is a Japanese

Japanese people

The are an ethnic group originating in the Japanese archipelago and are the predominant ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide, approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent; of these, approximately 127 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries...

 composer

Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...

.

Biography

Shinohara studied at the Tokyo University of the Arts from 1952 to 1954, studying composition with Tomojiro Ikenouchi

Tomojiro Ikenouchi

was a Japanese composer of contemporary classical music and professor born in Tokyo, Japan. The son of a haiku poet, Ikenouchi traveled to Paris in 1927, where he studied composition with Henri Büsser and piano with Lazare Levy. His music is influenced by French Impressionist music...

, piano with Kazuko Yasukawa, and conducting with Akeo Watanabe

Akeo Watanabe

Akeo Watanabe was a Japanese symphonic conductor, known for his recordings of the works of Jan Sibelius.Watanabe was born in 1919 to a Japanese father and a Finnish mother. He studied music and conducted at the Tokyo Academy of Music in Japan and the Juilliard School of Music in New York City,...

 and Kurt Woess. From 1954 to 1960, he studied in Paris with Tony Aubin

Tony Aubin

Tony Louis Alexandre Aubin was a French composer.From 1925 to 1930 Aubin studied at the Paris Conservatory under Samuel Rousseau , Noel Gallon , Philippe Gaubert , and Paul Dukas . He was awarded the Prix de Rome for the cantata Actaeon in 1930...

, Olivier Messiaen

Olivier Messiaen

Olivier Messiaen was a French composer, organist and ornithologist, one of the major composers of the 20th century. His music is rhythmically complex ; harmonically and melodically it is based on modes of limited transposition, which he abstracted from his early compositions and improvisations...

, Simone Plé-Caussade

Simone Plé-Caussade

Simone Plé-Caussade was a French music pedagogue, composer and pianist. She wrote mainly works for solo piano and organ in addition to choral works, songs, chamber music, and sacred music...

, Pierre Revel and Louis Fourrestier. From 1962 to 1964 he studied in Munich

Munich

Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...

 at the Hochschule für Musik and at the Siemens

Siemens

Siemens may refer toSiemens, a German family name carried by generations of telecommunications industrialists, including:* Werner von Siemens , inventor, founder of Siemens AG...

 electronic studio; following this he studied with Bernd Alois Zimmermann

Bernd Alois Zimmermann

Bernd Alois Zimmermann was a post-WWII West German composer. He is perhaps best known for his opera Die Soldaten which is regarded as one of the most important operas of the 20th century...

 and Gottfried Michael Koenig

Gottfried Michael Koenig

Gottfried Michael Koenig is a contemporary German-Dutch composer.-Biography:Koenig studied church music in Braunschweig, composition, piano, analysis and acoustics in Detmold, music representation techniques in Cologne and computer technique in Bonn. He attended and later lectured at the...

 at the Rheinischen Musikhochschule in Cologne

Cologne

Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the Germany Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the...

 and then with Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen was a German composer, widely acknowledged by critics as one of the most important but also controversial composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Another critic calls him "one of the great visionaries of 20th-century music"...

 from 1964–65. He held a scholarship at the Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes in 1966 and 1967 and won a scholarship from the Italian government in 1969. In 1971, he was awarded the Rockefeller Prize from the Columbia Princeton Electronic Music Center and in 1978 won a scholarship from the Dutch government.

He worked with electronic music at the Institute of Sonology

Institute of Sonology

The Institute of Sonology is an education and research center for electronic music and computer music based at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in the Netherlands.-Background:...

 in Utrecht, at the electronic studio at the Technischen Universität in Berlin, at the Columbia Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York (1971–72) and at Studio NHK

NHK

NHK is Japan's national public broadcasting organization. NHK, which has always identified itself to its audiences by the English pronunciation of its initials, is a publicly owned corporation funded by viewers' payments of a television license fee....

 (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai) in Tokyo. In 1978 Shinohara was a visiting professor of composition at McGill University

McGill University

Mohammed Fathy is a public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Glasgow, Scotland, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university...

 in Montreal

Montreal

Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...

, Canada (Rea 2008).

