Mahadeva Subramania Mani
Encyclopedia
Mahadeva Subramania Mani (March 2, 1908 in Tanjore, Tamilnadu - January 8, 2003 in Bangalore
) was an Indian entomologist especially famous for his studies on high altitude entomology.
He had his early education at K. S. High School, Tanjore and passed his SSLC
Examination in 1926. He then attended the Government College, Coimbatore
and passed the Intermediate Examination, 1928. Later he went to medical studies just for one year 1929, at Madras Medical College
and had to suspend further medical education due to financial constraints. He obtained in 1937, an M.A. degree, awarded by the University of Madras, on the basis of the Research Papers in Entomology, and finally, on the strength of his extensive scientific research, he was awarded by Agra University, D.Sc. in 1947, a degree of a Doctor of Science. The Chancellor was the late Ms. Sarojini Naidu
, the then Governor of United Provinces, (Uttar Pradesh).
On January 15, 1933 he migrated to Calcutta to seek employment and build his career. He then joined Bangabasi College
, Sealdah, Calcutta as a part time demonstrator and tutor for Physics and earned a salary of Rs. 10/- per month. During this period he collaborated with Sir C. V. Raman on insect coloration. He worked at the Indian Museum and also as an honorary Research student at the Zoological Survey of India
, Calcutta. He later on (1937) joined as a Research Assistant to Imperial Entomologist, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Delhi, and a position from which he resigned in 1944. He worked with Dr. Hem Singh Pruthi at Pusa, and Dr. Birbal Sahni
, then at Lucknow, who recognising the pioneering work in scientific research, strongly proposed M. S. Mani's Membership to the Royal Society
, England. He was denied promotion while his ‘junior’ was promoted and hence he chose to seek his future elsewhere and resigned. He remained unemployed for sometime; he earned a living by working as an interpreter and German Language translator, during World War II, in the Censor Section of the Army H.Q., New Delhi, translating for the British Indian Army, 'official ' documents captured from the Germans. He would monitor radio broadcasts from Berlin and provide English transcripts. He also translated German language technical journals and scientific reports. As a matter of fact, he provided the English version of the German technology, for manufacturing 'vanaspathi' in India to the founder of the manufacturing plant at Modinagar
.
He left Delhi and joined as a lecturer in 1945, the teaching faculty of the Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Agra; during his long stint at St. John's College, he pioneered and established the School of Entomology in 1950, established a benchmark scientific excellence, where he became the Professor of Zoology and Entomology and appointed as the Head of the Department for Zoology, succeeding Prof. Lalit Prasad Mathur, who took over as the Registrar, Agra University. In recognition of his scientific output, both in quality and quantity, he was honoured by the University of Agra and awarded a D.Sc. degree, Doctor of Science. He pioneered fundamental research in entomology and received support from the highest levels and the University Grants Commission, eminent persons like Dr. Radhakrishnan, Zakir Hussein, etc., and established the School of Entomology in 1950, in the Campus of St. John's College, Agra.
From here he made many scientific expeditions to the Himalayas
resulting in pioneering contributions to High Altitude Entomology. He later made studies in the Pamir
and Caucasus
ranges leading to his work on Biogeography in India. The University of Agra awarded him a DSc
degree in 1947 for his thesis submitted in 12 volumes.
In 1956, he joined the ZSI as Deputy Director and retired as officiating director in 1968. In 1968 he returned to his first love, Scientific Research and became Emeritus Professor, at the School of Entomology, St. John's College, Agra and continued with his research work till 1984. He then finally left St. John's College and shifted to Madras, briefly worked with ZSI and since 1990 he as the Emeritus Professor, Botany Department at Presidency College, Madras and continued as a guide for PhD. research students, till May 15, 2002 when he moved to live temporarily, in Hyderabad, with his late sister Janaki's grandson, Jyotirmay Sharma, Editor, Times of India, Hyderabad. He then moved to Bangalore on September 14, 2002 to live with his only daughter, Mrs. Prema Subramanian and her husband V. S. Subramanian.
