280 species
(Hughes), with major centers of diversity in South and western North America (Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl.), and the Andes
and secondary centers in the Mediterranean region and Africa (Subgen. Lupinus).
perennial plant
s 0.3–1.5 m (0.984251968503937–4.9 ft) tall, but some are annual plant
s and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (10 ft) tall—see also bush lupin
—with one species (Lupinus jaimehintoniana from the Mexican state of Oaxaca
) a tree up to 8 m (26.2 ft) high with a trunk 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard' or 'banner', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petal
s fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as bluebonnets or quaker bonnets
. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.
. The name 'Lupin' derives from the Latin word lupinus (meaning wolf), and was given with regard to the fact that many found that the plant has a tendency to ravage the land on which it grows. The peas, which appear after the flowering period were also said to be fit only for the consumption
of wolves. Lupin beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olive
s and pickle
s) and can be eaten with or without the skin.
Lupini dishes are most commonly found in Mediterranean countries, especially in Portugal
, Egypt
, and Italy
, and also in Brazil
. In Portugal
, Spain
and the Spanish Harlem
they are popularly consumed with beer
. In Lebanon
, salty and chilled Lupini Beans are called "Termos" and are served pre-meal as part of an aperitif. The Andean
variety of this bean is from the Andean Lupin (tarwi, L. mutabilis) and was a widespread food in the Incan Empire. The Andean Lupin and the Mediterranean L. albus (White Lupin), L. angustifolius (Blue Lupin), and Lupinus hirsutus are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water.
Lupins were also used by Native Americans
in North America
, e.g., the Yavapai people
.
Lupins are known as altramuz in Spain
and Argentina
. In Portuguese the lupin beans are known as tremoços, and in Antalya
(Turkey
) as tirmis.
Edible lupins are referred to as sweet lupins because they contain smaller amounts of toxic alkaloid
s than the bitter lupin varieties. Newly bred variants of sweet lupins are grown extensively in Germany; they lack any bitter taste and require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from vegan sausages to lupin-tofu
or baking-enhancing lupin flour
.
s and that they, contrary to soy, can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a cash crop
alternative to soy.
Three Mediterranean species of lupin, Blue Lupin, White Lupin, and Yellow Lupin (L. luteus) are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.
Lupins are also cultivated as forage
and grain
legumes. Like most members of their family, lupins can fix nitrogen
from the atmosphere into ammonia
via a rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants, this adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor quality soils. The genus Lupinus is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium
soil bacteria.
Some species have a long central tap roots, or have proteoid root
s.
.jpg)
Lupins make good companion plants for crops that need significant amounts of nitrogen in their soil and can be intercropped properly, like cucumbers, squash, broccoli, and spinach.
Lupins are popular ornamental plant
s in garden
s. There are numerous hybrids and cultivar
s. Some species, such as Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (L. × regalis) are common garden flowers. Others, such as the Yellow Bush Lupin (L. arboreus) are considered invasive
weed
s when they appear outside their native range.
In New Zealand Lupinus polyphyllus
have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island
. Although considered attractive by some it is also seen as an invasive species
. A similar spread of the species has occurred in Finland after the non-native species was first deliberately planted alongside main roads as part of the road landscaping.
(butterflies and moths), lupins are an important larva
l food. These include:
The endangered Apodemia mormo langei (Lange's Metalmark) mates on Silver Bush Lupin (L. albifrons
).
The most significant diseases of lupins are anthracnose as well as wilting
and root rot
diseases caused by Fusarium
and other pathogen
s, and some bacterial and viral diseases.
like isoflavone
s and toxic alkaloid
s, e.g. lupinine
and sparteine
. On 22 December 2006, the European Commission submitted directive 2006/142/EC, which amends the EU foodstuff allergen list to include "lupin and products thereof".
Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupin poisoning
is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to neurolathyrism
. Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus Diaporthe toxica
; the fungus produces mycotoxin
s called phomopsins, which cause liver damage. Poisonous lupin seeds cause annually the loss of many cattle and sheep on western American Ranges.
People with peanut allergy should generally avoid lupins. In one study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518837) 44% of people with peanut allergy had a positive allergy test for lupin allergy and 7 of 8 who had a positive test and were fed lupin as part of a study reacted to this food.
Overall the taxonomy of this genus has been traditionally confusing. The last major monograph, by Agardh in 1835 recognised 83 species, yet about 1800 names are in use.(Hughes) Some of the most recent phylogenetics
indicates the presence of 13 Old World species, where the genus is thought to have originated, and two groups of New World species. The smaller of these two clades comprises c. 35 species distributed largely in the Eastern lowlands, and the larger of c. 222 in Western highland regions.(Hughes)
While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of N American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) was more global. They described two subgenera, Eulupinus and Platycarpos using similar criteria. Most species fell into the subgenus Eulupinus, while Platycarpos included the annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere in Watson's classification.
Current schema (Kurlovich and Stankevich 2002) retain this distinction but use the nomenclature for the subgenera of Platycarpos and Lupinus. In this schema Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western hemisphere, two or more ovules. Subgen. Lupinus consists of eleven species from Africa and the mediterranean, with a minimum of ovules or seedbuds.
Selected species
.jpg)
A. Eulupinus Aschers. et Graebn. 1907, Mitteleurop. Fl. 6,2:221, p.p. (Old World Lupins)
, USA.