Orchestral

• 1975 Egalisation for 24 instruments (piccolo, flute, alto flute, oboe, English horn clarinet, bass clarinet, trumpet, trombone, tuba, piano, celesta, cembalo, harp, guitar, vibraphone, marimba, percussion, violin, viola, cello, and double bass)
• 1970 Visions for 3 flutes, 4 oboes, 4 clarinets, 4 bassoons, 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 6 percussion, harp, celesta, 24 violins, 8 violas, 8 cellos, 4 double basses
• 1975 Visions II
• 1992 Yumeji (Ways of Dreams) for an orchestra of Japanese and Western instruments and mixed choir
• Solitude pour orchestra

Wind Orchestra

• 1982/1985 Play for Nine Wind Instruments (flute, alto flute, oboe, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, and trombone)

Chamber music

• 1958 Sonata for violin and piano
  1. Allegro moderato
  2. Lento
  3. Allegro brutale
• 1960 Obsession for oboe and piano
• 1968 Fragmente for tenor recorder
• 1970 Reflexion for solo oboe
• 1983/1993 Turns for violin and koto
  Koto (musical instrument)
  The koto is a traditional Japanese stringed musical instrument, similar to the Chinese guzheng, the Mongolian yatga, the Korean gayageum and the Vietnamese đàn tranh. The koto is the national instrument of Japan. Koto are about length, and made from kiri wood...
  
  
• 1984 Tabiyuki (On travel) for mezzo-soprano and small ensemble (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, trombone, percussion, violin, viola, cello and double bass)
• 1986/1990 Evolution for solo cello
• 1990 Cooperation for 8 traditional Japanese and 8 Western instruments (English horn, clarinet, trumpet, trombone, percussion, piano, violin, and cello)
• 1993 Situations for alto saxophone and digital keyboard
• Consonance for flute, horn, vibraphone, marimba, harp and cello
• Relations for flute and piano

Keyboard

• Elevation for organ
• 1963/1969 Tendence pour piano
• 1996 Undulation A for piano
• The Bear who saw the Sea for two pianos

Music for traditional Japanese instruments

• 1972 Tatuyai (Fluctuation) for koto, percussion, and singer
• 1972 Tuyatai (Fluctuation) for sangen
• 1973 Kyudo A (In quest of enlightenment) for shakuhachi
  Shakuhachi
  The is a Japanese end-blown flute. It is traditionally made of bamboo, but versions now exist in ABS and hardwoods. It was used by the monks of the Fuke school of Zen Buddhism in the practice of...
  
  
• 1973 Kyudo B for shakuhachi and harp
• 1981 Jushichigen-no-Umare (Birth of the bass koto) for 17-Gen
• 1981 Nagare for Shamisen for shamisen, sangen, kin and gongs

Electronic music

• 1966 Memoires 4-channel electronic composition composed at the Institute for Sonology in Utrecht
  Utrecht (city)
  Utrecht city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation, and is the fourth largest city of the Netherlands with a population of 312,634 on 1 Jan 2011.Utrecht's ancient city centre features...
  
  
• 1974 Broadcasting
• 1979 City Visit for 4-channel tape
• 1980 Passage for bass flute and stereophony
• To Rain and Wind for koto, percussion and live electronics
• Personnage

Sources

• Herd, Judith. 2001. "Shinohara, Makoto." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. New York: Grove's Dictionaries.
• Landy, Leigh. 1987. "An Analysis of Tayutai for Koto (1972) Composed by Makoto Shinohara". Interface: Journal of New Music Research 16:75-96
• Rea, John. 2008. "Better Than a Thousand Days of Diligent Study Is One Day with a Great Teacher: Visiting Foreign Artist Residencies at McGill's Faculty of Music, 1975–1981". In Compositional Crossroads: Music, McGill, Montreal, edited by Eleanor V. Stubley. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773532781
• Shinohara, Makoto. 2003. "Zusammenspiel westlicher und japanischer Instrumente". In Komposition und Musikwissenschaft im Dialog. III (1999–2001), edited by Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder. Signale aus Köln 6. Münster: Lit-Verlag.