His published work includes over 250 original research papers, over 34 text books including his pioneering magnum opus, Ecology of Plant Galls.
His outstanding Research work has been on Taxonomy of parasitic Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea and Proctotrupoidea
), gall midges (Itonididae: Diptera) and ecology and histogenesis of plant galls. He is remembered most for his pioneering work in high altitude entomology. He led the first three Entomological Expeditions to the North West Himalaya in 1954, 1955 and 1956 and brought back a large collection of insects.
He published several books like High Altitude Entomology, Ecology and Biogeography of India etc. He led a team of Indian scientists to the Soviet Union for conducting jointly a research project in 1963 and represented India in the UNESCO programme on Man and Biosphere (MAB) at Oslo, Norway. He was fluent in written and spoken German, well read in Sanskrit, he also had a keen interest in Dutch, French and Russian languages.
Entomological Survey of the Himalaya, Alai-Pamir, Tien Shan, Kun Lun, Caucasus etc. His love of the mountains had begun as far back as 1950, when he went to the Nilgiris, Mardamalai Mountains with his son Visvanath; this was followed by similar visits to the mountains in north India, Dehra Dun 1950, Mussoorie/Chakrata 1952, Nainital, Garhwal Himalaya, (Hartola, 1952), Punjab / Himachal Himalaya, (Dhaula Dhar Range, 1953) and to Kullu
, Manali region leading to the three pioneering expeditions, in 1954, 1955 and 1956, beyond the Pir Panjal Range, to the inner or Great Himalayan Range, in Lahaul & Spiti regions. He also extensively trekked and went on insect collection work in the mountain regions, Alai-Pamir, Tien Shan, Kun Lun, Caucasus
, the Urals etc., of the former USSR, during his official tour in 1963, as the leader of the Indian team; he travelled extensively to various scientific institutes, at Moscow, Tbilisi, Leningrad, Kiev, Baku, Alma Ata, Samarkand, Tashkent etc.,. He also visited Oslo, in Norway on a similar invitation. He was a visiting professor at Tribhuvan University
, Kathmandu, Nepal. He went on an insect collection trip, to the Pacific islands, Fiji and conducted a field trip off Vanua Levu
, in the area of Taveiuni islands]], across the International dateline. He trained Visvanath to work with his students, and who accompanied him on most field collection expeditions and taught him methods of preparing slides, mounting insect specimens and proof reading of Research papers. His first son, Visvanath was his constant companion on his mountain trails, starting with the first time at Mardamalai in 1950. Visvanath went on to trek in Sikkim, Bhutan in 1965 and climb on his own in the Kulti Nala glacier and Inner Himalayan Range of Spiti, in 1967.
Bangalore
Bengaluru , formerly called Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and...
) was an Indian entomologist especially famous for his studies on high altitude entomology.
Early life and career
Early school records and University of Madras, MA Degree certificate show his name as M. Subramanya. Later on, sometime early during his service career, he recorded his name as Mahadev Subra Mani a.k.a. Mahadeva Subra Mani a.k.a M. S. Mani.He had his early education at K. S. High School, Tanjore and passed his SSLC
SSLC
The Secondary School Leaving Certificate is a certification obtained by a student on successful completion of an examination at the end of study at the secondary schooling level in India.- Relevance of the SSLC :...
Examination in 1926. He then attended the Government College, Coimbatore
Government College of Technology, Coimbatore
The Government College of Technology, Coimbatore is an autonomous state funded engineering college located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a constituent college of the Anna University...
and passed the Intermediate Examination, 1928. Later he went to medical studies just for one year 1929, at Madras Medical College
Madras Medical College
The Madras Medical College is an educational institution located in Chennai, India. It was established on February 2, 1835. It is the oldest medical college in India, along with the Medical College Kolkata.-History:...
and had to suspend further medical education due to financial constraints. He obtained in 1937, an M.A. degree, awarded by the University of Madras, on the basis of the Research Papers in Entomology, and finally, on the strength of his extensive scientific research, he was awarded by Agra University, D.Sc. in 1947, a degree of a Doctor of Science. The Chancellor was the late Ms. Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu , also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India, was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet...