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
), is a genus in the legume family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
(Fabaceae
Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, is a large and economically important family of flowering plants. The group is the third largest land plant family, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with 730 genera and over 19,400 species...
). The genus comprises about 280 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
(Hughes), with major centers of diversity in South and western North America (Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl.), and the Andes
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
and secondary centers in the Mediterranean region and Africa (Subgen. Lupinus).
Description
The species are mostly herbaceousHerbaceous
A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground...
perennial plant
Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
s 0.3–1.5 m (0.984251968503937–4.9 ft) tall, but some are annual plant
Annual plant
An annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers, and dies in a year or season. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed...
s and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (10 ft) tall—see also bush lupin
Bush lupin
Bush lupin or Bush lupine is a common name applied to a number of shrubby species of lupin:*Lupinus albifrons Silver bush lupine*Lupinus arboreus Yellow bush lupine*Lupinus chamissonis Chamisso bush lupine...
—with one species (Lupinus jaimehintoniana from the Mexican state of Oaxaca
Oaxaca
Oaxaca , , officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 571 municipalities; of which 418 are governed by the system of customs and traditions...
) a tree up to 8 m (26.2 ft) high with a trunk 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard' or 'banner', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petal
Petal
Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They often are brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a corolla. Petals are usually accompanied by another set of special leaves called sepals lying...
s fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as bluebonnets or quaker bonnets
Quaker bonnets
Quaker bonnets may refer to:* Lupinus perennis* Lupinus polyphyllus...
. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.
Culinary
The yellow legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who spread the plant's cultivation throughout the Roman Empire; hence common names like lupini in Romance languagesRomance languages
The Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, more precisely of the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome...
. The name 'Lupin' derives from the Latin word lupinus (meaning wolf), and was given with regard to the fact that many found that the plant has a tendency to ravage the land on which it grows. The peas, which appear after the flowering period were also said to be fit only for the consumption
Ingestion
Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking...
of wolves. Lupin beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olive
Olive
The olive , Olea europaea), is a species of a small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin as well as northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea.Its fruit, also called the olive, is of major agricultural importance in the...
s and pickle
Pickled cucumber
A pickled cucumber is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation.-Gherkin:A gherkin is not only...
s) and can be eaten with or without the skin.
Lupini dishes are most commonly found in Mediterranean countries, especially in Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
, and Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and also in Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. In Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and the Spanish Harlem
Spanish Harlem
East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem and El Barrio, is a section of Harlem in the northeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. East Harlem is one of the largest predominantly Latino communities in New York City. It includes the area formerly known as Italian Harlem, in which...
they are popularly consumed with beer
Beer
Beer is the world's most widely consumed andprobably oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of sugars, mainly derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley and malted wheat...
. In Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
, salty and chilled Lupini Beans are called "Termos" and are served pre-meal as part of an aperitif. The Andean
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
variety of this bean is from the Andean Lupin (tarwi, L. mutabilis) and was a widespread food in the Incan Empire. The Andean Lupin and the Mediterranean L. albus (White Lupin), L. angustifolius (Blue Lupin), and Lupinus hirsutus are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water.
Lupins were also used by Native Americans
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
in North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
, e.g., the Yavapai people
Yavapai people
Yavapai are an indigenous people in Arizona. Historically, the Yavapai were divided into four geographical bands that considered themselves separate peoples: the Tolkapaya, or Western Yavapai, the Yavapé, or Northwestern Yavapai, the Kwevkapaya, or Southeastern Yavapai, and Wipukpa, or Northeastern...
.
Lupins are known as altramuz in Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
. In Portuguese the lupin beans are known as tremoços, and in Antalya
Antalya
Antalya is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey. With a population 1,001,318 as of 2010. It is the eighth most populous city in Turkey and country's biggest international sea resort.- History :...
(Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
) as tirmis.
Edible lupins are referred to as sweet lupins because they contain smaller amounts of toxic alkaloid
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids...
s than the bitter lupin varieties. Newly bred variants of sweet lupins are grown extensively in Germany; they lack any bitter taste and require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from vegan sausages to lupin-tofu
Tofu
is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is part of East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and others. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu...
or baking-enhancing lupin flour
Flour
Flour is a powder which is made by grinding cereal grains, other seeds or roots . It is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many cultures, making the availability of adequate supplies of flour a major economic and political issue at various times throughout history...
.
Agriculture
Given that lupin seeds have the full range of essential amino acidEssential amino acid
An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism , and therefore must be supplied in the diet.-Essentiality vs. conditional essentiality in humans:...
s and that they, contrary to soy, can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a cash crop
Cash crop
In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for profit.The term is used to differentiate from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family...
alternative to soy.
Three Mediterranean species of lupin, Blue Lupin, White Lupin, and Yellow Lupin (L. luteus) are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.
Lupins are also cultivated as forage
Forage
Forage is plant material eaten by grazing livestock.Historically the term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially...
and grain
GRAIN
GRAIN is a small international non-profit organisation that works to support small farmers and social movements in their struggles for community-controlled and biodiversity-based food systems. Our support takes the form of independent research and analysis, networking at local, regional and...
legumes. Like most members of their family, lupins can fix nitrogen
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the natural process, either biological or abiotic, by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia . This process is essential for life because fixed nitrogen is required to biosynthesize the basic building blocks of life, e.g., nucleotides for DNA and RNA and...
from the atmosphere into ammonia
Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or...
via a rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants, this adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor quality soils. The genus Lupinus is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen they must use nitrogen compounds such as nitrates....
soil bacteria.
