Macro instruction
Encyclopedia
A macro instruction is a line of computer program coding that results in one or more lines of program coding in the target programming language, sets variables for use by other statements, etc.. In the mid 1950s, when assembly language
programming was commonly used to write programs for digital computers, the use of macro instructions was initiated for two main purposes: to reduce the amount of program coding that had to be written by generating several assembly language statements from one macro instruction and to enforce program writing standards, e.g. specifying input/output commands in standard ways. Macro instructions were effectively a middle step between assembly language programming and the high-level programming languages that followed, such as FORTRAN
and COBOL
. Two of the earliest programming installations to develop "macro languages" for the IBM 705 computer were at Dow Chemical Corp. in Delaware and the Air Material Command, Ballistics Missile Logistics Office in California. A macro instruction written in the format of the target assembly language would be processed by a macro compiler, which was a pre-processor to the assembler, to generate one or more assembly language instructions to be processed next by the assembler program that would translate the assembly language instructions into machine language instructions.
While macro instructions can be defined by a programmer as a shorthand for any set of native assembler program instructions, typically macros are associated with macro libraries delivered with the operating system allowing access to operating system functions such as peripheral access by access methods (including macros such as OPEN, CLOSE, READ and WRITE) and other operating system functions such as ATTACH, WAIT and POST for subtask creation and synchronization. Typically such macros expand into a list of define constant instructions representing the parameters of the macro instruction (such as a reference to a file and a data area for a READ instruction) followed by either a branch and link instruction to call a routine, or a supervisor call instruction to call an operating system function directly.
In older operating systems such as those used on IBM mainframes, full operating system functionality was only available to assembler language programs, not to high level language programs (unless assembly language subroutines were used, of course), as the standard macro instructions did not always have counterparts in routines available to high-level languages.
In modern operating systems such as Unix and its derivatives, operating system access is provided through subroutines, usually invoking DLL routines. High-level languages such as C offer comprehensive access to operating system functions, obviating the need for assembler language programs for such functionality.
Assembly language
An assembly language is a low-level programming language for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable devices. It implements a symbolic representation of the machine codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture...
programming was commonly used to write programs for digital computers, the use of macro instructions was initiated for two main purposes: to reduce the amount of program coding that had to be written by generating several assembly language statements from one macro instruction and to enforce program writing standards, e.g. specifying input/output commands in standard ways. Macro instructions were effectively a middle step between assembly language programming and the high-level programming languages that followed, such as FORTRAN
Fortran
Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing...
and COBOL
COBOL
COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments....
. Two of the earliest programming installations to develop "macro languages" for the IBM 705 computer were at Dow Chemical Corp. in Delaware and the Air Material Command, Ballistics Missile Logistics Office in California. A macro instruction written in the format of the target assembly language would be processed by a macro compiler, which was a pre-processor to the assembler, to generate one or more assembly language instructions to be processed next by the assembler program that would translate the assembly language instructions into machine language instructions.
While macro instructions can be defined by a programmer as a shorthand for any set of native assembler program instructions, typically macros are associated with macro libraries delivered with the operating system allowing access to operating system functions such as peripheral access by access methods (including macros such as OPEN, CLOSE, READ and WRITE) and other operating system functions such as ATTACH, WAIT and POST for subtask creation and synchronization. Typically such macros expand into a list of define constant instructions representing the parameters of the macro instruction (such as a reference to a file and a data area for a READ instruction) followed by either a branch and link instruction to call a routine, or a supervisor call instruction to call an operating system function directly.
In older operating systems such as those used on IBM mainframes, full operating system functionality was only available to assembler language programs, not to high level language programs (unless assembly language subroutines were used, of course), as the standard macro instructions did not always have counterparts in routines available to high-level languages.
In modern operating systems such as Unix and its derivatives, operating system access is provided through subroutines, usually invoking DLL routines. High-level languages such as C offer comprehensive access to operating system functions, obviating the need for assembler language programs for such functionality.