, the then Governor of United Provinces, (Uttar Pradesh).
On January 15, 1933 he migrated to Calcutta to seek employment and build his career. He then joined Bangabasi College
Bangabasi College
Bangabasi College is a Kolkata based liberal arts, commerce and sciences college. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses of the University of Calcutta. It was founded by Acharya Girish Chandra Bose, the eminent educationist, social reformer and agriculturist in 1887...
, Sealdah, Calcutta as a part time demonstrator and tutor for Physics and earned a salary of Rs. 10/- per month. During this period he collaborated with Sir C. V. Raman on insect coloration. He worked at the Indian Museum and also as an honorary Research student at the Zoological Survey of India
Zoological Survey of India
The Zoological Survey of India is a premier Indian organisation in zoological research and studies. It was established on 1 July 1916 to promote the survey, exploration and research of the fauna in the region...
, Calcutta. He later on (1937) joined as a Research Assistant to Imperial Entomologist, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Delhi, and a position from which he resigned in 1944. He worked with Dr. Hem Singh Pruthi at Pusa, and Dr. Birbal Sahni
Birbal Sahni
Birbal Sahni FRS was an Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent, was also a geologist who took an interest in archaeology...
, then at Lucknow, who recognising the pioneering work in scientific research, strongly proposed M. S. Mani's Membership to the Royal Society
Royal Society
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science, and is possibly the oldest such society in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a Royal Charter by King Charles II as the "Royal Society of London"...
, England. He was denied promotion while his ‘junior’ was promoted and hence he chose to seek his future elsewhere and resigned. He remained unemployed for sometime; he earned a living by working as an interpreter and German Language translator, during World War II, in the Censor Section of the Army H.Q., New Delhi, translating for the British Indian Army, 'official ' documents captured from the Germans. He would monitor radio broadcasts from Berlin and provide English transcripts. He also translated German language technical journals and scientific reports. As a matter of fact, he provided the English version of the German technology, for manufacturing 'vanaspathi' in India to the founder of the manufacturing plant at Modinagar
Modinagar
Modinagar is a city and a municipal board in Ghaziabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Founded in 1933 by Gujarmal Modi, who established the Modi group of industries here along with his brother, Kedar Nath Modi. Gujarmal Modi is the grandfather of Lalit Modi It is approximately 45...
.
He left Delhi and joined as a lecturer in 1945, the teaching faculty of the Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Agra; during his long stint at St. John's College, he pioneered and established the School of Entomology in 1950, established a benchmark scientific excellence, where he became the Professor of Zoology and Entomology and appointed as the Head of the Department for Zoology, succeeding Prof. Lalit Prasad Mathur, who took over as the Registrar, Agra University. In recognition of his scientific output, both in quality and quantity, he was honoured by the University of Agra and awarded a D.Sc. degree, Doctor of Science. He pioneered fundamental research in entomology and received support from the highest levels and the University Grants Commission, eminent persons like Dr. Radhakrishnan, Zakir Hussein, etc., and established the School of Entomology in 1950, in the Campus of St. John's College, Agra.
From here he made many scientific expeditions to the Himalayas
Himalayas
The Himalaya Range or Himalaya Mountains Sanskrit: Devanagari: हिमालय, literally "abode of snow"), usually called the Himalayas or Himalaya for short, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau...
resulting in pioneering contributions to High Altitude Entomology. He later made studies in the Pamir
Pamir
Pamir may refer to:* a pamir, a U-shaped grassy valley in the Pamir Mountains**Great Pamir, a high valley in the Wakhan on the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan**Little Pamir, a high valley in the Wakhan, Afghanistan...
and Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
ranges leading to his work on Biogeography in India. The University of Agra awarded him a DSc
DSC
-in academia:* D.Sc., Doctor of Science* Doctor of Surgical Chiropody, superseded in the 1960s by Doctor of Podiatric Medicine* Dalton State College, Georgia* Daytona State College, Florida* Deep Springs College, California* Dixie State College of Utah...
degree in 1947 for his thesis submitted in 12 volumes.
