Mangala Area (Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya Fields)
Country: India
Licence Block(s): RJ-ON-90-1
Offshore/Onshore: Onshore
Operator(s): Cairn India
Partners: Cairn India, ONGC
Field History
Discovery: 1999
Start of Production: Nov 2005
Expected Abandoment: 2041
Production
Current Production Oil: 25,000
Current Production Gas: 0
Estimated STOIIP: 3600(mmbll)
Estimated STOIIP: Unknown (bcf)
Producing Formations: Tertiary, Palaeocene, Fatehgarh

The Mangala Area, located in Block RJ-ON-90-1 (the Rajasthan Block), is a major oil field located in the India

India

India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

n State of Rajasthan

Rajasthan

Rājasthān the land of Rajasthanis, , is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert , which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with...

. The Mangala area actually consists of over 16 separate oil and gas fields of which the majority of the reserves are located in the three fields of Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya. The Mangala Area sits in Barmer

Barmer, Rajasthan

Barmer is the headquarters of the Barmer district in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is a city and a municipality.-Origin of name:...

 Basin and is thought to contain oil in place volumes of 3.6 Goilbbl, of which 1 Goilbbl are thought to be recoverable. Cairn India is the current operator of the field, a subsidiary of Cairn Energy

Cairn Energy

Cairn Energy plc is a global oil and gas exploration company headquartered in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. It has operational interests in Albania, Bangladesh, Greenland, India, Nepal and Tunisia and produces around 33,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day...

.

Field participation history

Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell plc , commonly known as Shell, is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It is the fifth-largest company in the world according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine and one of the six...

 won the licensing round for Block RJ-ON-90-1 in 1992 from the Indian Government, entering into a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) with them.

In 1998, Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell plc , commonly known as Shell, is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It is the fifth-largest company in the world according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine and one of the six...

 sunk a well in the area and put a logging tool probe (which detects hydrocarbons) down the bore. However, the electronic readings came up negative. A worker for Cairn Energy at the site (which then held a 10% stake in the leasehold) noticed that the probe was actually dripping in oil.

Subsequently, Cairn purchased 50% of Shell's leaseholding and the remaining 50% in 2002 for $7.25 million. http://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0110/016.html

27% of this contract was then sold to Cairn Energy

Cairn Energy

Cairn Energy plc is a global oil and gas exploration company headquartered in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. It has operational interests in Albania, Bangladesh, Greenland, India, Nepal and Tunisia and produces around 33,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day...

 in 1998 in return for covering some historical costs and drilling the next exploration well. Cairn's stake increased to 50% in 1999 by offering in exchange to fund the second exploration well.

$100 million was spent by Cairn Energy on wells. In January 2004, 3.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent was found in Mangala, making it 2004's biggest discovery of on-shore oil in the world. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cairnupgradesreserveestimatesofrajasthanoilfields/594650/0

In 2005 the national Indian oil company ONGC exercised their right as part of the terms of the PSC to acquire a 30% stake in the two larger fields discovered to date. The company retains this option on all further discoveries in the block. The year 2006 witnessed a restructuring of Cairn Energy into three separate companies, Cairn Energy, Cairn India and Capricorn Energy. Block RJ-ON-90-1 was included in the assets of Cairn India, which was successfully floated on the Indian stock market in the same year, raising almost $2 billion dollars.

Reservoir properties

Despite containing a massive 3.6 Goilbbl of in-situ oil, the recovery factor for the field is roughly around 30%, giving it reserves of approximately 1 Goilbbl. This level of recovery is a result of the properties of the oil rather than to do with the geological settings of the reservoir which can often hamper recovery factors. The oil has an API gravity

API gravity

The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks...

 of between 25 and 30, which makes it slightly heavier than Brent Crude

Brent Crude

Brent Crude is the biggest of the many major classifications of crude oil consisting of Brent Crude, Brent Sweet Light Crude, Oseberg, Ekofisk, and Forties . Brent Crude is sourced from the North Sea. The Brent Crude oil marker is also known as Brent Blend, London Brent and Brent petroleum...

at 38 API. However, more importantly, the oil is very waxy. This waxiness causes it to be a solid at room temperature (20°C, which is much lower than typical daytime temperatures of Mangala). Brent crude typically has a pour point at 3°C while Mangala oil has a pour point of 42°C.

To assist with increasing the recovery factor, two types of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are currently being evaluated which could increase the recovery by up to 25%. The less riskier and costly of them would be to undertake a Polymer flood instead of a traditional water flood. This is a robust strategy which is not very dependent on the oil price, well location or extensive testing. The other option is to undertake Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer flooding (ASP). ASP flooding would be riskier in terms of costs, well spacing, development time (5 years), and would be more sensitive to the oil price. However, the rewards for it are significantly higher, potentially increasing the incremental reserves by 25% when compared to polymer or water flooding.

Exploration and development

To date Cairn (and previously Shell) have drilled 184 wells during the exploration stage, of which 22 were discoveries, the most significant being the Mangala discovery well which confirmed the field's large reserves. The well intersected two separate reservoirs with a total oil column of 320 meters.

Cairn India expects to drill in excess of 100 wells developing the fields in the Mangala Area. First production was scheduled to begin in 2007; however, this has thought to have slipped to 2009 due to the tight oil market for equipment and services.

Peak production was expected to plateau at 175000 oilbbl/d. It is now expected to be 240,000 barrels per day. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cairnupgradesreserveestimatesofrajasthanoilfields/594650/0