Some species have a long central tap roots, or have proteoid root
Proteoid root
Proteoid roots, also known as cluster roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets. They may form a two to five centimetre thick mat just beneath the leaf litter. They enhance nutrient uptake, possibly by chemically modifying the soil environment to improve...
s.
Companion plant
Horticulture
Ornamental plant
Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers and specimen display...
s in garden
Garden
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has...
s. There are numerous hybrids and cultivar
Cultivar
A cultivar'Cultivar has two meanings as explained under Formal definition. When used in reference to a taxon, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all those plants sharing the unique characteristics that define the cultivar. is a plant or group of plants selected for desirable...
s. Some species, such as Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (L. × regalis) are common garden flowers. Others, such as the Yellow Bush Lupin (L. arboreus) are considered invasive
Invasive species
"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
weed
Weed
A weed in a general sense is a plant that is considered by the user of the term to be a nuisance, and normally applied to unwanted plants in human-controlled settings, especially farm fields and gardens, but also lawns, parks, woods, and other areas. More specifically, the term is often used to...
s when they appear outside their native range.
In New Zealand Lupinus polyphyllus
Lupinus polyphyllus
Lupinus polyphyllus is a species of lupine native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia east to Alberta and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California...
have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island
South Island
The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean...
. Although considered attractive by some it is also seen as an invasive species
Invasive species
"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
. A similar spread of the species has occurred in Finland after the non-native species was first deliberately planted alongside main roads as part of the road landscaping.
Ecology
For several LepidopteraLepidoptera
Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
(butterflies and moths), lupins are an important larva
Larva
A larva is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle...
l food. These include:
- Callophrys irusCallophrys irusThe Frosted Elfin is a species of Lycaenidae that is native to North America.-Description:The wingspan ranges from , hindwings have one short tail. The top side of the wing is brown, males have long oval dark spots on the leading edge of their forewings...
(Frosted Elfin) - Chesias legatella (The StreakStreak (moth)The streak is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in northern and western Europe and north Africa. It is common in Britain, but local and confined to the north in Ireland....
) - Chionodes braunella
- Glaucopsyche xerces (Xerces BlueXerces BlueThe Xerces Blue is an extinct species of butterfly in the gossamer-winged butterfly family, Lycaenidae. The species lived in coastal sand dunes of the Sunset District of San Francisco. The Xerces Blue is believed to be the first American butterfly species to become extinct as a result of loss of...
) – extinct - Icaricia icarioides missionensis (Mission Blue)
- Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Karner BlueKarner BlueThe Karner Blue, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, is a small, blue butterfly found in small areas of New Jersey, the Great Lakes region, southern New Hampshire, and the Capital District region of New York. The butterfly, whose lifecycle depends on the wild blue lupine flower , is classified as an...
) - Melanchra persicariae (Dot MothDot MothThe Dot Moth is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found throughout Europe apart from the south-east.This is a very distinctive species with very dark brown, almost black, forewings marked with a large white stigma from which the species gets its common name. The hindwings are grey with a dark...
) - Phymatopus behrensii
- Schinia suetus
The endangered Apodemia mormo langei (Lange's Metalmark) mates on Silver Bush Lupin (L. albifrons
Lupinus albifrons
Lupinus albifrons, Silver lupine, white-leaf bush lupine, or evergreen lupine, is a species of lupine . It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows along the coast and in dry and open meadows, prairies and forest clearings...
).
The most significant diseases of lupins are anthracnose as well as wilting
Wilting
Wilting refers to the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of plants. This occurs when the turgor pressure in non-lignified plant cells falls towards zero, as a result of diminished water in the cells...
and root rot
Root rot
Root rot is a condition found in both indoor and outdoor plants, although more common in indoor plants with poor drainage. As the name states, the roots of the plant rot. Usually, this is a result of overwatering. In houseplants, it is a very common problem, and is slightly less common in outdoor...
diseases caused by Fusarium
Fusarium
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health...
and other pathogen
Pathogen
A pathogen gignomai "I give birth to") or infectious agent — colloquially, a germ — is a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host...
s, and some bacterial and viral diseases.
Potential harms
Lupins contain significant amounts of certain secondary compoundsSecondary metabolism
Secondary metabolism is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. Examples of the products include antibiotics and pigments. To distinguish non-secondary metabolism, the term basic metabolism is sometimes used...
like isoflavone
Isoflavone
Isoflavones comprise a class of organic compounds, often naturally occurring, related to the isoflavonoids. Many act as phytoestrogens in mammals...
s and toxic alkaloid
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids...
s, e.g. lupinine
Lupinine
Lupinine is a bitter tasting alkaloid present in Lupinus spp. of Leguminosae plants. The scientific literature contains specifications for isolation and for synthesis of this compound. The bitter taste of the lupinus beans renders them unsuitable for human and animal consumption. In the past,...
and sparteine
Sparteine
Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is an alkaloid and can be extracted from scotch broom. It is the predominant alkaloid in Lupinus mutabilis, and is thought to chelate the bivalents calcium and magnesium...
. On 22 December 2006, the European Commission submitted directive 2006/142/EC, which amends the EU foodstuff allergen list to include "lupin and products thereof".
Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupin poisoning
Lupin poisoning
Lupin poisoning affects people that eat incorrectly prepared lupin beans.Mediterranean cultures prefer the historic bitter lupin beans with the required toxin-removal by traditional leaching in water preparation methods due to the better flavour that results...
is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to neurolathyrism
Lathyrism
Lathyrism or Neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals, caused by eating certain legumes of the genus Lathyrus...
. Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus Diaporthe toxica
Diaporthe toxica
Diaporthe toxica is a plant endophyte and occasionally a plant pathogen . D. toxica produces secondary metabolites that result in toxicoses of animals such as lupinosis of sheep. Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus .The fungus produces...
; the fungus produces mycotoxin
Mycotoxin
A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom, commonly known as molds. The term ‘mycotoxin’ is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops...
s called phomopsins, which cause liver damage. Poisonous lupin seeds cause annually the loss of many cattle and sheep on western American Ranges.
People with peanut allergy should generally avoid lupins. In one study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518837) 44% of people with peanut allergy had a positive allergy test for lupin allergy and 7 of 8 who had a positive test and were fed lupin as part of a study reacted to this food.
Taxonomy
Overall the taxonomy of this genus has been traditionally confusing. The last major monograph, by Agardh in 1835 recognised 83 species, yet about 1800 names are in use.(Hughes) Some of the most recent phylogenetics
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices...
indicates the presence of 13 Old World species, where the genus is thought to have originated, and two groups of New World species. The smaller of these two clades comprises c. 35 species distributed largely in the Eastern lowlands, and the larger of c. 222 in Western highland regions.(Hughes)
History
Watson (1873) originally divided the genus Lupinus into three sections, Platycarpos, Lupinus and Lupinellus based on habitat and the number of ovules. Most of the species found in the Americas were assigned to Lupinus. Platycarpos consisted of some annuals with two ovules and two seeds (e.g., L. densiflorus, L. micricarpus), while Lupinellus had only one species (L. uncialis).While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of N American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) was more global. They described two subgenera, Eulupinus and Platycarpos using similar criteria. Most species fell into the subgenus Eulupinus, while Platycarpos included the annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere in Watson's classification.
Current schema (Kurlovich and Stankevich 2002) retain this distinction but use the nomenclature for the subgenera of Platycarpos and Lupinus. In this schema Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western hemisphere, two or more ovules. Subgen. Lupinus consists of eleven species from Africa and the mediterranean, with a minimum of ovules or seedbuds.
Subgenus Platycarpos (circa 270 species)
(Wats.) Kurl., comb.nova. - §2. Platycarpos Wats. 1873, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 8:522; B. Platycarpos Aschers. et Graebn. 1907, Mitteleurop. Fl. 6,2:232. - §1. Lupinus Wats. 1873, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 8:522, p.p.; A. Eulupinus Aschers. et Graebn. 1907, Mitteleurop. Fl. 6,2:221 p.p. (New World’s or flat-fruited lupins)Selected species
- Lupinus adsurgensLupinus adsurgensLupinus adsurgens is a species of lupine known by the common name Drew's silky lupine. It is native to the Sierra Nevada and coastal mountain ranges of northern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in forest and other mountain habitat. It is a perennial herb growing 20 to 60 centimeters...
– Drew's silky lupine - Lupinus affinisLupinus affinisLupinus affinis is a species of lupine known by the common name fleshy lupine. It is native to the California Coast Ranges from the San Francisco Bay Area north, and into southern Oregon, where it is an uncommon member of the flora in several areas. It is a hairy annual herb growing 20 to 50...
– fleshy lupine - Lupinus albicaulisLupinus albicaulisLupinus albicaulis is a species of lupine known by the common name sickle-keel lupine. It is native to the western United States from Washington to California, where it grows mostly in mountain habitat. It is a hairy, erect perennial herb often exceeding a meter in height. Each palmate leaf is made...
– sickle-keel lupine - Lupinus albifronsLupinus albifronsLupinus albifrons, Silver lupine, white-leaf bush lupine, or evergreen lupine, is a species of lupine . It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows along the coast and in dry and open meadows, prairies and forest clearings...
– silver bush lupine - Lupinus × alpestris
- Lupinus andersoniiLupinus andersoniiLupinus andersonii is a species of lupine known by the common name Anderson's lupine. It is native to California and adjacent sections of Oregon and Nevada, where it grows in dry mountain habitat of various types. This lupine is similar to Lupinus albicaulis in appearance. It is a hairy, erect...
– Anderson's lupine - Lupinus angustiflorusLupinus angustiflorusLupinus angustiflorus is a species of lupine known by the common name narrowflower lupine. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the volcanic soils of the northeastern mountains and Modoc Plateau. It is an erect perennial herb sometimes exceeding one meter in height. Each palmate leaf is...
– narrowflower lupine - Lupinus antoninusLupinus antoninusLupinus antoninus is a rare species of lupine known by the common name Anthony Peak lupine. It is endemic to northern California, where it is known from only four occurrences in the North Coast Ranges, including near Anthony Peak.-Description:...
– Anthony Peak lupine - Lupinus arboreusLupinus arboreusLupinus arboreus is a species of lupine native to the western United States in California, where it is widely distributed among coastal scrub and sand dunes...
– yellow bush lupin, tree lupine - Lupinus arbustusLupinus arbustusLupinus arbustus is a species of lupine known by the common name longspur lupine. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California to Utah, where it grows in several types of habitat, including sagebrush and forests. This is a perennial herb growing erect to a maximum of 70...