In 1956, he joined the ZSI as Deputy Director and retired as officiating director in 1968. In 1968 he returned to his first love, Scientific Research and became Emeritus Professor, at the School of Entomology, St. John's College, Agra and continued with his research work till 1984. He then finally left St. John's College and shifted to Madras, briefly worked with ZSI and since 1990 he as the Emeritus Professor, Botany Department at Presidency College, Madras and continued as a guide for PhD. research students, till May 15, 2002 when he moved to live temporarily, in Hyderabad, with his late sister Janaki's grandson, Jyotirmay Sharma, Editor, Times of India, Hyderabad. He then moved to Bangalore on September 14, 2002 to live with his only daughter, Mrs. Prema Subramanian and her husband V. S. Subramanian.
Scientific works
His published work includes over 250 original research papers, over 34 text books including his pioneering magnum opus, Ecology of Plant Galls.
His outstanding Research work has been on Taxonomy of parasitic Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea and Proctotrupoidea
Proctotrupoidea
The Hymenopteran superfamily Proctotrupoidea is a somewhat confusing assemblage of taxa, with new families being added with surprising frequency, and very little to unify them all into a single natural group...
), gall midges (Itonididae: Diptera) and ecology and histogenesis of plant galls. He is remembered most for his pioneering work in high altitude entomology. He led the first three Entomological Expeditions to the North West Himalaya in 1954, 1955 and 1956 and brought back a large collection of insects.
He published several books like High Altitude Entomology, Ecology and Biogeography of India etc. He led a team of Indian scientists to the Soviet Union for conducting jointly a research project in 1963 and represented India in the UNESCO programme on Man and Biosphere (MAB) at Oslo, Norway. He was fluent in written and spoken German, well read in Sanskrit, he also had a keen interest in Dutch, French and Russian languages.
Entomological Survey of the Himalaya, Alai-Pamir, Tien Shan, Kun Lun, Caucasus etc. His love of the mountains had begun as far back as 1950, when he went to the Nilgiris, Mardamalai Mountains with his son Visvanath; this was followed by similar visits to the mountains in north India, Dehra Dun 1950, Mussoorie/Chakrata 1952, Nainital, Garhwal Himalaya, (Hartola, 1952), Punjab / Himachal Himalaya, (Dhaula Dhar Range, 1953) and to Kullu
Kullu
Kullu, once known as Kul-anti-peetha - "the end of the habitable world", is the capital town of the Kullu District, in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is located on the banks of the Beas River in the Kullu Valley about ten kilometres north of the airport at Bhuntar.Kullu is a broad open...
, Manali region leading to the three pioneering expeditions, in 1954, 1955 and 1956, beyond the Pir Panjal Range, to the inner or Great Himalayan Range, in Lahaul & Spiti regions. He also extensively trekked and went on insect collection work in the mountain regions, Alai-Pamir, Tien Shan, Kun Lun, Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
, the Urals etc., of the former USSR, during his official tour in 1963, as the leader of the Indian team; he travelled extensively to various scientific institutes, at Moscow, Tbilisi, Leningrad, Kiev, Baku, Alma Ata, Samarkand, Tashkent etc.,. He also visited Oslo, in Norway on a similar invitation. He was a visiting professor at Tribhuvan University
Tribhuvan University
Tribhuvan University [त्रिभुवन विश्वविध्यालय] is a public university located in Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. Established in 1959, TU is the oldest of the five universities in Nepal...
, Kathmandu, Nepal. He went on an insect collection trip, to the Pacific islands, Fiji and conducted a field trip off Vanua Levu
Vanua Levu
Vanua Levu , formerly known as Sandalwood Island, is the second largest island of Fiji. Located 64 kilometres to the north of the larger Viti Levu, the island has an area of 5,587.1 km² and a population of some 130,000.- Geography :...
, in the area of Taveiuni islands]], across the International dateline. He trained Visvanath to work with his students, and who accompanied him on most field collection expeditions and taught him methods of preparing slides, mounting insect specimens and proof reading of Research papers. His first son, Visvanath was his constant companion on his mountain trails, starting with the first time at Mardamalai in 1950. Visvanath went on to trek in Sikkim, Bhutan in 1965 and climb on his own in the Kulti Nala glacier and Inner Himalayan Range of Spiti, in 1967.