– longspur lupine - Lupinus arcticus – Arctic lupine
- Lupinus argenteusLupinus argenteusLupinus argenteus is a species of lupine known by the common name silvery lupine. It is native to much of western North America from the southwestern Canadian provinces to the southwestern and midwestern United States, where it grows in several types of habitat, including sagebrush, grassland, and...
– silvery lupine- Lupinus argenteus var. palmeri
- Lupinus aridorumLupinus aridorumLupinus aridorum is a rare species of lupine known by the common name scrub lupine. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where there were 10 known populations remaining in 2003. Fewer than 6000 individual plants were counted. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat...
– scrub lupine - Lupinus arizonicusLupinus arizonicusLupinus arizonicus is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, where it can be found growing in open places and sandy washes below 1100 m altitude. It is common around Joshua Tree National Park and Death Valley National Park in California.It is an annual...
– Arizona lupine - Lupinus benthamiiLupinus benthamiiLupinus benthamii is a species of lupine known by the common name spider lupine. It is endemic to central California, where it is known from the Central Coast Ranges across the Central Valley into the Sierra Nevada foothills. It is common in some areas, covering hillsides with its blue blooms in...
- Lupinus bicolorLupinus bicolorLupinus bicolor is a species of lupine known as the miniature lupine, Lindley's annual lupine, or bicolor lupine. It is a showy flowering plant native to western North America from California to British Columbia. It is an annual lupine which often shares a habitat with the California poppy. It has...
– miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine - Lupinus bingenensis – Bingen lupine
- Lupinus brevicaulisLupinus brevicaulisLupinus brevicaulis is a species of lupine known by the common names shortstem lupine and sand lupine. It is native to the southwestern United States and Great Basin area and into northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of sandy habitat. This is a hairy annual herb growing nearly flat in a...
– shortstem lupine - Lupinus breweriLupinus breweriLupinus breweri is a species of lupine known by the common names Brewer's lupine and matted lupine. It is native to much of California, except for the deserts, and to adjacent sections of Oregon and Nevada, where it is common in some areas, particularly mountain forests. This is a hairy,...
– Brewer's lupine - Lupinus burkei – Burke's lupine
- Lupinus caespitosus – stemless dwarf lupine
- Lupinus caudatus – Kellogg's spurred lupine
- Lupinus cervinusLupinus cervinusLupinus cervinus is a species of lupine known by the common name Santa Lucia lupine. It is endemic to the Santa Lucia Mountains in the Central Coast Ranges in California, where it is an uncommon member of the flora in the mountain forests. This is a hairy gray-green perennial herb growing up to 30...
Kellogg – Santa Lucia lupine (= L. latissimus) - Lupinus chamissonisLupinus chamissonisLupinus chamissonis is a species of lupine known by the common name Chamisso bush lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from most of the length of the coastline. It grows in sand dunes and other immediate coastal habitat....
– Chamisso bush lupine - Lupinus citrinusLupinus citrinusLupinus citrinus is a species of lupine known by the common names orange lupine, orangeflower lupine, and fragrant lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from a section of the Sierra Nevada foothills extending from Mariposa to Fresno Counties. This is an annual herb growing 10 to 60...
– orange lupine - Lupinus concinnusLupinus concinnusLupinus concinnus is a species of lupine known by the common name Bajada lupine. It is native to the southwestern United States from California to Texas, and northern Mexico, where it is known from many types of habitat. This is a hairy erect or decumbent annual herb with a stem growing 10 to 30...
- Lupinus constanceiLupinus constanceiLupinus constancei is a species of lupine known by the common name The Lassics lupine, or lassicus lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from only two occurrences in the Lassic Range in the North Coast Ranges. It is a member of the serpentine soils flora of the mountain forests....
– The Lassics lupine - Lupinus covilleiLupinus covilleiLupinus covillei is a species of lupine known by the common name Shaggy lupine.-Description:Lupinus covillei is an erect perennial herb growing up to 90 centimeters tall. The shaggy-haired palmate leaves are made up of several leaflets each up to 10 centimeters long. The herbage is coated in long,...
– shaggy lupine - Lupinus croceusLupinus croceusLupinus croceus is a species of lupine known by the common name saffron-flowered lupine. It is endemic to the northernmost mountains of California, including the Klamath Mountains, where it grows in generally dry, rocky habitat. This is an erect perennial herb growing 40 to 60 centimeters tall...
– saffron-flowered lupine - Lupinus dalesiaeLupinus dalesiaeLupinus dalesiae is a species of lupine known by the common name Quincy lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the northernmost slopes of the Sierra Nevada. This is an erect perennial herb up to half a meter tall. Each palmate leaf is made up of 6 to 9 leaflets each up to 4.5...
– Quincy lupine - Lupinus densiflorus – (Subgenus type species)
- Lupinus duraniiLupinus duraniiLupinus duranii is a species of lupine known by the common name Mono Lake lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known mainly from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada in western Mono County. Its distribution includes Mammoth Mountain and the hills around Mono Lake, and its habitat has...
– Mono Lake lupine - Lupinus diffususLupinus diffususLupinus diffusus is a species of lupine native to the southeastern United States, from North Carolina south to Florida and west to Mississippi...
– spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine - Lupinus elatusLupinus elatusLupinus elatus is a species of lupine known by the common name tall silky lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the Transverse Ranges above Los Angeles, and possibly also from the southernmost slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Its habitat includes dry areas in the forests of the...
– tall silky lupine - Lupinus elmeriLupinus elmeriLupinus elmeri is an uncommon species of lupine known by the common names Elmer's lupine and South Fork Mountain lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from a few scattered occurrences in the northernmost slopes of the North Coast Ranges. This is an erect perennial herb with a...
– Elmer's lupine - Lupinus excubitusLupinus excubitusLupinus excubitus is a species of lupine known as the grape soda lupine. Its common name refers to its sweet scent, which is said to be very reminiscent of grape soda. This species and its variants are found in the Southwestern United States, especially in California, and in far Northwestern...
– grape soda lupine - Lupinus flavoculatusLupinus flavoculatusLupinus flavoculatus is a species of lupine known by the common name yelloweyes, or yellow-eyed lupine. It is native to the southwestern United States, where it grows in the scrub and woodland of desert and plateau. This is a small, hairy annual herb growing up to about 20 centimeters tall. Each...
- Lupinus foliolosusLupinus foliolosusLupinus foliolosus is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-Source:* Neill, D. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
- Lupinus formosusLupinus formosusLupinus formosus, the summer lupine, is a member of the lupine genus Lupinus in the Fabaceae family. It is native to California....
– summer lupine - Lupinus grayiLupinus grayiLupinus grayi is a species of lupine known by the common name Sierra lupine. It is endemic to California, where its distribution extends the length of the Sierra Nevada and its foothills and includes the Tehachapi Mountains....
– Sierra lupine - Lupinus guadalupensisLupinus guadalupensisLupinus guadalupensis is a rare species of lupine known by the common name Guadalupe Island lupine. It is known only from San Clemente Island, one of the Channel Islands of California, and Guadalupe Island off the coast of Baja California. It is a member of the coastal scrub growing alongside other...
– Guadalupe Island lupine - Lupinus havardiiLupinus havardiiLupinus havardii is a species of lupine known by the common names Big Bend bluebonnet and Chisos bluebonnet. It is native to Texas and Chihuahua, where it blooms between January and June...
- Lupinus hirsutus
- Lupinus hirsutissimusLupinus hirsutissimusLupinus hirsutissimus is a species of lupine known by the common name stinging lupine. It is native to the coastal mountains of Baja California and Southern California as far north as the San Francisco Bay Area...
– stinging lupine - Lupinus holmgrenianusLupinus holmgrenianusLupinus holmgrenianus is a species of lupine known by the common name Holmgren's lupine. It is native to the desert mountains of western Nevada and a few ranges of adjacent Inyo County, California, including the Last Chance Range of Death Valley National Park. This is a hairy perennial herb growing...
– Holmgren's lupine - Lupinus hyacinthinusLupinus hyacinthinusLupinus hyacinthinus is a species of lupine known by the common name San Jacinto lupine. It is native to the mountains of southern California and adjacent Baja California, where it grows in dry areas, often in pine forests. It is a perennial herb growing erect to a maximum height of one meter. It...
– San Jacinto lupine - Lupinus incanus – Hoary lupine
- Lupinus jaimehintoniana
- Lupinus kuntiiLupinus kuntiiLupinus kuntii is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-Source:* Neill, D. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
- Lupinus kuschei – Yukon lupin
- Lupinus lapidicolaLupinus lapidicolaLupinus lapidicola is a rare species of lupine known by the common name Mt. Eddy lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known from only a few locations in the northernmost mountain ranges, including Mount Eddy in the Klamath Mountains. It is a small, compact perennial herb forming mats no...
; Mt. Eddy lupine - Lupinus latifoliusLupinus latifoliusLupinus latifolius is a species of lupine known by the common name broadleaf lupine. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Baja California to New Mexico, where it is common and can be found in several types of habitat. There are several subtaxa, described as subspecies or...
– broadleaf lupine- Lupinus latifolius var. barbatusLupinus latifolius var. barbatusLupinus latifolius var. barbatus , which may also be called "bearded lupine," is a very rare plant of the Western U.S., known only from northeastern California and southeastern Oregon. It is a rare variety of a more common plant, L...
– Klamath lupine, bearded lupine
- Lupinus latifolius var. barbatus
- Lupinus lepidus – prairie lupine
- Lupinus leucophyllusLupinus leucophyllusLupinus leucophyllus is a species of lupine known by the common name velvet lupine. It is native to western North America, where it grows in many types of mountain, prairie, and plateau habitat. It is a robust, branching, erect perennial herb growing up to 90 centimeters tall. Each palmate leaf is...
– woolly-leaf lupine - Lupinus littoralisLupinus littoralisLupinus littoralis is a species of lupine known by the common name seashore lupine. It is native to the coastline of western North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in sandy habitat. It is a low perennial herb or subshrub growing in a clump or mat no more than 30...
– seashore lupine - Lupinus longifoliusLupinus longifoliusLupinus longifolius is a species of lupine known by the common name longleaf bush lupine. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges and hillsides of southern California and Baja California, where it grows in local habitat in the canyons and slopes, such as scrub and chaparral.-Description:Lupinus...
– longleaf bush lupine - Lupinus luteolusLupinus luteolusLupinus luteolus is a species of lupine known by the common names pale yellow lupine and butter lupine. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges of Oregon and California as far south as the Transverse Ranges, where it grows in open habitat such as clearings and sometimes disturbed areas...
– butter lupine, pale yellow lupine - Lupinus lyallii – Lyall's lupine
- Lupinus macbrideanusLupinus macbrideanusLupinus macbrideanus is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Peru.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
- Lupinus michelianusLupinus michelianusLupinus michelianus is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-Source:* Neill, D. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
- Lupinus microcarpusLupinus microcarpusLupinus microcarpus , is a species of lupine native to western North America: from southwestern British Columbia; south through Oregon and California, including the Mojave Desert; and into Baja California...
– wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin- Lupinus microcarpus var. densiflorus – dense-flowered lupin
- Lupinus minimus – Kettle Falls lupin
- Lupinus mutabilisLupinus mutabilisLupinus mutabilis is a species of lupin grown in the Andes for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi, tarhui, chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, or pearl lupin....
– Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, tarwi, tarhui, chocho - Lupinus nanusLupinus nanusLupinus nanus , is a species of lupine native to the western United States. It grows naturally in chaparral clearings and along slopes in California, Nevada, and on Steens Mountain in eastern Oregon.There are three accepted subspecies of Lupinus nanus :*Lupinus nanus subsp. latifolius Lupinus...
– dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin - Lupinus nevadensisLupinus nevadensisLupinus nevadensis is a species of lupine known by the common name Nevada lupine. It is native to the western Great Basin in Nevada and adjacent sections of Oregon and California, where it grows in sagebrush and other typical basin habitat. It is an erect perennial herb growing 10 to 40 centimeters...
– Nevada lupine - Lupinus nipomensisLupinus nipomensisLupinus nipomensis is a species of lupine known by the common name Nipomo Mesa lupine. It is endemic to the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes on the California Central Coast. Specifically, the plant is limited to the Guadalupe Dunes at the southern border of San Luis Obispo County...
– Nipomo Mesa lupine - Lupinus niveus
- Lupinus nootkatensisLupinus nootkatensisLupinus nootkatensis is a lupin native to North America. It grows to 60 cm tall. It was introduced to Europe late in the 18th century....
– Nootka lupin - Lupinus nubigenusLupinus nubigenusLupinus nubigenus is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland....
- Lupinus obtusilobusLupinus obtusilobusLupinus obtusilobus is a species of lupine known by the common name bluntlobe lupine. It is native to high mountains of northern California, including the North Coast Ranges, the Klamath Mountains, and the northernmost Sierra Nevada. It grows in various types of mountain habitat, sometimes...
– bluntlobe lupine - Lupinus odoratusLupinus odoratusLupinus odoratus is a species of lupine known by the common name Mojave lupine. It is native to the Mojave Desert and adjacent western Great Basin in the United States, where it grows in sandy or gravelly soils in open habitat....
– royal Mojave lupin - Lupinus onustusLupinus onustusLupinus onustus is a species of lupine known by the common name Plumas lupine. It is native to the high mountains of northern California, from the northern Sierra Nevada to the Klamath Mountains where its distribution extends just into Oregon. It grows in mountain forest habitat, sometimes on...
– Plumas lupine - Lupinus oreganus – Oregon lupin
- Lupinus padre-crowleyiLupinus padre-crowleyiLupinus padre-crowleyi is a rare species of lupine known by the common names DeDecker's lupine and Father Crowley's lupine. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the high plateau below along the western border of Inyo County. It grows...
– DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine - Lupinus parviflorus – lodgepole lupin
- Lupinus peirsoniiLupinus peirsoniiLupinus peirsonii is a rare species of lupine known by the common names Peirson's lupine and long lupine. It is endemic to the San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California, where it grows in woodland and forest habitat. It is an erect, branching perennial herb growing 30 to 60...
– Peirson's lupine, long lupine - Lupinus perennisLupinus perennisLupinus perennis is a medicinal plant in the Fabaceae family...
– wild perennial lupin, sundial lupin, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets - Lupinus plattensis
- Lupinus polycarpus – smallflower lupin
- Lupinus polyphyllusLupinus polyphyllusLupinus polyphyllus is a species of lupine native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia east to Alberta and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California...
– largeleaf lupin, bigleaf lupin, garden lupin - Lupinus pratensisLupinus pratensisLupinus pratensis is a species of lupine known by the common name Inyo meadow lupine. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the central Sierra Nevada and adjacent plateau and valleys to the east. It grows in relatively moist habitat, such as streambanks and spring meadows. This is an erect...
– Inyo Meadow lupine - Lupinus prunophilus – hairy bigleaf lupin
- Lupinus pusillus – small lupin
- Lupinus × regalis – rainbow lupin
- Lupinus rivularisLupinus rivularisLupinus rivularis is a species of lupine known by the common name riverbank lupine. It is native to western North America from southern British Columbia to northern California, where it is known mainly from coastal habitat. This is a robust, erect perennial herb or subshrub growing up to about a...
– riverbank lupin - Lupinus rupestrisLupinus rupestrisLupinus rupestris is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-Source:* Neill, D. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
- Lupinus saxosusLupinus saxosusLupinus saxosus is a species of lupine known by the common name rock lupine. It is native to the Pacific Northwest and Great Basin of the United States, where it grows in sagebrush and other habitat. This is a perennial herb growing erect 20 to 30 centimeters tall. Each palmate leaf is made up of 7...