Positions held
- 1933-37 Honorary Research Worker, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
- 1937 - 1945 Research Assistant, Entomological Section, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi.
- 1945 - 1956 Professor of Zoology & Entomology, School of Entomology, St. Johns College, Agra.
- 1956 - 1968 Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. (Retired as Director)
- 1968 - 1982 Emeritus Professor, School of Entomology, St. Johns College, Agra.
- 1984 - 1990 ZSI, Madras
- 1991 - January 8, 2003 Professor Emeritus, Presidency College, Madras.
- CSIR. 1968 - 70. Scheme on torrential stream Insects of the glacial zone of the Northwest Himalaya.
- PL 480. 1970 - 71. Project on Taxonomy of Chalcidoidea from India.
- PL -480. Project on Taxonomy of Proctotrupoidea.
- MAB - Project on the pre-impact Survey of Aquatic Insect Communities of the River Beas before the completion of the Beas-Sutlej Link Project.
- DST - 1981 - 86. Project on Ecology and Taxonomy of Chalcidoid and other parasites of the Teak / Sal forest ecosystem.
- Eastern Ghats 1985 - 88 Insect Survey Project.
- DOEN - Project on Butterfly Pollination.
Publications
- Introduction to High Altitude Entomology, London, Methuen & Co. 1962
- Ecology of Plant Galls, The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers. 1964
- Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects, The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers.1968
- Beetles of the Himalaya, Calcutta, Thacker Spink. 1967
- Ecology and Biogeography in India, The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1974
- Plant Galls of India, Madras, McMillan & Co. 1974
- Ecology and Phytogeography of High Altitude Plants of the Northwest Himalaya, London: Chapman & Hall. New York: John Wiley; New Delhi: Oxford & IBH 1978.
- Ecology of Highlands, The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers 1980. In collaboration with Dr. L.E.Giddings, Mexico.
- L'Himalaya - Un Misterioso e inaccessibile Montagne, Milan. Libri Fabri, 1980.
- General Entomology, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH. 3rd & enlarged edition 1982.
- Butterflies of the Himalaya, The Hague, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1985
- Fundamentals of High Altitude Biology, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 2nd, edition, 1990
- Pollination Ecology in Compositae. Ind. Rev.Life Sci. 13: 174-190
- Himalayan Flowers, Bangkok Craftsman Press, 1993
- Insects, New Delhi, National Book Trust of India, Revised edition 1994.
- Pollination Ecology and Evolution in Compositae, Science Publishers Inc. USA and New Delhi, Oxford & IBH. 1999.
- Plant Galls of India, Science Publishers Inc. USA. 2nd revised & enlarged edition, August, 2000.
- Introduction to Zoology, New Delhi, Malhotra Bros. 1950. (Five Editions)
- Introduction to Entomology, Agra, Agra University Press, 1955.
- Heredity & Evolution, Bangalore, The PTI Book Depot, 1963.
- Insects, New Delhi, National Book Trust. 1971.
- Your Face from Fish to Man, Bangalore, The PTI Book depot, 1960.
- General Entomology, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1968, 1973, 3rd. edition 1982.
- D'ABREU'S The Beetles of the Himalaya, Calcutta, Thacker Spink, 1967.
- Himalayan Flowers, produced by Prof. T.C.Majupuria, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- Modern Classification of Insects, Agra, Satish Book Enterprise, 1974.
- Insects, New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1971, 1977
- Biogeography in India, Dehra Dun, Surya Publications, 1995.
- Butterflies of the Himalaya, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1986.
- Ecology & Evolution, Agra, Satish Book Enterprise, 1983.
- The Fauna of India & the adjacent countries, Part I & II, Calcutta, Zoological Survey of India, 1989.
- Indian Insects, Agra, Satish Book Enterprises. 1989.
Other source
- Cherian, P. T. 2002. Obituary. Current Science 83(10) PDF