– rock lupine - Lupinus sericatusLupinus sericatusLupinus sericatus is a species of lupine known by the common name Cobb Mountain lupine. It is endemic to the North Coast Ranges of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, where it grows in the forest, woodlands, and chaparral of the slopes and canyons. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat...
– Cobb Mountain lupine - Lupinus sericeusLupinus sericeusLupinus sericeus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name silky lupine, or Pursh's silky lupine. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Arizona and east to Alberta and Colorado....
– Pursh's silky lupin - Lupinus shockleyiLupinus shockleyiLupinus shockleyi is a species of lupine known by the common name purple desert lupine. It is native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, where it grows in open desert habitat. It is an annual herb growing up to 30 centimeters tall. Each palmate leaf is made up of 8 to 10 leaflets measuring 1 to 3...
– purple desert lupine - Lupinus smithianusLupinus smithianusLupinus smithianus is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-Source:* Neill, D. & Pitman, N. 2004. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....
- Lupinus sparsiflorusLupinus sparsiflorusLupinus sparsiflorus, Coulter's lupine, is a species of lupin native to North America. In the United States it occurs in California, Nevada, Arizona and Utah, and in Mexico it is found in Baja California and Sonora. Other common names include Mojave lupine, a name it shares with Lupinus...
– desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin - Lupinus spectabilisLupinus spectabilisLupinus spectabilis is a species of lupine known by the common name shaggyhair lupine. It is endemic to a section of the central Sierra Nevada foothills in Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties, where it is a member of the serpentine soils flora....
– shaggyhair lupine - Lupinus stiversiiLupinus stiversiiLupinus stiversii is a species of lupine known by the common name harlequin lupine. The plant was named for Army physician Dr. Charles Austin Stivers, who first collected it in 1862 near Yosemite.-Distribution:...
– harlequin annual lupine - Lupinus subcarnosus – buffalo clover
- Lupinus succulentusLupinus succulentusLupinus succulentus is a species of lupine known by the common names hollowleaf annual lupine, arroyo lupine, and succulent lupine. It is native to California, where it is common throughout much of the state, and adjacent sections of Arizona and Baja California. It is known from many types of...
– succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin - Lupinus sulphureusLupinus sulphureusLupinus sulphureus is a species of lupine native to western North America from southern British Columbia south through Washington to Oregon. It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 40-80 cm tall. The leaves are palmately compound, with 7-13 leaflets, the leaflets 2-5 cm long...
– sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin- Lupinus sulphureus ssp. kincaidii – Kincaid's lupin (formerly in L. oreganus)
- Lupinus texensisLupinus texensisLupinus texensis is a species of lupine which is endemic to Texas. With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets, it is the state flower of Texas....
– Texas bluebonnet - Lupinus tidestromiiLupinus tidestromiiLupinus tidestromii, Tidestrom's lupine, is a rare species of lupine known by the common names clover lupine and Tidestrøm's lupine. It is endemic to the coastline of California just to the north and south of the Golden Gate in Sonoma, Marin, and Monterey Counties. It is a plant of the sand dunes...
– Tidestrøm's Lupin - Lupinus toratensis – Warwanzo, Lito
- Lupinus tracyiLupinus tracyiLupinus tracyi is a species of lupine known by the common name Tracy's lupine. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coniferous forests. It is a perennial herb growing 20 to 70 centimeters tall and is mostly hairless in texture, with a...
– Tracy's lupine - Lupinus truncatusLupinus truncatusLupinus truncatus is a species of lupine known by the common name collared annual lupine. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges and canyons of Baja California and California as far north as the San Francisco Bay Area. It grows in slope habitat such as chaparral and woodland, including areas...
– collared annual lupine - Lupinus vallicola – open lupin
- Lupinus variicolorLupinus variicolorLupinus variicolor is a shrub in the lupine genus Lupinus....
– varied lupin - Lupinus villosus
- Lupinus wyethii – Wyeth's lupin
Subgenus Lupinus (11 species)
- Lupinus albusLupinus albusLupinus albus, commonly known as the white lupin, is a member of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae. It is a traditional pulse cultivated in the Mediterranean region.- Description :...
L. 1753 – white lupine (Subgenus type species) - Lupinus angustifoliusLupinus angustifoliusLupinus angustifolius is a species of lupine known by many common names, including narrowleaf lupine and blue lupine. It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa, and it is naturalized in parts of Australia and North America. It is cultivated as a food crop for its edible legume seeds and as a...
L. 1753 – blue lupin, narrowleaf lupine - Lupinus atlanticus Gladstones, 1974
- Lupinus cosentinii Guss. 1828
- Lupinus digitatus Forsk. 1775
- Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. et Reut. 1842
- Lupinus luteusLupinus luteusLupinus luteus is known as European yellow lupine. It is native to the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe. The plant's yellow seeds, known as lupin beans, were once a common food of the Mediterranean basin and Latin America. Today they are primarily eaten as a pickled snack food.- References...
L. 1753 – yellow lupine - Lupinus micranthus Guss. 1828
- Lupinus palaestinus Boiss. 1849 –White-grey lupine, indigenous to Israel
- Lupinus pilosus Murr. 1774 – Blue Mountain lupine, indigenous to Israel
- Lupinus princei Harms, 1901
Symbolic uses
Bluebonnet lupins, notably the Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) are the state flower of TexasTexas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
, USA.